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PubMed1998

Salvia miltiorrhiza reduces experimentally-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Hepatic fibrosis occurs as a result of injury to the liver parenchyma and biliary system. We have studied the effect of the traditional Chinese medicinal herb, Salvia miltiorrhiza, in an experimental model of hepatic fibrosis and evaluated its effect on various paradigms involved in hepatic fibrosis. METHODS: Liver fibrosis was induced in male Wistar rats by chronic administration of carbon tetrachloride for 10 weeks. The carbon tetrachloride-treated rats were randomly assigned to three groups: no treatment, Salvia for 12 weeks from the onset of carbon tetrachloride treatment, and Salvia for 2 weeks after the completion of the 10-week course. The normal control groups in the study were: neither carbon tetrachloride nor Salvia, and Salvia only for 12 weeks. The livers were graded histologically and analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for the transcription of genes involved in liver fibrosis, namely, transforming growth factor-beta1 and the extracellular matrix components procollagens I and III, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and matrix metalloproteinase-13. The transcripts were normalized against that of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and analyzed statistically. RESULTS: The histological evaluation showed that Salvia could reverse the fibrosis caused by carbon tetrachloride treatment. Rats treated with the herb had reduced levels of transforming growth factor-beta1, procollagens I and III and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 transcripts and an increased level of matrix metalloproteinase-13 transcript, when compared to the disease control. CONCLUSION: Salvia miltiorrhiza, a cheap and widely available herb, significantly reduces carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Salvia divinorum--representation of a new drug in the Internet].

AIM OF THE STUDY: The German pages of the Internet were searched for the presence of the hallucinogenic herbal drug Salvia divinorum, which is not dealt with in current addiction medicine or psychiatric text books. The investigation is part of the EU sponsored project "Psychonaut" as preparatory work for the development of an Internet-based early warning system. METHODS: The first 100 websites of the search using "Salvia divinorum" were compared with the search results for "cannabis" and "LSD". The following aspects of the sites were especially analyzed: the originator, marketing of drugs, and the attitude towards drug use. RESULTS: Salvia was offered for sale on approximately a third of the sites (29%); cannabis and LSD were not marketed on any sites. Official websites such as those from governmental organizations or universities were seldom found when searching for "Salvia divinorum", and then only under the last hits. The percentage of institutional sites (e. g. public organizations) were 12% with Salvia, 21% with cannabis, and 38% with LSD. A drug-friendly attitude was found at 64 % of the sites with regard to Salvia, 58% for cannabis, and 24% for LSD. CONCLUSION: The drug help system must be aware of that the Internet is a source of drug-related information, and of drug trade. As this investigation shows, sites often have a drug-friendly attitude. The low availability of official information on Salvia divinorum (also outside the Internet) relative to the presence of drug-friendly or drug trading sites is an indication that new trends of drug consumption can be tracked in the Internet before they will be found in official literature.

Cannabinoids↗
PubMed1998

[Plant anatomical and phytochemical evaluation of Salvia species].

Plant-anatomical and phytochemical investigations were carried out on three Salvia species: S.officinalis L., S.sclarea L., S.pratensis L. It was established that the structure of the glandular hairs of the three species doesn't differ from each other but the characteristics of the covering hairs are different. The covering hairs of sage (Salvia officinalis) consist of 1-4 cells and have protective function. The hairs of the other two Salvia species are bristle hairs. The highest essential oil content was found in sage and the lowest one in S. pratensis. The qualitative and quantitative composition of the essential oils of Salvia species was also various but the qualitative composition of leaf, calix and petal of the same Salvia species was characteristical standard; significant differences were found only in their quantitative composition. Sclareol diterpene alcohol was the main component of the hexane extract obtained from clary sage flowering herb. In polyphenol ingredients Salvia officinalis was the richest. The results demonstrated that the 20% ethanol is the best of the 20, 40, 70% alcoholic solvents, for the extraction of polyphenol compounds. It was established that the rosmarinic acid depside was the main component of polyphenols. Mineral elements were also analysed in the Salvia species leaves as well in the alcoholic and wateric extracts of sage. The magnesium content was considerable in S. pratensis, the zinc content was the highest in S. officinalis.

