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PubMed1996

Self-concept and questions of life: identity development during late adolescence

The purpose of the present study was to explore identity development in late adolescent (18-20) years. Three areas were examined: (a) self-concept, (b) existential questions; content and communication patterns, and (c), connections between (a) and (b). The population consisted of 44 Swedish college students. Three methods were used: a questionnaire, the writing of a short essay and a self-evaluation test, Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB). The results demonstrated a positive and stable self-concept for the majority of the group, and that questions of life mainly concerned questions of future. The quality of the self-concept (positive vs. negative) was significantly related to how subjects experienced adults' interest in their existential questions. Several issues are discussed: the importance of the social environment for identity development not only during early childhood but also during adolescence, the use of the SASB method in this age group and the need for placing processes of integration into focus in research concerning late adolescence.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Transsexualism--general outcome and prognostic factors: a five-year follow-up study of nineteen transsexuals in the process of changing sex.

Nineteen transsexuals, approved for sex reassignement, were followed-up after 5 years. Outcome was evaluated as changes in seven areas of social, psychological, and psychiatric functioning. At baseline the patients were evaluated according to axis I, II, V (DSM-III-R), SCID screen, SASB (Structural Analysis of Social Behavior), and DMT (Defense Mechanism Test). At follow-up all but 1 were treated with contrary sex hormones, 12 had completed sex reassignment surgery, and 3 females were waiting for phalloplasty. One male transsexual regretted the decision to change sex and had quit the process. Two transsexuals had still not had any surgery due to older age or ambivalence. Overall, 68% (n = 13) had improved in at least two areas of functioning. In 3 cases (16%) outcome were judged as unsatisfactory and one of those regarded sex change as a failure. Another 3 patients were mainly unchanged after 5 years. Female transsexuals had a slightly better outcome, especially concerning establishing and maintaining partnerships and improvement in socio-economic status compared to male transsexuals. Baseline factors associated with negative outcome (unchanged or worsened) were presence of a personality disorder and high number of fulfilled axis II criteria. SCID screen assessments had high prognostic power. Negative self-image, according to SASB, predicted a negative outcome, whereas DMT variables were not correlated to outcome.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

How the inner world is reflected in relation to perceived ward atmosphere among patients with psychosis.

BACKGROUND: This study focused on how cognitive ability, personality traits, self-rated psychiatric symptoms, and social functioning were related to the way in which patients with psychosis perceived supportive aspects of the ward atmosphere. METHODS: Patients at a psychiatric rehabilitation unit (PRU) in southern Sweden completed a ward atmosphere questionnaire (COPES), rated their psychiatric symptoms (SCL-90), self-image (SASB), and were tested on cognitive functioning (WAIS-R) and global social functioning (GAF). They were diagnosed according to ICD-10. Data were analysed by means of logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: Self-monitoring and restraining (self-control), one cluster in the SASB, was the strongest factor associated with how the patients perceived the ward atmosphere. A perceived high level of self-control indicated high levels of perceived Support, Practical orientation, and Order and organisation of the ward atmosphere. A high level of self-rated paranoid symptoms (SCL-90) increased the risk of perceiving a high level of Anger and aggression and a low level of Program clarity. Regarding cognitive ability (WAIS-R), two factors were important for predicting perceived ward atmosphere. A low level of social competence was associated with a low level of perceived Order and organisation. Furthermore, a low level of abstract thinking was related to a low level of perceived Anger and aggression, while a high level of abstract thinking was associated with a low level of Program clarity. Patients with schizophrenia exhibited a lower level of Self-monitoring and restraining than patients with other psychoses. CONCLUSION: The results from this study indicate that individual factors such as self-control, paranoid symptoms and social competence may be important for how the ward atmosphere is perceived. This is important knowledge when monitoring the ward atmosphere to better fit a unit's target group.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Eco-systemic analysis of anorexia nervosa.

Aspects of the eco-systemic approach were used to provide a framework for the understanding of anorexia nervosa and were empirically tested by comparing 30 anorexics and their parents to 34 matched control subjects and their parents. The theoretical model employed was an adaptation of Conger's Ecological-Systems approach which was based on the principles of Bronfenbrenner's theory of human development. The subjects were compared on selected variables arising from the individual, parent, family, and community systems using (a) the California Psychological Inventory (CPI), (b) the Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB), (c) the Family Environment Scale (FES), and (d) the Pattison Psychological Inventory (PPI). Discriminant analysis revealed that the Affiliation score (SASB) for the anorexic and the control subjects and the Psychopathic Deviancy score (CPI-Clinical) of the mothers of the anorexics and the controls were the variables which contributed most to the discrimination between the groups. With the Affiliation and the Psychopathic Deviancy scores alone, it was possible to correctly classify 87.5 per cent of the research subjects. Analyses also showed statistically significant results at the individual, parent, and family levels. Interactions within the family, as perceived by the anorexics, were characterized by overprotection and control by the mothers, while the anorexics themselves responded with significantly less affiliation to both their mothers and their fathers. The mothers of the anorexics also viewed their daughters as being less friendly in the relationship. The families of the anorexics were less supportive, helpful, and committed to each other than were the families of the control subjects as measured by the FES.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Sibling interactions, self-regulation, and cynical hostility in adult male twins.

