[STUDIES ON THE DETERMINATION OF SILVER PROTEIN IN THE JAPANESE PHARMACOPEIA VII].
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Argyria following the use of dietary supplements containing colloidal silver protein.
The onset of argyria following the use of dietary supplements containing colloidal silver protein is presented. The patient was using a silver-containing product for cold and allergy prophylaxis. We review the past and present medicinal roles of silver and include a differential diagnosis for argyria. The hyperpigmentation of argyria is usually permanent, and it follows a sun-exposed distribution. This case report highlights the potential for toxicity following the use of dietary supplements and demonstrates the importance of physician inquiry regarding alternative medicines. Finally, we examine the limited role of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in regulating alternative medicines marketed as dietary supplements.
Argyria↗
The effect of chloroquine on the intralysosomal degradation of cell-coat glycoproteins in the absorptive cells of cultured human small-intestinal tissue as shown by silver proteinate staining.
The effect of chloroquine on the intralysosomal degradation of cell-coat glycoproteins in cultured intestinal absorptive cell was investigated by silver proteinate staining. The results of this staining method, which is specific for carbohydrate containing macromolecules such as glycoproteins and mucopolysaccharides, showed that in the presence of the drug considerable amounts of silver proteinate-positive material accumulated in one type of lysosome-like body: the dense bodies. The staining pattern of other cell organelles was not affected by chloroquine. The presence of the drug in the culture medium also resulted in the occurrence of numerous small vesicular structures in the matrix of the dense bodies. These showed a similar size and structure to those present in the other type of lysosome-like body: the multivesicular bodies. This observation, together with earlier autoradiographical data, suggests that cell-coat material is transferred from multivesicular to dense bodies by fusion between these organelles. This study thus provides further evidence for a regulatory mechanism of cell-coat glycoprotein transport by the lysosome-like bodies in human intestinal absorptive cells.
Chloroquine↗
[Clinical study on efficacy of a Foley catheter coated with silver-protein in prevention of urinary tract infections].
We evaluated the clinical efficacy and safety of a Foley catheter coated with silver-protein (ProAg catheter) in the prevention of catheter-associated bacteriuria. ProAg catheter significantly reduced the incidence of extraluminal catheter-associated bacteriuria compared with usual latex Foley catheter although it did not inhibit intraluminal bacteriuria. There was no difference between ProAg catheter and latex catheter in the side effects such as urethral discharge, catheter-associated pain and allergic reaction. The ProAg catheter may be useful as an indwelling urethral catheter.
Adolescent↗
Similar internal morphology of Toxoplasma gondii and Besnoitia jellisoni stained with silver protein.
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Aged↗
Use of mild periodic acid-thiosemicarbazide-silver proteinate staining for ultrahistochemical demonstration of glycoconjugates in the human uterine epithelium.
The human uterine epithelium has been studied by means of mild (0.1, 0.01% respectively) periodic acid (PA) oxidation followed by thiosemicarbazide-silver proteinate staining. Distribution of silver deposits provided evidence for glycoconjugates and was in the case of oxidation with 0.01% PA selective for sialic acid (N-acetylneuraminic acid) complexes. The electron dense silver particles were detectable at the outer side of apical plasma membranes and on the inner surface of lysosomal membranes. Also the marginal zone of lipid droplets reacted regularly. Since the lower concentration of PA proves sialogycoconjugates selectively, the positive staining depicted not only those in the membrane compartments but also as a layer between the hydrophobic content and the hydrophilic cytoplasm. In the granular endoplasmic reticulum of the individual microvillous cells a special glycoprotein of paracrystalline organisation was detected. The functional significance of this substance remains unclear. Nuclear channel systems (NCS) are frequently observed in the epithelial cells in the uterine glands. Similar staining properties of the NCS and nuclear envelope support the hypothesis of its nuclear origin.
Endometrium↗
Ultrastructural detection of glycogen in the supporting cells of the organ of Corti with the periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate method.
The glycogen content of several types of supporting cells in the organ of Corti of the rat was demonstrated histochemically at the ultrastructural level using the periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate method. The development of the glycogen stores was assessed by means of a semiquantitative method in normal and congenitally-hypothyroid rats. At birth, all the cell types of the developing organ of Corti showed in their cytoplasms numerous glycogen particles. As development proceeded, the density of glycogen particles increased, reaching the highest value at the 8th postnatal day for the cells of the organ of Kölliker, inner pillar cell and outer pillar cell. On the other hand, the peak of maximum glycogen content in Deiters' cells was accomplished at the 15th postnatal day. From the day in which the maximum value was obtained onwards, the glycogen content in all the cell types fell and disappeared. Congenital hypothyroidism induced by propylthyouracil only affected the normal development of the density of glycogen particles in Deiters' cells, which didn't undergo the increase observed in the normal animals, remaining at values similar to those obtained at birth. This finding, together with previous similar results on the glycogen content of the inner ear's outer hair cells suggest that hypothyroidism selectively impairs the development of those organ of Corti's cells which mature on the second postnatal week, in the rat.