Flavonoids↗
PubMed2001

[The effect of composite Radix Salviae Militiorrhizae injection on myocyte apoptosis in acute myocardial infarction of rabbits].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of composite Radix Salviae Militiorrhizae injectiion on myocyte apoptosis in experimental acute myocardial infarction of rabbits. METHODS: The models of acute myocardial infarction were made with rabbits. The method of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling was used to explore myocardial cell apoptosis in different injury area of acute myocardial infarction. The activities of plasma superoxide dismurase and the contents of serum malonic aldehyde were determined. RESULTS: When rabbits were in the condition of acute myocardial infarction, there were myocyte apoptosis in the area of ischemia reperfusion injury and the area of infarction. The number of myocyte apoptosis and the myocyte rate in control group and composite Radix Salviae Militiorrhizae injectiion treated group were higher than in sham-operated group (P < 0.001). In the area of ischemia reperfusion injury the number of myocyte apoptosis and the myocyte rate in composite salvia militiorrhiza-treated group were lower than in control group (P < 0.05). The activity of plasma superoxide dismurase in composite salvia militiorrhiza-treated group was higher than in control group (P < 0.05), but lower than in sham-orerated group (P < 0.001). The content of serum malonic aldehyde in composite Radix Salviae Militiorrhizae injectiion treated group were lower than in control group (P < 0.05), but higher than in sham-operated group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Composite Radix Salviae Militiorrhizae injectiion could reduce the number of myocyte apoptosis in the area of ischemia reperfusion injury, which maybe explained by the increase of the activity of plasma superoxide dismurase and the decrease of the contents of serum malonic aldehyde.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Protective effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza on rats with streptozotocin diabetes and its mechanism].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza on renal morphology and renal function of rats with streptozotocin diabetes. METHODS: Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups, which were normal control group, untreated group and Salvia miltiorrhiza-treated group. Diabetic nephropathy was induced in rats of the last two groups by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin after unilateral nephrectomy. Then the rats in the normal control and untreated groups were fed with normal saline while those in the Salvia miltiorrhiza-treated group were fed Salvia miltiorrhiza preparation for 8 weeks. The glomerular volume (VG), kidney-to-body weight ratio (KW/BW), urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) and creatinine clearance (Ccr) were observed. The expression levels of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), fibronectin (FN) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) were detected by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) at the end of the experiment. RESULTS: UAER, Ccr, VG and KW/BW ratio were significantly higher in the untreated group than those in the normal control group (P<0.05). The expression levels of TGF-beta1, CTGF, PAI-1 and FN in the untreated group were also significantly higher as compared with those in the normal control group (P<0.05). UAER, Ccr, VG, KW/BW ratio and the levels of TGF-beta1, CTGF, PAI-1 and FN in the Salvia miltiorrhiza-treated group were obviously lower than those in the untreated group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Salvia miltiorrhiza can protect rats with streptozotocin diabetes from diabetic nephropathy by suppressing the over-expressions of TGF-beta1, CTGF, PAI-1 and FN in renal cortex.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Effect of micronization on the quality of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge].

OBJECTIVE: The powder characteristic, water extraction amount and active ingredients cryptotanshinone (CTS), tanshinone II A (TS) and protocaechuic aldehyde (PA) were comparatively studies between crude powder and micronized powder to study the application of micronization technology to Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. METHODS: Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge powedr was characterized by laser diffraction analyzer and scanning electron microscopy. The angle of repose and bulk density was measured. The water extraction was quantified by heated extraction method. The active ingredinents CTS, TS and PA were detected by RP-HPLC after it released from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. RESULTS: The differences of particle characteristic and surface modality between crude powder and superfine were significant. Water extraction amount of micronized powder was 1.23 times as that of crude powder. The CTS, TS and PA extraction amount of micronized powder were 1.54, 1.48 and 1.90 times as those of crude powder. CONCLUSION: The extraction content of lipo-solubility and water-solubility active ingredients of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. are improved by micronization. Micronization can economize the resource of Salviae miltiorrhiza Bge. The bioavability of Salviae miltiorrhiza Bge. will be improved with the new techonology.

