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PubMed1974

Serologically active glycolipid families from Mycobacterium bovis BCG. II. Serologic studies on human sera.

Serological tests with serologically active glycolipids from Mycobacterium bovis BCG were investigated for their possible use in the diagonis of mycobacterioses. The results were positive with 95 percent of sera from patients with far advanced and moderately advanced tuberculosis, 80 percent of sera from patients with newly diagnosed tuberculosis and 75 percent of patients with atypical mycobacterial diseases. "False" positive serologic reactions were obtained from 4 percent or less. Furthermore, 39 percent of sera from recent tuberculin converters were positive compared with only 9 percent of sera from unselected PPD positive individuals.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗

PubMed2000

False-negative serology in patients with neuroborreliosis and the value of employing of different borrelial strains in serological assays.

The risk of obtaining false-negative results in serological assays in serum and CSF specimens with only one strain of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato as antigen was investigated in 79 patients with neuroborreliosis with specimens obtained at initial presentation. Serum antibodies were assessed by immunoblotting; the criteria of Hauser et al. were used to evaluate the test. The intrathecal synthesis of borrelial-specific IgM and IgG antibodies was examined by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Strains of B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (BbZ160), B. garinii (Bbii50) and B. afzelii (PKO) served as sources of antigen in both assays. All patients produced either a positive IgM or IgG test in serum with at least one strain of B. burgdorferi sensu lato. Reactivity of IgM or IgG antibodies, or both, with antigens of all three strains was demonstrated in 67 (85%) of 79 sera. The correlation of results of immunoblotting with different strains was significantly better for IgG (85%) than for IgM antibodies (54%). The variability of positive IgM reactions in 18 specimens was mainly due to the fact that the antibodies were directed to the relevant variable outer-surface protein C (p23). Intrathecal synthesis of IgG antibodies was demonstrated in 58 patients (81%) of 72 and of IgM antibodies in 25 of 58 patients. No patient had isolated intrathecal synthesis of IgM antibodies. The majority of CSF samples (56 of 58) were assessed as IgG antibody-positive, independent of the borrelial strain used as antigen in EIA, whereas only 10 of 25 IgM antibody-positive CSF specimens reacted with all three strains. All patients in the study had intrathecal antibody synthesis demonstrable at 6-week follow-up. From this study it is concluded that there is a small, but real, risk of false-negative serological findings at the time of initial clinical presentation in patients with typical symptoms of neuroborreliosis. In these patients a negative serological result with one strain should prompt the repetition of the test with other strains of B. burgdorferi sensu lato.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗

PubMed1962

Serological typing of staphylococci by means of fluorescent antibodies. I. Development of specific reagents for seven serological factors.

Cohen, Jay O. (Communicable Disease Center, Atlanta, Ga.) and Per Oeding. Serological typing of staphylococci by means of fluorescent antibodies. I. Development of specific reagents for seven serological factors. J. Bacteriol. 84:735-741. 1962-Fluorescent antibody reagents for identifying seven antigenic factors of staphylococci have been prepared. The fluorescent staining reactions of these reagents were compared to the agglutination reactions with diagnostic cultures of coagulase-positive staphylococci. Correlation between the two serological tests was almost complete with factors a, b, i, and k. The c fluorescent antibody reagent had a somewhat broader spectrum of activity than the corresponding agglutination serum, whereas the m fluorescent antibody reagent stained fewer strains than were agglutinated in m serum. The fluorescent antibody reagent for h factor stained strains possessing h(1) factor but not strains possessing only h(2) factor. Fluorescent antibody reagents for specific staphylococcal factors did not stain strains of group A streptococci.

Agglutination Tests↗

PubMed2006

Is serological testing a reliable tool in laboratory diagnosis of syphilis? Meta-analysis of eight external quality control surveys performed by the german infection serology proficiency testing program.