Animals↗
A study of the dermo-epidermal junction in dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa using the periodic acid-thiosemicarbazide-silver proteinate technique.
Dermo-epidermal separation in dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (DEB) is thought to results from an abnormality of anchoring fibrils which, in normal skin, are stained selectively by the periodic acid-thiosemicarbazide-silver proteinate technique. This method was applied to non-lesional skin from four patients with generalized recessive DEB, five with localized recessive DEB and one with dominant DEB. No anchoring fibrils were present in the subjects with generalized recessive DEB, but they were morphologically normal in the case of dominant DEB and in three patients with mild localized recessive DEB. Two patients with a more severe form of localized recessive DEB possessed attenuated anchoring fibrils which lacked the normal banding of the mid-portion. The lamina densa, normally unlabelled, was consistently stained in patients with generalized recessive DEB, suggesting a biochemical abnormality of this structure.
Adolescent↗
Ultrastructural demonstration of a glycoproteinic surface coat in allergenic pollen grains by combined cetylpyridinium chloride precipitation and silver proteinate staining.
In allergenic birch pollen grains, highly watersoluble surface substances were precipitated by the cationic detergent cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) during aqueous fixation. After processing the pollen for electron microscopy, ultrathin sections of pollen grains were subjected to the periodic acid - thiocarbohydrazide - silver proteinate (PA-TCH-SP) procedure according to Thiery (1967) for the detection of vicinal glycol groups. It was found that the material precipitated by CPC on the surface and within the exine cavities of the pollen wall strongly reacted with the PA-TCH-SP reagent thus indicating the presence of polysaccharides on the surface of birch pollen grains. In samples which had not been treated with the cationic detergent, PA-TCH-SP reactivity was reduced to thin linings on the surface and within the exine cavities. In both cases the exine proper did not stain whereas the intine showed moderate staining. Within the aperture region of the intine, PA-TCH-SP reactivity is preferably associated with fibrillar or reticular structures. The results are discussed with special reference to biochemical findings on allergenic birch pollen proteins.
Cetylpyridinium↗
Implementation of periodic acid-thiosemicarbazide-silver proteinate staining for ultrastructural assessment of muscle glycogen utilization during exercise.
Distribution of glycogen particles in semithin and ultrathin sections of biopsy samples from human muscles subjected to either short- or long-term running were investigated using PAS and Periodic Acid-ThioSemiCarbazide-Silver Proteinate (PA-TSC-SP) staining methods. Glycogen particles were predominantly found immediately under the sarcolemma or aligned along the myofibrillar I-band. After long-term exhaustive exercise type-1 fibers with a few or no glycogen particles in the core of the fibers were frequently observed. The subsarcolemmal glycogen stores of these "depleted" type-1 fibers were about three times as large as after exhaustive short-time exercise. Another indication of utilization of subsarcolemmal glycogen stores during anaerobic exercise was that many particles displayed a pale, rudimentary shape. This observation suggests fragmental metabolization of glycogen. Thus, depending on type of exercise and type of fiber differential and sequential glycogen utilization patterns can be observed.
Adolescent↗
Ultrastructural cytochemistry of oxytalan fibers in the periodontal ligament and microfibrils in the aorta with the periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate method.
Fullmer's oxytalan fibers are special connective tissue fibers in periodontal ligaments and some non-dental sites of certain animal species, and, ultrastructurally appear to resemble microfibrils related to elastogenesis. The present study has ultrastructurally examined the applicability of Thiéry's periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate (PA-TCH-SP) method for vicinal glycol-containing complex carbohydrates to the study of oxytalan fibers in rat periodontal ligaments and microfibrils of the tunica adventitia in the rat aorta, where microfibrils are often associated with amorphous elastin and are thought to be oxytalan fibers. In the periodontal ligaments, the PA-TCH-SP method weakly to moderately stained collagen fibrils, moderately stained thin fibrils composing the oxytalan fibers, and intensely stained cytoplasmic granules of fibroblasts. In the aortic adventitia, the PA-TCH-SP method moderately stained collagen fibrils. Heavier staining was observed in microfibrils, whereas the amorphous elastin lacked staining. The most intense staining was seen in cytoplasmic granules and glycogen of mural cells. These studies demonstrate that oxytalan fibers in the periodontal ligament of rats and microfibrils in the aorta of rats contain vicinal glycol-containing glycoproteins and the PA-TCH-SP method is a useful tool in ultrastructural studies of oxytalan fibers and microfibrils of rats.
