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PubMed1994

Harsh social conditions and perinatal survival: an age-period-cohort analysis of the World War II occupation of Norway.

OBJECTIVES: The hypothesis was tested that unfavorable social conditions are associated with poor perinatal survival through direct effects on pregnancy or, more indirectly, through effects on mothers born under such conditions. The occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany was used as a period of social hardship. METHODS: Data from Norwegian vital statistics and the Medical Birth Registry were used to describe perinatal mortality during World War II and also a generation later, among babies born to mothers who had themselves been born during the war. Logistic regression was used to identify a possible cohort effect among mothers born in 1940 through 1944 compared with mothers born before or after that period. RESULTS: Harsh conditions in Norway during the occupation increased childhood mortality. However, perinatal mortality declined during that period. Likewise, no adverse effect was seen on the survival of babies born to mothers who had themselves been born during the war (odds ratio = 1.00; 95% confidence interval = 0.96, 1.04). CONCLUSIONS: We find no evidence that wartime conditions in Norway impaired perinatal survival, either directly or through an effect on women born during the war. These data underscore how little is known about the ways that social conditions influence perinatal mortality.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Effects of the social conditions of housing through testing on cocaine-induced contextual sensitisation and conditioned locomotion in C57BL/6J mice.

The potential differential effects of isolated and collective housing through the testing phase on sensitisation to cocaine-induced locomotion, the subsequent conditioned locomotion and the context-dependent expression of sensitisation were examined in C57Bl/6J male mice. Sensitisation was first generated in mice receiving seven once-daily subcutaneous injections of either saline or 10 mg/kg cocaine, before being placed in a testing chamber (singly) or in their home cage. On Day 8, mice were tested for conditioned locomotion (under saline). On Day 12, after three daily sessions of reinstatement of sensitisation, they were tested for contextual sensitisation (under cocaine). Whereas little or no effect of housing on the development of sensitisation was found, postsensitisation conditioned activity was significantly greater in isolation-kept mice (in comparison with the group-kept animals) and the likelihood of inducing a context-dependent expression of sensitisation was greater in grouped-housed mice. The results indicate that some of the aspects of contextual sensitisation can be influenced by the social conditions of lodging, not only when these conditions start several weeks before or during previous developmental periods of animals life (as previously published), but also when social isolation or social grouping are initiated after sexual maturity and applied through the period of treatments and testing. Moreover, the differential effect of social conditions of lodging on conditioned activity and contextual expression of sensitisation disagrees with the excitatory conditioning account of contextual sensitisation.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Social conditions of children born after artificial insemination by donor.

Few objective data are available concerning the social conditions of children born after artificial insemination by donor (AID). We have studied 341 consecutive AID children born of 261 women during a 13-year period. Data from hospital archives were compared with information from the National Register of Norway. The parameters studied included age-relations of parents and offspring, sex- and age-relations between siblings as well as the divorce rate in AID families. Median maternal age at birth of the first AID child was 30 years. Forty-three percent of AID children were born in families that already had children or that later obtained an additional child; the majority of these siblings were conceived by AID. Mean age difference between the closest related AID siblings was three years. Six of the 261 AID families were split by divorce during the study period. The results only reflect such information as can currently be obtained with maintenance of the promise of secrecy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Social conditions of children in day-care centers and nurseries in Nigeria.

A study of the social conditions of 278 children of Nigerian working mothers attending day-care centers and nurseries in Ibadan reveals that about one quarter of the children were under the age of 2 years and were known to spend 6-11 h every day in the child-care centres and away from their parents. Nearly half of the children were placed in such preschool institutions because parents felt that children learnt more from nursery education. About one third were so placed because there was no one at home to care for them whilst their parents, mostly professionals, were away at work. The study further shows that in some cases where the work period of the mothers exceeded the opening hours of the child-care centres, the substitute mother-figures were often unsuitable. In order to prevent emotional disturbances which can occur following mother-child separation in early life, it is suggested that the quality of care in these child-care centres be improved upon and opportunities for mothers to interact with their children created. To this end, management utilizing the services of working mothers must provide day-care and nursery facilities for the children of their female employees.

Child Day Care Centers↗
PubMed2002

Candidates for liver transplantation for cancer: physical, psychological, and social conditions.

BACKGROUND: There is little knowledge of the psychological and social conditions of candidates for liver transplantation and the meaning that these patients attribute to those conditions. METHODS: The research has been conducted with quantitative and qualitative methods. For the quantitative study, 80 patients were assessed with four evaluation instruments: the Interdisciplinary Group for Cancer Care Evaluation in Italy (GIVIO) questionnaire for quality of life, the Needs Evaluation Questionnaire (NEQ) for psychosocial needs, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) personality test, and a questionnaire for the family's reactions to the illness. The qualitative evaluation was conducted to better understand the meaning of the transplantation as expressed by the patients, the integration of the new organ, and the symbolic relationship with the donor with particular attention to the different levels of patients' awareness. RESULTS: The quantitative evaluation showed a good level of quality of life assessed by GIVIO and a low prevalence in the personality disorder scales detected by the MMPI. The patients' needs assessed by NEQ showed a high need of information about the future conditions (77%) followed by the need for more explanation of examinations (49%) and treatments (50%). The qualitative study identified and analyzed two opposite groups of five patients each: those who did not recognize and did not express any emotional experience and those who recognized and expressed a particularly intense emotional experience. CONCLUSION: The psychosocial condition of transplant candidates with liver cancer is characterized by an impact that is more psychological than physical. The qualitative analysis performed allows the hypothesis that the patient's level of awareness is an important indicator to predict the type of adaptation after transplantation.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1989

[The effect of physical training on physical, mental and social conditions in drug and/or alcohol addicts].