The accuracy of diagnostic tests is critical for successful control of epidemic outbreaks of syphilis. The reliability of syphilis serology in the nonspecialist laboratory has always been questioned, but actual data dealing with this issue are sparse. Here, the results of eight proficiency testing sentinel surveys for diagnostic laboratories in Germany between 2000 and 2003 were analyzed. Screening tests such as Treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay (mean accuracy, 91.4% [qualitative], 75.4% [quantitative]), Treponema pallidum particle agglutination assay (mean accuracy, 98.1% [qualitative], 82.9% [quantitative]), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) (mean qualitative accuracy, 95%) were more reliable than Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) testing (mean accuracy, 89.6% [qualitative], 71.1% [quantitative]), the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test (FTA-ABS) (mean accuracy, 88% [qualitative], 65.8% [quantitative]), and immunoblot assays (mean qualitative accuracy, 87.3%). Clearly, immunoglobulin M (IgM) tests were more difficult to manage than IgG tests. False-negative results for samples that have been unambiguously determined to be IgM and anti-lipoid antibody positive accounted for 4.7% of results in the IgM ELISA, 6.9% in the VDRL test, 18.5% in the IgM FTA-ABS, and 23.0% in the IgM immunoblot assay. For negative samples, the mean percentage of false-positive results was 4.1% in the VDRL test, 5.4% in the IgM ELISA, 0.7% in the IgM FTA-ABS, and 1.4% in the IgM immunoblot assay. On average, 18.3% of participants misclassified samples from patients with active syphilis as past infection without indicating the need for further treatment. Moreover, 10.2% of laboratories wrongly reported serological evidence for active infection in samples from patients with past syphilis or in sera from seronegative blood donors. Consequently, the continuous participation of laboratories in proficiency testing and further standardization of tests is strongly recommended to achieve better quality of syphilis serology.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗

PubMed1978

[Biochemical and serological characteristics of Escherichia belonging to the serological group 01].

A circulation at the territory of the country of various biochemical and serological variants of escherichia belonging to serological group O1, isolated in acute intestinal diseases of children and adults, was revealed. Nonhomogeneousness of the partial composition of the O-antigen was demonstrated; K-antigens were determined; new H-antigens were described. Of the 10 serological types of escherichia there proved to prevail O1 : K? : Hp and O1 : K1 : Hp; in group and sporadic acute intestinal diseases there were for the first time isolated O1 : K1 : H34, O1 : K1 : H20, O1 : K1 : Hp, O1 : K51 : H7, and O1 : K? : H20.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1998

[HLA-Cw genotyping of serologically and non-serologically defined alleles using sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP) in a Shanghai Han population].

The new classical complement-mediated microlymphocytotoxicity test can detect a total of 10 different serologically defined antigen specificities (CWl-10) encoded by HLA-Cw locus. However, the blank amounts to 20%-50% for there are Cw antigens which can not be detected with antisera available. We adopted a PCR-SSP method to genotype a sample of 70 subjects collected from a Chinese Han population in Shanghai. We identified for the first time the following non-serologically defined HLA-Cw alleles in the Chinese Han population: Cw*1201/1202,1203,1301,14,1601,1602,1701, and also the serologically defined HLA-Cw alleles such as: Cw*01,02,0302/0304,0303,04,0501,0602,0701/0702/0703,08. With this sample we have made a survey of HLA-Cw allele frequencies in a Chinese Han population in Shanghai, with blank frequency being lowered from 0.307 to 0.028. The Cw*08 was originally considered to be rare in Chinese population. However, we found 12 cases of Cw*08 in this sample, which clearly does not coincide with the original point of view. Our results confirmed that PCR-SSP typing is rapid and accurate for HLA-Cw alleles.

Alleles↗

PubMed1960

Serological findings in leprosy. An investigation into the specificity of various serological tests for syphilis.

