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PubMed1982

Influence of semen and donor factors on the success rate of artificial insemination with frozen semen.

Influence of some semen and donor factors on the success rate of artificial insemination by frozen donor semen (AID) was examined. The percentage of insemination cycles resulting in pregnancy was significantly higher for women who became pregnant within six cycles (33%) when compared with all the women in the AID programme (14%). Therefore the influence of semen and donor characteristics on the fertilizing capacity of frozen semen was studied in women who became pregnant within the first six cycles of insemination in order to minimize any influence of non-semen effects such as recipient and insemination factors. Donors less than 20 years of age appear to have a better chance of obtaining a pregnancy. Semen stored for less than six months in liquid nitrogen had a similar proportion of insemination cycles resulting in pregnancy compared with semen stored for longer than six months. Conventional semen values were not correlated with fertility, and none of these values could be used accurately to predict the fertilizing capacity of frozen semen.

Female↗
PubMed1998

Contrasting associations of blood and semen lead concentrations with semen quality among lead smelter workers.

While blood lead concentration has been inversely associated with indicators of reproductive health in occupationally exposed male workers, the utility of lead concentration in semen as an indicator of lead exposure to the male reproductive system has not been fully explored. Blood and semen lead concentrations from 81 lead smelter workers were examined in relation to semen quality and endocrine function parameters. Mean blood and semen lead concentrations were 22.8 micrograms/dl (range 5-58) and 1.9 micrograms/dl (range 0.1-17.6), respectively. Total sperm count and concentration decreased with increasing blood lead concentration; p for trend was 0.003 and 0.009, respectively. Semen lead concentration was inversely related to total sperm count (p = 0.05), ejaculate volume (p = 0.001), and serum testosterone (p = 0.004), but not to sperm concentration. The association between semen lead concentration and total sperm count was eliminated when volume was included in the model. Blood lead concentration was more consistently associated with indicators of sperm production than was semen lead. In contrast, semen lead concentration was negatively associated with circulating testosterone concentrations. Our findings indicate that measurement of semen lead may not be a valuable adjunct to conventional blood lead monitoring for investigations of male reproductive system toxicity.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

New semen quality scores developed by principal component analysis of semen characteristics.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether semen characteristics can be reduced to 2 semen quality (SQ) scores and whether these new scores can help the clinician in assessing the reproductive outcome. A cross-sectional sample of 250 patients seeking infertility treatment were analyzed for semen characteristics. In addition, 177 male-factor patients (prostatitis with infection, n = 40; varicocele, n = 77; varicocele with infections, n = 11; and vasectomy reversal, n = 43) were also assessed. Sperm motion kinetics were measured by computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) (concentration, percent motility, curvilinear velocity [VCL], straight-line velocity [VSL], average path velocity [VAP], linearity [LIN], and amplitude of lateral head displacement [ALH]). Sperm morphology was assessed by both World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines and Tygerberg strict criteria. The principal component analysis model was used to construct an SQ score and a relative semen quality (RQ) score. A separate set of 25 normal donors was included as controls to determine normal ranges of the semen scores. Among the patient samples, SQ and RQ scores (median and 25% and 75% interquartile values) were 89.9, 25.1, and 130.4 and 106.1, 45.2, and 165.9, respectively. The SQ score for the varicocele and varicocele with infection groups was comparable (78.6 +/- 17.4 and 84.8 +/- 20.6) but significantly different from the control (100 +/- 10, P <.001 and.03). Vasectomy reversal patients had an SQ score of 78.2 plus or minus 16.8 that was significantly lower than controls (P <.001). The correlation among semen characteristics allows for the efficient combining of semen measures. The composite scores can summarize overall SQ and quantity. Both SQ and RQ scores provide meaningful information on the quality of semen specimens for the clinician.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

The effect of semen extender, seminal plasma and raw semen on uterine and ovarian blood flow in mares.