The physical, mental and social conditions of eight drug and alcohol addicts were examined prior to and after a period of three months with systemical physical training. The condition improved significantly during training. The circulatory reaction to stress remained unchanged before and after training but the resting levels for pulse and blood pressure were lower after training. Prior to training, a significant correlation was observed between the excretion of adrenalin in the urine and the anxiety level and this was not observed after training. The anxiety level measured by a STAI test decreased during the period of training whereas the excretion of adrenalin in the urine was not altered significantly and remained within the normal range. The patients were followed-up for approximately 18 months after discharge from hospital. During this period, the result of the physical stress and a hiking holiday which was included in the treatment were discussed before discharge. None of the patients continued the physical training after discharge from hospital despite encouragement to do so. The group gradually disintegrated and two years after the conclusion of the training, five patients had resumed the addiction. This investigation suggests that physical training may be of significance in the treatment of addicts but continued contact with the therapist is of decisive significance.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

End-of-life in a Swedish population: demographics, social conditions and characteristics of places of death.

The objectives of this study were to identify and describe the demographics and social conditions as well as characteristics of the places of death in a randomly selected sample that died in a county in Sweden during 2001. The present study reports part of the findings from a larger study undertaken during 2003 using a survey design of retrospective reviews of death certificates, medical records, and nursing records. Among several noteworthy findings are: first, an examination of these individuals' living arrangements reveal not only a large and vulnerable group that lives alone at the end-of-life but also a group living separated from their partners near end-of-life; second, individuals differ with respect to residence prior to death, that is private homes versus residential care facilities, imparting highly different contexts of care at the end-of-life; and third, a high prevalence of institutionalized deaths demonstrates that places of death other than hospitals and residential care facilities are uncommon, if not rare. It is concluded that increased attention to the social circumstances of the time period surrounding individuals' at the end-of-life is essential. There is need to develop more integrated models of care for dying people. Contemporary services available are not designed to meet a wide range of peoples' needs at the end-of-life. Home-based care, residential care and hospital care must be adapted to the changing patterns of dying. The services available should be organized to the benefit of the users rather than around the providers. This is the first study of its kind of a Swedish sample and while the data are limited to one county in Sweden its findings may contribute to a deeper understanding of demographic and social patterns at the end-of-life in general.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

A comparative study of the social conditions of spouses of long term patients cared for either in nursing homes or home care.

In order to study the social conditions of spouses of patients suffering from long term illnesses structured interviews were performed. The interviewees were divided into two groups: spouses of persons with chronic conditions cared for at home and spouses of patients cared for in nursing homes. Each group consisted of 27 spouses and there were no differences in physical health score, Mini mental score or ability to manage primary Activities of Daily Living functions between the groups. Home care spouses paid fewer visits to children, had fewer friends and paid fewer visits to friends and they also had time for hobbies or interests significantly more seldom (reading, visits to church) than nursing home spouses. There were no significant differences between the groups concerning sex, socio-economic class, housing conditions and amount of home health services. Their contact with children and their feelings of loneliness were reported to be the same.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Ozone, area social conditions, and mortality in Mexico City.

We investigated whether the association of daily mortality and ambient ozone differs by age and area social conditions of the region of residence using a time-series analysis. The study setting was metropolitan Mexico City, a high altitude city situated in a valley, with an estimated 20 million inhabitants, large socioeconomic gradients, and ozone levels frequently exceeding international standards. We stratified daily deaths by six census-derived socioeconomic indicators, based on characteristics of the county where decedents lived. We used Poisson regression to model the association between daily mortality and ozone levels (on the day of death and the previous day) in separate models, stratified by area socioeconomic level and age, and controlling for time trends and temperature. Ozone was positively associated with total mortality [0.65% increase per 10 ppb increment, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.02%, 1.28%] and for mortality among those over age 65 [1.39% increase per 10 ppb increment, 95% CI: 0.51%, 2.28%]. Associations between ozone and all-age mortality did not show any consistent patterns according to socioeconomic gradients. We conclude that elderly people are at higher risk for ozone-associated mortality. Though county-level social indicators in Mexico City were not strong markers of vulnerability to ozone-associated acute mortality in this analysis, complex associations between individual and area-level factors may exist that would require additional data and further analyses to elucidate.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

[Social conditions of hemophiliacs].