Chronic hostility is associated with increased vulnerability to serious physical illness, making developmental influences on this trait important. We used the Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB) model to examine retrospective descriptions of twin interactions during childhood in a sample of 48 adult male twin pairs. Consistent with previous research on parental behavior correlates, self-reported hostility as measured by the Cook and Medley Ho scale was associated with descriptions of the twin's behavior as hostile, controlling, and neglecting. Consistent with the SASB principle of introjection, hostility was also associated with self directed hostility and neglect. Thus, a developmental perspective not only describes possible social contexts involved in the emergence of this trait, but also suggests possible psychological underpinnings. Implications for models of hostility and health are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Observed family interactions among subtypes of eating disorders using structural analysis of social behavior.

Compared observations of family interactions among anorexic, bulimic-anorexic, bulimic, and normal families. A total of 74 family triads participated, including father, mother, and teenage daughter. Each family was videotaped during a 10-min discussion of the daughter's separation from the family. These tapes were coded using Benjamin's structural analysis of social behavior (SASB) model and observational schema. The results showed that the SASB methodology differentiated clinical from normal families and that there were unique patterns among subtypes of eating disorders. Specifically, parents of anorexics communicated a double message of nurturant affection combined with neglect of their daughter's needs to express themselves and their feelings. Anorexic daughters, in turn, were ambivalent about disclosing their feelings versus submitting to their parents. In contrast, bulimics and their parents were hostilely enmeshed and, for them, this appeared to undermine the daughter's separation and self-assertion. These findings are consistent with current theory and research on anorexia and bulimia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Effects of training in time-limited dynamic psychotherapy: changes in therapist behavior.

Sixteen therapists participated in a year-long manualized training program as part of the Vanderbilt II study of time-limited dynamic psychotherapy. Changes in therapist behavior were measured with the Vanderbilt Therapeutic Strategies Scale (an adherence measure), the Vanderbilt Psychotherapy Process Scale (VPPS), and interpersonal process codings using the Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB). The training program successfully changed therapists' technical interventions in line with the manualized protocol. After training, there was increased emphasis on the expression of in-session affect, exploration of the therapeutic relationship, an improved participant-observer stance, and greater use of open-ended questions. There was also an indication of unexpected deterioration in certain interpersonal and interactional aspects of therapy as measured by the VPPS and SASB ratings. These results question the assumption that greater control of the therapy variable is straightforwardly achieved with manuals and adherence scales. Changing or dictating specific therapist behaviors to achieve technical adherence may alter other therapeutic variables in unexpected and even counterproductive ways.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Introduction to the special section on structural analysis of social behavior.

The structural analysis of social behavior (SASB) model dissects interpersonal and intrapsychic events into 3 underlying dimensions: (a) focus (on other, on self with other, and on self with self): (b) affiliation (love vs. hate); and (c), interdependence (enmeshment or dominance-submission vs. differentiation or emancipate-separate). Accompanied by predictive principles (similarity, opposition, complementarity, introjection, antithesis), the model can operationalize important aspects of a wide range of psychological events. Questionnaires, coding systems, and software permit the SASB model to be applied in a wide array of clinical and research contexts. It has been used by people of divergent theoretical persuasions including the interpersonal, cognitive-behavioral, client-centered, psychoanalytic, expressive, family, and group approaches. In this article, the model and its predictive principles are reviewed, along with examples of research, clinical, and theoretical applications. The articles in this section provided examples of especially creative and appropriate uses.

Ego↗
PubMed1996

Articulating subtype differences in self and relational experience among alcoholic men using structural analysis of social behavior.