Transrectal color Doppler sonography was used to evaluate the effect of intrauterine infusion of skim milk semen extender, seminal plasma and raw semen on the endometrium and blood flow in the uterine and ovarian arteries in mares. Six Trotter mares (mean age: 12 years) were examined during estrus in three cycles. Each mare received an intrauterine infusion of 20 ml of skim milk semen extender, seminal plasma or raw semen during estrus in one of three cycles. Blood flow measurements in both uterine and ovarian arteries and the determination of intrauterine fluid via sonography were performed before each infusion and 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h after infusion. Forty-eight hours later, the intrauterine infusion and measurements were repeated using the same time intervals. Changes in blood flow were detected using transrectal color Doppler sonography and were evaluated using the mean time-averaged maximum velocity (TAMV) of the blood flow. Cytological and bacteriological examination of uterine swabs performed 48 h after the second infusion revealed less inflammation and bacterial growth in mares infused with skim milk semen extender than in those infused with seminal plasma or raw semen. There was an increase in intrauterine fluid as early as 1 h after infusion of any of the substances. The infusion of skim milk semen extender had no effect on uterine blood flow. Within 1 h after infusion of seminal plasma or raw semen, there was an increase in the TAMV values of both uterine arteries (P<0.05). In contrast, ovarian blood flow increased only in the artery ipsilateral to the preovulatory follicle and only after the infusion of raw semen (P<0.05). In conclusion, the changes in uterine perfusion observed after intrauterine infusion may be associated with endometrial inflammation and vasodilatory components in the seminal plasma, whereas the changes seen in ovarian blood flow are possibly attributable to the interaction between sperm and oviduct.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Quality of stallion semen obtained by a new semen collection phantom (Equidame) versus a Missouri artificial vagina.

A study was performed to test a new semen collection device (Equidame phantom) that fractionates the ejaculate by comparing the quality of semen obtained by the Equidame phantom with that obtained by a Missouri artificial vagina. Semen from 4 Finnhorse stallions was collected 4 times per stallion by both methods. Half of the ejaculate was frozen and the other half extended and loaded into 2 Equitainer transport containers (24- and 48-h samples). Motility parameters were determined by a Hamilton-Thorn motility analyzer after cooled storage for 24 and 48 h and again after freezing/thawing. Raw and chilled semen samples were cultured and the number of bacterial colonies counted after incubations of 24 and 48 h. After a 24-h incubation the number of colony-forming units (CFU) in raw semen was significantly higher (P<0.01) when collected by the Missouri artificial vagina than by the Equidame phantom. After cooled storage, 75% of the semen samples contained no bacteria after an incubation of 24 h, and 69% yielded no growth after 48 h. The sperm-rich fractions (Cup 2) collected by the Equidame phantom had lower mean volumes (22.1 +/- 2.3 mL [+/- SEM] versus 101.6 +/- 9.3 mL) and significantly higher mean sperm concentrations (218.0 +/- 25.8 x 10(6) vs 86.2 +/- 8.1 x 10(6) cells/mL; P<0.05) than the total ejaculates collected by the Missouri device. The total and progressive motility of chilled and frozen-thawed semen did not differ significantly between collection methods. The Equidame phantom yielded semen that was of a lower bacteriological colony counts, but had sperm motility similar to that of semen collected with the traditional method by the Missouri artificial vagina.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

The effect of cooling rate before freezing and the temperature of the semen upon addition of DMSO on the fertilizing capacity of chicken semen stored at - 196 degrees C.