Animals↗
A modified periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate staining sequence for enhanced contrast and resolution of glycogen depositions by transmission electron microscopy.
Oxidation of araldite-embedded liver sections by 1% w/v aqueous H5IO6 for 15 min and a 5-min reaction of carbonyls with 1% w/v thiocarbohydrazide in 10% v/v acetic acid was employed for subsequent staining of glycogen with silver-proteinate (S-P). The network of branching intracellular glycogen aggregates was revealed by 15-min staining with S-P, whereas 24 hr incubation in S-P was necessary to enhance the contrast of glycogen inclusions. We conclude that the proposed modification of glycogen staining readily affords the means for its localization at a desired level of contrast and resolution.
Animals↗
[Proposals for DAB 7. 2. Silver nitrate, colloidal silver, silver protein and Targesin].
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Hydrogels↗
The influence of embedding media and fixation on the post-embedment ultrastructural demonstration of complex carbohydrates. I. Morphology and periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate staining of vicinal diols.
The influence of fixation and embedding medium on the periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate (PA-TCH-SP) staining reactivity in the mouse intestine was studied. It was found that the combination of osmium tetroxide and epoxy resins was the least sensitive for the demonstration of complex carbohydrate with the PA-TCH-SP method. Post-osmication reduced, but did not abolish, PA-TCH-SP reactivity (except for the Golgi complex) when non-epoxy resins were used. The staining pattern of a particular organelle differed depending on the embedding medium used. Golgi cisternae exhibited the most intense PA-TCH-SP reactivity in non-osmicated tissues embedded in non-epoxy resins. Post-osmication of tissues was required to reveal the fine structure of the glycocalyx as well as to preserve the fine structure of tissues embedded in styrene-methacrylate and styrene-Rigolac 2004. The choice of fixation procedures and embedding media in a given study should be governed primarily by the sites of interest.
Animals↗
The basis for colored silver-protein complex formation in stained polyacrylamide gels.
Using a modified silver stain of Merril et al. [(1981) Science 211, 1437-1438] for staining polypeptides in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, protein bands reproducibly stain different shades of blue, yellow, red, and gray. The procedure is highly temperature dependent, with optimal color formation at 42 degrees C. The procedure may be completed within 2 h. Color formation is due to silver ion complexes with charged amino acid side chains. The color of the silver-protein complex can be predicted if the amino acid sequence is known, although some exceptions are discussed. This provides another dimension to the characterization of proteins by gel electrophoresis.
Chemical Phenomena↗
Electron microscopic demonstration of polysaccharides in central and peripheral myelin by thiosemicarbazide-protein-silver staining.
Thin sections of glutaraldehyde-fixed central and peripheral nerve myelin were stained with thiosemicarbazide and protein-silver after oxidation with periodic acid on thin sections. In compact CNS myelin, staining was observed exclusively on intraperiod lines. In peripheral myelin, both intraperiod and major dense lines were stained. In addition, dense staining was observed on plasma membranes of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, especially periaxonally on tongue processes and in Schmidt-Lanterman incisures. The observed staining was most prominent on glycogen granules in unfixed and freeze-substituted tissues. Therefore, the results strongly suggest that polysaccharides of glycoproteins and glycolipids are visualized in both CNS and PNS compact myelin as well as on surface membranes of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells.
Animals↗
Silver staining of nerve tissue with a new silver proteinate.
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Coloring Agents↗
Demonstration of intracytoplasmic glycogen of megakaryocytes and blood platelets by means of the periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate method.
The glycogen of megakaryocytes and blood platelets has been investigated in glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide fixed tissues by the periodic acid-thiocarbohydrozide-silver proteinate method (PA-TCH-SP). The PA-TCH-SP method involves the staining of intracytoplasmic glycogens more densely than the routine lead citrate method. Glycogen having a mean particle diameter of 21.1 nm has been shown localizing in the matrix of mature megakaryocytes, while that of glycogen in the platelets was 26.2 nm. The staining pattern of the glycogen in blood platelets was classified into three groups according to staining intensity. It is found that the PA-TCH-SP method is a very suitable one for the demonstration of intracytoplasmic glycogen from the viewpoints of reaction specificity, reproducibility, fineness of reaction products, sufficiency of electron density, and experimental cost. This method is also a very useful one for differentiating intracytoplasmic glycogens and ribosomes.
Animals↗