L. Benjamin's (1984) structural analysis of social behavior (SASB) system was used as the organizing framework within which to characterize the phenomenology of self and other relationship experience among subtypes of alcoholic men. Within the context of a community-based study of psychopathology, groups of antisocial alcoholic (AAL), nonantisocial alcoholic (NAAL), and nonalcoholic (control) men completed ratings of their introject (self-concept) and spousal experience. Group differences in demography and psychopathology provided strong support for subtype variations among alcoholic men that could not be attributed to global differences in adaptive functioning. SASB data showed consistency in circumplex ordering across the groups in ratings of self-experience and in ratings of the spousal relationship. AAL men were the most self-neglecting, blaming, and least trusting, and control men were the most relationally connected, with NAAL men falling in between. Despite the importance of the subtyping distinction, in some areas, alcoholism, regardless of subtype, was the core differentiating factor.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Why does the general practitioner overlooks psychological disorders in his patient?].

Physicians have a major screening function in the care of patients suffering from psychological disorders. Often, psychosocial disorders are overlooked in primary care. The study presented here investigates factors correlating with the identification of psychosocial disorders in primary care. Physician-patient consultations of 120 patients with psychological disorders of 16 primary care practices were analyzed with respect to doctor-patient interactions using Structured Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB). In addition, reported complaints, length of consultations and identification of psychological disorders by the physicians were analyzed. The physicians identified 60.8 % of the psychological disorders. There was a significant association between physician's identification of psychological disorders and (1) the severity of the disorder, (2) the number of complaints reported during consultation (3) the pattern of physician-patient interaction. A high frequency of interaction patterns referred to as complementary and controlling in terms of SASB categories, interferes with identification of psychological disorders. The study shows that the interactional process during primary care consultation is associated with physicians' identification of psychological disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Interpersonal behavior and therapeutic progress: therapists and clients rate themselves and each other.

To measure the extent to which progress in psychotherapy can be predicted from the interpersonal styles of therapists and clients, 42 outpatients and their 11 therapists rated themselves and each other on Benjamin's Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB) scales. In addition, therapists rated amount of client change and therapy success-failure, based on the outcome section of the Rogers and Dymond (1954) scale, and clients used the Strupp, Fox, and Lessler (1969) questionnaire to evaluate progress-to-date. Clients also completed the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL) at the start of therapy and after they had completed at least 6 treatment sessions. Canonical analyses indicated that when optimally weighted, SASB scores can predict at least 65% of the reported progress variance, lending credence to claims that "reflexive social behavior" and "the relationship" are important determinants of certain aspects of therapeutic outcome. Consistent with previous literature, clients reported more satisfaction with therapy when they perceived their therapists as "warm and freeing," but such perceptions were not systematically related to reported symptom reduction. Unfavorable self-concept ratings by therapists and therapist ratings of clients as "helping or protecting," which suggest role reversal, were negatively associated with symptom amelioration.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Operational definition and measurement of dynamics shown in the stream of free associations.

The study of sequences in the stream of consciousness during patient free association and self observation has long been held by psychoanalysts to be a major part of successful psychotherapy. Yet there have been essentially no methods for rigorously quantifying and studying the dynamic relations implied by the sequencing of patient verbalizations. The present paper proposes that Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (Benjamin 1974) offers a means operationally to define and study dynamics as they are shown in the stream of consciousness from a productive patient hour. The method is demonstrated on a woman who became suicidal following maternal phone calls even though the conversations were seemingly "nice." SASB codes were made by nonclinicians, and the dynamics emerged from the computer analyses of the codes. The SASB-based ability objectively to define dynamics in the stream of consciousness offers opportunities reliably to identify different dynamics in different cases and relate them to different possible therapeutic interventions and outcomes.

Female↗
PubMed2006

Associations between physical and psychological problems in a group of patients with stress-related behavior and somatoform disorders.

The research questions in this study were. How do patients with stress-related behavior and somatoform disorders assess symptoms and self-image compared to healthy individuals, and how are these assessments related to bodily resources, assessed with a physiotherapeutic body examination? The test group (n = 31) consisted of consecutive patients referred to a treatment center specializing in psychosomatic problems. Significant differences (p < or = 0.01) were found between the test and comparison group (n = 22) on all but two of the ten subscales of the Resource-Oriented Body Examination (ROBE II). This was also the case for all the subscales of The Symptom Checklist-90(SCL-90; comparison group n = 52), and for all but three of the eight clusters of the Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB) (comparison group n = 52). For the patient group, the ROBE II subscale Increased respiratory control correlated significantly with the SCL-90 subscales that measures Anger-hostility, Phobic anxiety, Paranoid ideation, with the Personality Severity Index (PSI) and with the SASB clusters Daydreaming and self-neglect, Self-indictment and oppression with r's between 0.38 and 0.50. Body examination with ROBE II might provide a useful assessment tool in patients whose stress-related problems appear to contain associations between psychological and physical problems.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed1998

Myxococcus xanthus sasN encodes a regulator that prevents developmental gene expression during growth.