Semen was collected from Single Comb White Leghorn roosters, diluted 1:4 with Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender at 35 degrees C and cooled at various rates to 5 degrees C. DMSO was added to the semen between 10 and 120 min after ejaculation at temperatures between 15 and 5 degrees C, respectively. Following the addition of DMSO, the semen was allowed to equilibrate for 2 h in a 5 degrees C environment. The semen was then frozen at 1 degree C per min from 5 degrees C to - 20 degrees C, transferred into liquid nitrogen vapour for 4 to 10 min and then immersed in liquid nitrogen for 4 to 60 days. The thawed semen was inseminated on two consecutive days and fertility was calculated during 5 and 7 days commencing on the second day after the last insemination. In general, fertility was unaffected by the rate of cooling and the temperature at which the DMSO was added. In one trial, however, the fertilizing capacity was significantly greater if the DMSO was added within 45 min when the temperature of the semen was 15 degrees C. Approximately 42 to 71 p. 100 of eggs laid by hens during the 5 day period after the second insemination were fertile regardless of the method of cooling or the temperature of the semen when the DMSO was added. The motility of the ejaculates after thawing and before insemination varied between 15 and 55 p. 100 and this measure of physiological quality was a poor indicator of fertilizing capacity. Embryonic mortality was unaffected by the cooling and freezing procedure and hatchability of fertile eggs was not significantly different for the hens inseminated with either fresh or frozen semen.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 shedding pattern in semen correlates with the compartmentalization of viral Quasi species between blood and semen.

High levels of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 have been detected in semen at all stages of disease. However, it is not clear whether HIV-1 is shed in semen continuously or intermittently. In a prospective longitudinal study, viral RNA was measured weekly for 10 weeks in semen and blood of HIV-seropositive subjects. Results showed three different patterns of HIV-1 shedding in semen: none (28%), continuous (28%), and intermittent (44%). In contrast, there was no change in blood plasma virus load during the study period. Phylogenetic analysis of the envelope sequences of HIV-1 RNA in semen and blood revealed distinct virus populations in semen and blood of intermittent shedders but similar virus populations in the semen and blood of continuous shedder. These results indicate for the first time that HIV-1 is shed primarily in an intermittent manner and that shedding patterns of HIV-1 in semen are related to compartmentalization of HIV-1 between semen and blood.

Cell Compartmentation↗
PubMed2004

Detection of high-risk HPV DNA in semen and its association with the quality of semen.

The effects of seminal high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA were assessed on the quality of semen. Semen samples of 65 men participating in the ongoing Finnish HPV Family Study were collected. Semen analyses were done by the guidelines of the Nordic Association for Andrology. HPV DNA was detected by nested polymerase chain reaction and confirmed by Southern blot hybridization for high-risk types. Altogether, 10/65 men (15.4%) had high-risk HPV DNA positive semen sample. Seminal high-risk HPV DNA did not affect semen volume, sperm concentration, motility and vitality of spermatozoa. However, semen pH was borderline lower in HPV DNA positive than negative samples (7.4 vs 7.5). Neither oligo- nor asthenozoospermia was associated with seminal HPV DNA. In conclusion, seminal high-risk HPV DNA was detected in 15% of men. It did not affect the semen analysis, except semen pH by borderline significance. Sperm donors have not been tested for HPV infections, sperm washing does not seem to eliminate the risk of HPV transmission and the consequences of HPV in the semen are at present unknown.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Detection of HIV and HCV RNA in semen from Brazilian coinfected men using multiplex PCR before and after semen washing.

INTRODUCTION: Prolonged survival of patients under HAART has resulted in new demands for assisted reproductive technologies. HIV serodiscordant couples wish to make use of assisted reproduction techniques in order to avoid viral transmission to the partner or to the newborn. It is therefore essential to test the effectiveness of techniques aimed at reducing HIV and HCV loads in infected semen using molecular biology tests. METHODS: After seminal analysis, semen samples from 20 coinfected patients were submitted to cell fractioning and isolation of motile spermatozoa by density gradient centrifugation and swim-up. HIV and HCV RNA detection tests were performed with RNA obtained from sperm, seminal plasma and total semen. RESULTS: In pre-washing semen, HIV RNA was detected in 100% of total semen samples, whereas HCV RNA was concomitantly amplified in only one specimen. Neither HIV nor HCV were detected either in the swim-up or in the post-washing semen fractions. CONCLUSIONS: Reduction of HIV and/or HCV shedding in semen by density gradient centrifugation followed by swim-up is an efficient method. These findings lead us to believe that, although semen is rarely found to contain HCV, semen processing is highly beneficial for HIV/HCV coinfected individuals.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Beltsville poultry semen extender. 7. Comparison of commercial diluents for holding turkey semen six hours at 15 C.