In serological tests for syphilis, leprosy sera often give biologically false positive reactions. These may be due to the presence of non-specific elements-for example, the ubiquitous lipid antibodies-in the leprosy sera; or they may be the result of errors in technique or unfavourable working conditions in the laboratory. This paper presents the results of an investigation in which several hundred sera from lepers were submitted to four of the so-called "standard" serological tests for syphilis (STS), using either cardiolipin or crude lipid antigens; to a complement-fixation test using as antigen a suspension of Reiter treponemes (PR test); and to the Treponema pallidum immobilization (TPI) test. The investigation was carried out in a moderate climate and in technically well-equipped laboratories.It was found that the number of biologically false positive reactions was not as high as had been expected in the light of previous investigations. It was discovered, moreover, that it was the lipid antigens that were mainly responsible for the non-specific reactions, since both the PR and the TPI test showed a far greater specificity than any of the STS. But the TPI test, though highly specific, is also technically very complicated and therefore not suitable for use in regions where technical facilities are lacking. The authors consider that, in such regions, the simpler PR test will give sufficiently accurate results in the serodiagnosis of treponematoses. It must, however, be recognized that even the treponemal tests are not capable of differentiating between syphilis and yaws infections.

Antibodies↗

PubMed2005

Specificity dependence between serological tests for diagnosing bovine brucellosis in Brucella-free farms showing false positive serological reactions due to Yersinia enterocolitica O:9.

When brucellosis false positive serological reactions happen in cattle, the serial use of pairs of specificity-correlated serological tests (rose bengal, complement fixation, competitive ELISA) results in specificities lower than expected. In this situation, highly specific tests, such as the indirect ELISA used alone, may be more adequate than serial testing.

Agglutination Tests↗

PubMed1979

Serologically active clinically quiescent systemic lupus erythematosus: a discordance between clinical and serologic features.

The significance of abnormal serologic tests in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in the absence of active clinical disease is unclear. In this report we describe a group of 14 patients with SLE in whom a discordance between clinical and serologic features was apparent. These patients had persistently positive lupus erythematosus preparations and antinuclear antibody tests, low serum complement levels and high levels of DNA binding. Their lymphocyte response to concanavalin A (Con A) mitogen was suppressed. They have been asymptomatic and have remained untreated for a mean of four and a quarter years.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

High-resolution histocompatibility testing of a group of sixteen B44-positive, ABDR serologically matched unrelated donor-recipient pairs. Analysis of serologically undisclosed incompatibilities by cellular techniques, isoelectrofocusing, and HLA oligotyping.

We have characterized HLA incompatibilities in a group of 16 B44-positive patients who were serologically ABDR matched with their 23 (unrelated) potential bone marrow donors. After analysis with a combination of cellular techniques, IEF for HLA-A/B and oligotyping for class II and HLA-B44, 44% of the patients revealed one or more HLA incompatibility with at least one of their potential donors. CTL activity was detected in 12 of the 22 combinations tested. CTL incompatibility occurred more frequently in DR subtype-mismatched combinations, but CTL reactivity was always directed against class I. To characterize these incompatibilities between matched unrelated individuals, we analyzed the specificity of T-cell clones from seven primary CTL cultures. In three combinations, CTL reactivity was directed against a subtype of B44. In two combinations, the CTL reactivity was directed against a non-B44 class I subtype. In two of seven combinations, the CTLs recognized an antigen that, though unconditionally associated with B4403, was expressed by 60% of the B4403+ cells only. Because all 12 of these B4403+ targets recognized could be typed for one HLA-C allele only (Cwl-Cw8), we believe that this alloreactivity might be directed against a serologically undefined Cw antigen.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed1993

Serological titers of equine monocytic ehrlichiosis associated with gastro-intestinal disorders and serological follow-up on two endemic farms.