The objects of this investigation were 1. to describe the social conditions of haemophiliacs by means of questionnaires and to compare these with the population as a whole and 2. to investigate the social integration of haemophiliacs as assessed by type of family, occupation, club membership and contact with family and friends. The group investigated consisted of all Danish haemophiliacs with moderate to severe factor VIII and IX deficiency and cases of severe von Willebrand's disease. 64% replied (n = 135). Comparison by the age stratification with the population as a whole, showed that fewer haemophiliacs in the age group 25-44 years lived with partners and children and that more lived with their parents or alone. Haemophiliacs had a higher school education and more haemophiliacs were currently receiving occupational training. The occupational frequency was low for all age groups and more haemophiliacs had reduced working hours. The frequencies of contact with friends and family and access to practical assistance corresponded to that of the population as a whole. Social integration was correlated directly with school education and occupational training and satisfaction with contact with other people and inversely correlated with age, contact with social welfare offices and number of social payments received. Only a total of 6% of haemophiliacs were very poorly socially integrated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

[Social conditions of the clientele attending the outpatient clinic for alcoholics in the County of Vejle. A re-examination].

A questionnaire investigation was performed among the clients attending the four outpatient clinics in the County of Vejle. The object of this investigation was to register aspects of the social conditions of 246 clients, to illustrate the present conditions and to observe changes as compared with previous conditions. The clientele attending outpatient clinics for alcoholics is still an extremely stressed group but, in several respects, the conditions are now better than previously. Nowadays, more of the clients had had prolonged school education and their earnings were relatively higher. Fewer clients lived in one room, fewer had received economic assistance, fewer were in social group V, fewer had come down in the world socially, and much fewer lived under extremely stressed circumstances. The clients lived most frequently alone. Nearly 40% had current or previous mixed addiction. Despite a relatively great number of new clients, the duration of addiction was now apparently longer to institution of treatment. Considerably fewer people under the age of 30 years now sought treatment in outpatient clinics for alcoholics. The authors consider that it is important that attractive offers of outpatient treatment of alcoholics are still available, one of the reasons being the possibility of altering the abuse as early as possible.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Health status and social conditions of the elderly in remote districts. Results of a screening programme.

In 1978 a cohort of 1040 individuals aged 65 years or over was screened by public health nurses in Kuusamo. The screening produced basic data about health status and social conditions for an intervention of active medical care of the elderly by means of a mobile unit in rural districts. The response rate of the screening was 90%. 72% of the men and 35% of the women lived with their spouse; 6% of the men and 20% of the women lived alone. Poor health was assessed least commonly (36%) by those living alone, and most commonly by women living with their spouse (51%), even though 87% of them were under 75 years old. A visit to a physician during the past 12 months was more common among younger subjects. 15% of the men and 18% of the women had slightly restricted mobility. Men living alone had better mobility than women living alone.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2006

Investigating and linking social conditions of minority children and adolescents with emotional well-being.

Some level of vulnerability characterizes the daily experiences of humans. Particularly for young persons, major structural conditions are frequently linked with high vulnerability. Infrequently explored are everyday or normative routines of children that appear less challenging on the surface but may interfere with resiliency and the positive outcomes that may be achieved in the face of challenge. In linking social conditions of ethnically diverse children with emotional and physical distress, sex-linked empirical findings indicate that family-level helping behavior may be perceived and experienced as overwhelming for young, primary-school girls.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1987

The endocrinology of puberty and reproductive functioning in female cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) under varying social conditions.

Sexual maturation and fertility were assessed in fourteen cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) females under various social conditions. Six tamarin females (20-28 mo of age) showed a suppression of fertility while living with their families. Hormonal profiles demonstrated low, acyclic levels of urinary luteinizing hormone (LH) and estrone-conjugates (E1C). A rapid onset of ovarian and pituitary cyclicity occurred when four of the six females were removed from their families and paired with an unrelated male. In one female, an ovulatory LH peak occurred as early as eight days after pairing and resulted in conception and full-term pregnancy. Two of the six females were housed in total isolation for 30 days following their removal from the family and prior to pairing. Gradual increases in hormone concentrations occurred during isolation; however, there was no ovarian cyclicity until each female was paired with an unrelated male. In all six females, conception occurred before or as a result of the third ovulatory cycle. Partial isolation of a 36-mo-old female resulted in elevated LH and E1C levels, but cyclicity was not observed until the female was paired with an unrelated male. These findings indicate that removal of a female from the family alone does not initiate ovarian cycling. Sexual maturation, or puberty, occurs in female tamarins living with their families between 15 and 17 mo of age when mean LH and E1C levels began to increase. However, when a female is removed and paired at 9 mo of age with an unrelated male, elevated levels of LH and E1C may be seen by 10 and 11 mo of age. Our findings indicate that a suppression of fertility occurs in cotton-top tamarins living with their families, but that reproductive suppression does not affect the process of sexual maturation. Both removal from the family environment and stimulation by an unrelated male tamarin were necessary to induce normal reproductive activity. An acceleration of puberty occurred when a female tamarin was removed from her family early in development and paired with a male.

Animals↗