The ability of three commercial semen diluents (Minnesota, I.M.V.-French and Universal) and the Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender (BPSE) to maintain the fertilizing capacity of turkey semen held 6 hr at 15 C was examined. Hens were inseminated weekly for 20 wk and hatchability of eggs was determined. Neither candling nor true fertility of semen diluted 1:1 in BPSE, the Minnesota, or I.M.V.-French diluent and held for 6 hr differed significantly from each other. Fertility of semen held 6 hr in BPSE or Universal diluent was lower than their respective unstored controls. No difference in fertility was observed between semen held in Minnesota or I.M.V.-French diluent and their unstored controls. Significantly higher hatch of fertile eggs and of all eggs set was obtained from hens inseminated with semen diluted (0 hr) with BPSE (90 and 86%) than all other diluents. Hatch of fertile eggs was higher from hens inseminated with semen held 6 hr in Universal (90%) and French (86%) extenders and lower for the Minnesota (78%) extender. No difference was observed in hatch of fertile eggs between the BPSE (84%) and French (86%) extender. Hatchability of all eggs set was higher when hens were inseminated with semen held 6 hr in the I.M.V.-French diluent (81%) when compared to hens inseminated with the Minnesota (75%) or Universal diluent (75%). No differences in hatch of all eggs set were noted when BPSE (77%) and the commercial extenders were compared.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender. 8. Factors affecting turkey semen held six hours at 15 C.

Several experiments were conducted to measure the effects of extender pH, size and type of storage vessel, insemination dose volume, and frequency of insemination on the motility and fertilizing capacity of turkey semen held 6 hr at 15 C. The fertilizing capacity and motility of both unstored and stored turkey sperm were depressed more when diluted in Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender at pH 5.5 than at pH 6.5 or 6.0. The fertility of stored semen was impaired when agitated for 6 hr regardless of the type of storage vessel used. Sperm motility was higher when semen was held in flasks than when held in tubes. There were no differences in fertility of hens inseminated with .025, .05, or .10 cm3 of either unstored or stored semen during the first 10 weeks of egg production. However, fertility differences between unstored and stored semen were noted with all insemination doses late in the production period. Hens inseminated every 7 days with unstored semen maintained a constant level of fertility (+90%) for the 20-week production period, whereas the fertility of hens inseminated at 10- or 14-day intervals was lower in Weeks 11 to 20. Regardless of insemination interval, fertility of stored semen was lower than fertility of unstored semen in the latter stages of egg production.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[Transferrin subtyping of human semen, semen stain, vaginal fluid and mixed stain using isoelectric focusing and immunoblotting].

Transferrin (Tf) is an important genetic marker for personal identification in forensic science. We examined the subtypes in human semen, semen stain, vaginal fluid and mixed stain using isoelectric focusing and immunoblotting method(IEFIB). The results showed that, Tf subtypes of 8 semen and semen stain samples stored at room temperature for up to 32 weeks were the same as those in sera. Tf subtypes of 17 vaginal fluid and 4 mixed stain containing few semen were not detected. Tf Subtyping of 1 mixed stain containing enough semen was successful by using IEFIB. These results indicate that Tf is stable in semen stain. The Tf subtyping in semen stain and mixed stain containing enough semen can be carried out by using IEFIB method.

Exudates and Transudates↗
PubMed1992

[Antimutagenic substances in the Armeniacae semen and Persicae semen].