The purpose of this work was to study the association of positive serological titers to Ehrlichia risticii, the causative agent of equine monocytic ehrlichiosis (EME) with gastro-intestinal disorders in hospitalized horses referred to The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital (OSU VMTH). In addition, serological titers for E. risticii were monitored in two horse populations with endemic EME for one season to monitor temporal changes in titers. A statistically significant difference was found between the proportion of the total hospitalized horse population presented with a gastro-intestinal disorder during the study period, and study horses with IFA titers > or = 1:80 with these signs (P < 0.05). No such difference was found between the proportion of the total hospital horse population presented with signs of gastro-intestinal disorder, and the study horses with IFA titers of 1:20-1:40 with these signs, suggesting that these titers may not have any clinical significance for EME (P > 0.05). Thirty-eight horses on two farms endemic for EME were tested approximately every 3 weeks, 33 of which were tested serially at least two times. Five of the 38 horses (13.2%) had IFA titers > or = 1:80--two that were positive initially and three that seroconverted during the study; 15 horses' titers fluctuated between negative (IFA titers < 1:20) and exposed titers (1:20 through 1:40); and 18 horses remained negative throughout the study.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Rapid identification of yeasts by serological methods: a combined serological and biological method.

A total of 387 yeasts from the contents of the digestive tracts of domestic animals and poultry were identified by slide agglutination tests using factor antisera and urease tests. The results of this serological test were very satisfactory with respect to accuracy and rapidity, particularly when performed in combination with concomitant physiological tests only for assimilation of inositol and potassium nitrate. It may be concluded that such a combination of serological and biological tests is very useful for identifying yeast strains from various sources.

Agglutination Tests↗

PubMed1980

Lack of association of serologically detectable human melanoma-associated antigens with beta 2 microglobulin: serologic and immunochemical evidence.

Serologic and immunochemical assays showed that human melanoma-associated antigens (MAA) identified with operationally specific xenoantisera were neither spatially nor structurally associated with beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-mu), the light chain of the HLA-A,B antigen molecular complex; i.e., cultured melanoma cells coated with a specific anti-beta 2-mu xenoantiserum maintained their reactivity with anti-MAA xenoantisera. Furthermore, soluble MAA were not bound by a beta 2-mu immunoadsorbent. Finally, MAA were shed into the culture medium of melanoma cells and then were immunoprecipitated with specific anti-MAA xenoantisera, analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, they appeared as two distinct structures with molecular weights of 240,000 and 94,000 but comprised no structure with the characteristic 12,000 molecular weight of beta 2-mu. Conversely immunoprecipitates obtained by the reaction of spent culture medium of [3H]valine-labeled melanoma cells with anti-beta 2-mu xenoantiserum had the 12,000-molecular-weight component but no structures with the molecular weights established for MAA. Thus the data refute the contention that serologically detectable MAA have a molecular structure similar to that of HLA antigens.

Antibodies, Neoplasm↗

PubMed1989

O-specific polysaccharides of Hafnia alvei lipopolysaccharides isolated from two serologically related strains: ATCC 13337 and 1187. A serological and structural study using chemical methods, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy at 500 MHz.

The O-specific polysaccharides of Hafnia alvei ATCC 13337 standard strain and 1187 strain have been isolated and characterized. By means of 1H-NMR spectroscopy, methylation analysis and periodate oxidation, the repeating unit of the polysaccharides could be allocated the respective structures. (formula; see text) where Acyl = D-3-hydroxybutyryl, and 3-O-acetylation was to about 66%. The structural similarity of the polysaccharides was confirmed in the serological study; their epitopes were determined and the importance of various structural elements for the serological specificity was discussed.

Carbohydrate Conformation↗

PubMed2000

Serological diagnosis of syphilis. PHLS Syphilis Serology Working Group.

The availability of an increasing number of enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) for detecting syphilis antibodies makes it appropriate to review approaches to syphilis serology and to assess the role of syphilis EIAs in routine diagnostic microbiology laboratories. This paper summarises the principles and practice of syphilis serology and provides recommendations on the use of laboratory tests for syphilis in UK diagnostic microbiology laboratories. The main recommendations are summarised in a testing algorithm. Treponemal EIAs are an appropriate alternative to the use of combined Venereal Disease Research Laboratories/rapid plasma reagin and Treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay (TPHA) tests for screening for syphilis. If a treponemal EIA is used for screening an alternative treponemal test, such as TPHA, should be used for confirmatory testing. The fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorbed test is probably best reserved for specimens giving discrepant results. Such specimens may be referred to the PHLS laboratories that provide confirmatory treponemal testing for reference testing and to facilitate collection of surveillance data on what remains an important public health problem.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1962

Serological studies on leprosy. A comparison of complement-fixation tests using antigens prepared from tubercle bacilli and beef-heart lipids with other serological reactions.