Abietanes↗
PubMed1999

Salvia miltiorrhiza extract inhibits alcohol absorption, preference, and discrimination in sP rats.

Experiment 1 of the present study investigated the ability of a standardized extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza in reducing voluntary ethanol intake in ethanol-preferring rats of the sP line. Ethanol intake occurred under the two-bottle free-choice regimen between 10% (v/v) ethanol and water in daily 4-h scheduled access periods; water was present 24 h/day. Intragastric administration of 200 mg/kg Salvia miltiorrhiza extract resulted in approximately 40% reduction in ethanol intake and preference throughout the 4-day treatment. This effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza extract was likely due to its ability of altering ethanol absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Indeed, Experiments 2 and 3 of this study demonstrated that 200 mg/kg Salvia miltiorrhiza extract reduced blood ethanol levels (BELs) up to 60% in comparison to control rats, when ethanol was given IG, whereas it failed to modify BELs when ethanol was injected IP. The reducing effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza extract on ethanol absorption may have therefore resulted in an attenuated perception of the psychoactive effects of ethanol sought by ethanol-drinking rats. Consistently, the results of Experiment 4 of the present study demonstrated that a combination of 200 mg/kg Salvia miltiorrhiza extract IG and 1 or 2 g/kg ethanol IG resulted in a partial blockade of the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol in sP rats trained to discriminate these doses of ethanol from water in a drug discrimination procedure. Collectively, the results are discussed as being suggestive that drugs curbing ethanol absorption from the gastrointestinal tract may constitute a novel strategy for controlling excessive alcohol consumption in human alcoholics.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2006

[An in vitro experiment on the antimicrobial effects of ethanol extract from salvia miltiorrhiza bunge on several oral pathogenic microbes].

PURPOSE: To study the in vitro antimicrobial activity of ethanol extract of salvia miltiorrhiza bunge on several oral pathogenic microbes. METHODS: Antimicrobial activities of ethanol extract of salvia miltiorrhiza bunge for porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277, A. actinomycetes comitans ATCC 24523, Streptococcus mutans, and Lactobacillus were determined using the cup-plate method. The minimum antibacterial concentrations of ethanol extract of salvia miltiorrhiza bunge were measured. SPSS10.0 software package was used for Student's t test. RESULTS: Ethanol extract of salvia miltiorrhiza bunge had antimicrobial activities on Porphyromonas gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans, Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus, and the minimum inhibitory concentrations were 15.62 mg/ml, 15.62 mg/ml, 62.50mg/ml and 15.62 mg/ml; The pH of the solution was influential to its antimicrobial activity. CONCLUSION: Ethanol extract of salvia miltiorrhiza bunge has an antimicrobial activity on oral pathogenic microbes.

Actinomyces↗
PubMed2006

Pattern of use and subjective effects of Salvia divinorum among recreational users.

BACKGROUND: Salvia divinorum is a member of the Lamiaceae family and contains the psychotropic diterpene and kappa-opioid receptor agonist salvinorin-A. Originally a shamanic inebriant used by the Mexican Mazatec Indians, the plant and its preparations are becoming increasingly popular among non-traditional users. METHODS: Demographic data and information on pattern of use and subjective effects were obtained by means of self-report questionnaires from a sample of 32 recreational users of salvia and other psychedelics. RESULTS: Involvement with salvia appeared to be a recent phenomenon. Smoking the extract was the preferred form of administration. Subjective effects were described as intense but short-lived, appearing in less than 1 min and lasting 15 min or less. They included psychedelic-like changes in visual perception, mood and somatic sensations, and importantly, a highly modified perception of external reality and the self, leading to a decreased ability to interact with oneself or with one's surroundings. CONCLUSIONS: Although some aspects of the subjective effects reported were similar to high doses of classical psychedelics with serotonin-2A receptor agonist activity, the intense derealization and impairment reported appear to be a characteristic of salvia. The observed simultaneous high scores on the LSD and PCAG subscales of the Addiction Research Center Inventory (ARCI) have been previously reported for other kappa-opioid agonists, and support kappa receptor activation as the probable pharmacologic mechanism underlying the modified state of awareness induced by salvia.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Impact of Lotensin and Salviae on the changes of TGF-beta1 and its receptors in a rat model of chronic cyclosporine-induced nephropathy.