Using the Ames/Salmonella/microsome assay, we examined the antimutagenic effect of the hexane extract of Armeniacae semen (apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) seed), Persicae semen (peach (P. persica Bat.) seed), and seeds of cherry (P. avium L.), plum (P. salicina Lindle) and almond (P. dulcis Mill). Hexane extracts of Armeniacae semen and Persicae semen inhibited the mutagenicity of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), but those of seeds of cherry, plum and almond did not. The mutagenicities of 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-1) and 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide (AF-2) were also inhibited by the extracts of Armeniacae semen and Persicae semen. Inhibitory substances in Persicae semen were fractionated by silica gel column chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography, and were identified as oleic acid and linoleic acid. The contents of oleic acid and linoleic acid were 0.7 and 0.4% in the hexane extract of Armeniacae semen, and 1.5 and 0.5% in that of Persicae semen, respectively.

Antimutagenic Agents↗
PubMed2006

[Studies on chemical components of essential oil of crude semen sinapis and roasted semen sinapis].

OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical components of the essential oil of the Semen Sinapis with the different processing methods. METHOD: The essential oils of the crude Semen Sinapis and the roasted Semen Sinapis were extracted by steam distillation. The chemical components were analyzed by means of GC-MS-DS. The relative content of each component was calculated by area normalization. RESULT: The main chemical components of the essential oil of the crude Semen Sinapis and the roasted Semen Sinapis were similar. The main chemical components were allyl isothiocyanate and 4-isothio-cyanato-1-butene. The chemical components of the essential oil of the crude Semen Sinapis were more than that of the roasted Semen Sinapis. CONCLUSION: The effect of different processing methods on the chemical components of the essential oil of Semen Sinapis was significant. Certain chemical components such as isothiocyanato-containing substances, were found in the crude Semen Sinapis.

Hot Temperature↗
PubMed1998

Bacteriology of preserved stallion semen and antibiotics in semen extenders.

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of different antibiotics in a milk-glucose semen extender on motility of equine sperm and elimination of bacteria following storage of extended semen in vitro. In Experiment 1, 7 antibiotics were compared: amikacin, gentamicin, streptomycin, potassium penicillin, sodium penicillin, ticarcillin, and polymixin B. In Experiment 2, 3 antibiotic treatments were compared: potassium penicillin G, amikacin, or a combination of potassium penicillin G and amikacin. In Experiment 3, 3 antibiotic treatments were compared: potassium penicillin G-amikacin, ceptiofur, and a combination of ticarcillin and clavulanic acid (Timentin). Control treatments (antibiotic-free extender) were included in each experiment. Six motility variables were evaluated: percentage of motile sperm; percentage of progressively-motile sperm; percentage of rapidly-motile sperm; mean curvilinear velocity; mean average path velocity; and mean straight-line velocity. In Experiment 1, mean percentages of motile, progressively motile and rapidly motile sperm were lower (P < 0.05) in semen exposed to polymixin B then in other treatments. Mean average-path velocity of sperm in extender containing polymixin B was lower (P < 0.05) than that of all other treatments, with exception of control or ticarcillin. Mean straight-line velocity of sperm in extender containing polymixin B was lower (P < 0.05) than that of all other treatments, with exception of control, streptomycin or ticarcillin. Semen samples containing gentamicin, amikacin, streptomycin, or potassium penicillin were more effective (P < 0.05) at eliminating bacterial growth than those samples containing polymixin B. Semen samples containing gentamicin were also more effective (P < 0.05) at eliminating bacterial growth than those samples containing ticarcillin or sodium penicillin. In Experiment 2, mean percentage of rapidly-motile sperm, and mean curvilinear, average-path, and straight-line velocities were greater (P < 0.05) for potassium penicillin-amikacin than values for all other treatments. In 2 of 3 stallions, an effect of treatment on percentage of motile sperm was detected (P < 0.05). For one stallion, mean motility of potassium penicillin-amikacin was greater (P < 0.05) than that of all other treatment groups. For another stallion, mean motility of the control was lower (P < 0.05) than that of the other treatments. Following storage, potassium penicillin (16/18 [89%]) or potassium penicillin-amikacin (17/19 [94%]) were more effective (P < 0.05) at controlling aerobic and anaerobic bacterial isolates in semen specimens than was amikacin (10/18 [56%]). In Experiment 3, a difference among treatment groups for motility variables was not detected (P < 0.05). No bacterial growth was recovered in antibiotic-treated semen, with exception of Micrococcus sp. (2 colonies) which were isolated from one semen specimen treated with ceptiofur.