Myxococcus xanthus multicellular fruiting body development is initiated by nutrient limitation at high cell density. Five clustered point mutations (sasB5, -14, -15, -16, and -17) can bypass the starvation and high-cell-density requirements for expression of the 4521 developmental reporter gene. These mutants express 4521 at high levels during growth and development in an asgB background, which is defective in generation of the cell density signal, A signal. A 1.3-kb region of the sasB locus cloned from the wild-type chromosome restored the SasB+ phenotype to the five mutants. DNA sequence analysis of the 1.3-kb region predicted an open reading frame, designated SasN. The N terminus of SasN appears to contain a strongly hydrophobic region and a leucine zipper motif. SasN showed no significant sequence similarities to known proteins. A strain containing a newly constructed sasN-null mutation and Omega4521 Tn5lac in an otherwise wild-type background expressed 4521 at a high level during growth and development. A similar sasN-null mutant formed abnormal fruiting bodies and sporulated at about 10% the level of wild type. These data indicate that the wild-type sasN gene product is necessary for normal M. xanthus fruiting body development and functions as a critical regulator that prevents 4521 expression during growth.

Alleles↗
PubMed1992

[Symptom portrayal and initial therapeutic relationship of female and male patients in the initial psychoanalytic interview].

The transcripts of psychoanalytic initial interviews are analyzed in using the "Structural Analysis of Social Behavior" (SASB) by L. S. Benjamin. This instrument was chosen to detect how male and female patients talk about their symptoms, and about previous treatments. The immediate interaction with the interviewer during the dialogue was also described by using SASB. On the basis of only the first patients' utterances after the initial request of the therapists (like "What brings you here?") we can distinguish female and male patients by the quality of the relations described (to the symptoms, the previous physicians, and to the therapist). The sex-specific readiness to establish relationships which becomes apparent in these descriptions can be related to the interview situation itself. In our further argumentation we interpret them as subtle messages to the interviewer. Finally we discuss their inherent potentials and risks for the psychotherapeutic cooperation.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Not Available].

Inpatient psychotherapy is characterized by a combination of different therapeutic approaches. Research on psychotherapeutic processes in inpatient psychotherapy uses often only a single observer's perspective, based on the assumption that there exists a unitary process underlying the total process of inpatient psychotherapy. This assumption is investigated in the present study of two single psychotherapy cases. The process is documented by means of Intrex-questionnaire of both therapist and patient, and by the SASB-coded videotaped and transcribed interactions. The results show a marked incongruence of the process as seen from the perspective of independent raters and from the questionnaire based self-report of therapist and patient. These findings put the commonly described process models of inpatient psychotherapy into question.

Inpatient psychotherapy↗
PubMed2003

Historical review of RF exposure standards and the International Committee on Electromagnetic Safety (ICES).

Focused research on the biological effects of exposure of humans and animals to radio frequency (RF) and microwave energy goes back at least five decades. The history of committees that develop safety standards based on the results of this research goes back almost as far. One such committee that has played a major role in developing such standards is the International Committee on Electromagnetic Safety (ICES), which began in 1960 as the American Standards Association C95 Committee. This paper briefly reviews the history of this committee and its role in the development of RF safety standards. The process now being followed by ICES and its sponsor, the IEEE Standards Association Standards Board (SASB), is discussed, as are a number of issues related to standards setting, such as the poor quality of much of the research and the seemingly endless speculation and search for mechanisms of interaction other than heating. Finally, a tribute is given to Dr. Eleanor Adair, a long-time researcher and supporter of science-based standards. As Chairman of ICES, she makes it clear that her goal and the goal of ICES is to establish rational standards that will make future beneficial applications of RF energy credible to humanity.

Advisory Committees↗
PubMed2004

Therapist affirmation and the process and outcome of psychotherapy: two sequential analytic studies.

Therapist affirmation was examined in two studies, the first with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT, N = 22) and the second with time-limited dynamic psychotherapy (TLDP, N = 20). Affirmation was identified using Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB), and sequential analysis used to gauge its impact on therapy process and outcome. It was hypothesized that affirmation would correspond with patients' continuation of the current topic of conversation, but relate negatively to outcome if generally offered after maladaptive statements. Patients in Study 1 (CBT) were more likely to continue a topic after it was affirmed, and affirmation of maladaptive statements reliably differentiated patients who evidenced clinically significant change from those who did not at termination and at 12-months posttreatment. Affirmation of maladaptive statements in Study 2 (TLDP) corresponded with poorer outcome in relationships with significant others, but unexpectedly with improvements in self-concept.

Anxiety Disorders↗