Sera from lepromatous leprosy patients were subjected to a battery of serological tests, including flocculation, agglutination and complement fixation. A correlation was found between the antileprous antibody content and the reactivity with "cardchol" antigen, but not with Trypanosoma cruzi antigen, cardiolipin or Rubino antigen. The reactivity of leprous sera with tubercle bacilli antigen in the quantitative complement-fixation test decreased in three patients with lepromatous leprosy during sulfone treatment. When syphilis was present in a lepromatous leprosy case, it was possible to follow the effect of specific treatment of the two infections, with sulfone and with penicillin, by the drawing of two serological curves-one for leprosy and one for syphilis.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Collaborative study for the validation of serological methods for potency testing of diphtheria toxoid vaccines - extended study: correlation of serology with in vivo toxin neutralisation.

Phase I of BSP034 collaborative study was extended in two laboratories to include correlation of serology with in vivo toxin neutralisation test (TNT) using 2 separate sets of 20 serum pools, produced in-house. The study investigated the extent to which the in vitro methods for diphtheria antibodies, Vero cell assay and diphtheria enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diphtheria antitoxin (D-ELISA), can detect neutralising antibodies by comparison with TNT in guinea pigs. The study was also performed to compare the antibody neutralising potency obtained in relation to guinea pig (GP) or equine (DI) antitoxin standard. In addition, the study provided an opportunity to compare ELISA for tetanus antitoxin (T-ELISA) and TNT assay for detection of anti-tetanus antibodies, from the same set of serum pools. The data obtained show that antitoxin potency obtained by Vero cell assay, D-ELISA and T-ELISA using the same GP standard, highly correlated with neutralising potency as determined in respective TNT assays. Vero cell assay with DI provided estimates that also correlated with neutralising potency, but were of significantly lower titre. Since reference to DI standard is widely used in serodiagnosis, as well as in clinical studies where diphtheria antitoxin titres obtained in the Vero cell method are taken as surrogate markers for vaccine efficacy, it should be investigated if a similar difference is also observed for human serology.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

A survey of platelet serology in UK laboratories (1987): an assessment of the efficacy of using chloroquine-treated platelets to distinguish between platelet-specific and anti-HLA antibodies. The UK Platelet and Granulocyte Serology Working Group.

This survey was designed to determine the ability of participants to distinguish between platelet specific and anti-HLA antibodies. Four well characterized reference reagents and 10 unknown samples were sent to 29 laboratories affiliated to the UK Platelet and Granulocyte Serology Working Group and to three overseas reference laboratories. Results were obtained from 27 Working Group laboratories and from 2 reference laboratories. Overall, the results indicate that the use of chloroquine-treated platelets alone, without an independent test for anti-HLA antibodies, was insufficiently reliable to elucidate mixtures of platelet specific and anti-HLA antibodies. Laboratories using chloroquine-treated platelets were no more successful in elucidating the antibody composition of sera containing platelet-specific and anti-HLA antibodies than those laboratories which did not use this technique. The results may indicate a lack of experience with the chloroquine technique and suggest that further studies into the performance of the technique are required. The survey also provided insights into other areas of platelet serology: (1) There was a decrease in the incidence of false-positive results compared to earlier UK surveys. [2) All laboratories detected potent platelet-specific antibodies but weakly reactive antibodies were less readily detected. (3) Laboratories using fluorescent antiglobulin techniques recorded fewer errors than laboratories using ELISA techniques. (4) Laboratories using paraformaldehyde (PFA)-treated platelets in fluorescent antiglobulin techniques did not perform better than laboratories using untreated platelets.

Antibody Specificity↗