Amikacin↗
PubMed2000

Inactivation of bovine herpesvirus 1 in semen using a hyperimmune egg yolk semen extender.

Hyperimmune egg yolk semen extender was used for the inactivation of bovine herpesvirus (BHV-1) in experimentally infected bovine semen. As much as 5 x 10(4) TCID50/ml of virus was inactivated in semen as assayed by tissue culture. Moreover the hyperimmune egg yolk semen extender did not produce any adverse effect on the quality of the semen after being frozen/thawed in comparison with normal egg yolk semen extender (P > 0.05). The hyperimmune egg yolk semen extender is considered an important tool for containing the spread of BHV-1 from infected semen.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

A new poultry semen extender. 4. Effect of antibacterials in control of bacterial contamination in chicken semen.

Forty antibacterials were qualitatively and quantitatively tested for controlling aerobic bacterial contamination without affecting viability of semen. Semen samples were collected aseptically, diluted 1:4 with the Beltsville poultry semen extender containing one of 40 antibiotics and held for 0, 24, 48, and 72 hr at 5 C. Semen samples were monitored at each storage interval for bacterial counts, sperm motility, sperm counts, and fertilizing capacity. Gentamicin (2.5 microgram/ml), kanamycin (31.2 microgram/ml), neomycin (62.5 microgram/ml), and tobramycin (2.5 microgram/ml) were the only antibacterials tested which controlled microbial growth without affecting sperm viability for up to 24 hr storage at 5 C. Tobramycin maintained fertility equal to that of the non-antibiotic control up to 24 hr storage. Neomycin maintained higher levels of fertility in semen stored for 48 and 72 hr than in semen of controls to all other treatments for the same storage periods and to undiluted, unstored semen. The conclusion from these studies is that the control of aerobic microbial growth in chicken semen has little influence on the maintenance of sperm viability during low temperature storage.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Effect of selection for fertility of frozen-thawed semen in chickens on the fertility of fresh and stored semen.

Studies were conducted using 68 males from the seventh generation of a line of meat-type breeder chickens selected for increased duration of fertility of frozen-thawed semen and 69 males of the randomly selected control line. These chickens were used to determine the presence or absence of differences between the selected and control lines with respect to fertility and spermatozoal motility when the semen was subjected to the following preinsemination treatments: 1) frozen in a diluent containing 13.6% glycerol; 2) frozen in a diluent containing 1.7% glycerol; 3) fresh undiluted; 4) fresh diluted; 5) diluted and stored for 24 hr; and 6) diluted and stored for 48 hr. Semen from each male was inseminated into 4 to 6 White Leghorn tester hens per experiment. The effects of genotype (line) by preinsemination semen treatment interaction on fertility and spermatozoal motility were also examined. When semen was frozen (Treatments 1 and 2), the selected line had significantly (P less than .01) higher duration of fertility, percent fertility for 7 days postinsemination, and percent fertility for the duration of fertility and spermatozoal motility than the control line. For fresh semen (Treatments 3 and 4), the selected line had significantly (P less than .01) higher fertility estimates and spermatozoal motility than the control line except for percent fertility for the duration of fertility (P greater than .05) of undiluted semen. For stored semen (Treatments 5 and 6), the selected line only had significantly (P less than .05) higher duration of fertility after 24 hr storage and percent fertility for the duration of fertility after 48 hr storage than the control line.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