OBJECTIVES: Transforming growth factor-beta(1) (TGF-beta(1)) and its receptors, type 1 (TR-1) and type 2 (TR-2) play important roles in chronic cyclosporine (CsA)-induced nephropathy. Lotensin is known as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and may reduce chronic CsA-induced nephropathy. Recently it is reported that Salviae (a Chinese medicine), which can improve microcirculation and decrease the expression of TGF-beta(1) has the same effect as that of lotensin. Therefore, in this study we assessed the effects of Lotensin or Salviae on the chronic CsA-induced upregulation of TGF-beta(1), TR-1, and TR-2 in a rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sodium-depleted rats were administered CsA by gastric gavage and a new rat model of chronic CsA-induced nephropathy was established. Rats with chronic CsA-induced nephropathy were treated by lotensin or Salviae. The proteins of TGF-beta(1), TR-1, and TR-2, and the mRNA of TR-1 and TR-2 in the kidneys of CsA-treated rats, were measured by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH). The results were investigated semiquantitatively by image analysis. RESULTS: Lotensin or Salviae individually attenuated CsA-induced nephropathy in the rat models, and downregulated the protein expressions of TGF-beta(1), TR-1, and TR-2, and the mRNA transcripts of TR-1 and TR-2 in the rat model. CONCLUSION: Our studies show that treatment with lotensin or Salviae is useful in preventing chronic CsA-induced nephropothy.

Activin Receptors, Type I↗
PubMed2006

Ginseng and Salviae herbs play a role as immune activators and modulate immune responses during influenza virus infection.

We have investigated the adjuvant roles of common herbal medicines (ginseng, Salviae) and their effects on early immune responses during influenza virus infection in a mouse model. Intranasal co-administration with inactivated influenza virus A (PR8) and ginseng or Salviae extract increased the levels of influenza virus specific antibodies and neutralizing activities compared to immunization with PR8 alone, and provided protective immunity. Salviae co-administration significantly enhanced IFN-gamma and IL-2 cytokine producing splenocytes while ginseng induced high levels of IL-4 and IL-5 cytokine producing cells after challenge infection. Cells expressing an early activation marker CD69 and levels of a pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 were highly elevated in lungs from naïve mice during challenge virus infection, which might be a mechanism in lung inflammation leading to death. In contrast, immunized mice that were co-administered ginseng or Salviae modulated CD69 expressing immune cells, did not produce IL-6, and showed significant enhancement of influenza virus specific IgA antibody in lungs after challenge virus infection. Therefore, these results indicate that both ginseng and Salviae play a role as mucosal adjuvants against influenza virus as well as immuno-modulators during influenza virus infection.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2000

Role of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix extract and its compounds in enhancing nitric oxide expression.

Excessive production of nitric oxide (NO) and its peroxidant product, peroxynitrite, has been implicated in the pathology of acute and chronic renal failure, and inhibitors of NO production have been shown to exert protective and ameliorative effects against renal epithelial cell damage mediated by enhanced generation of NO. Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix has exhibited a beneficial effect in the improvement of renal failure. In order to clarify the mechanism responsible, we investigated whether Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix extract and several of its related compounds, including caffeic acid and its polymers which were isolated by our research group, can regulate the generation and release of NO. The results demonstrated that Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix extract and these compounds suppressed NO effectively in the systems employing activated macrophages and the arginine-hydrogen peroxide, and that, furthermore, the activity shown by the compounds was higher than that shown by the extract. In addition, direct scavenging of NO was also observed. The present findings suggest that Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix extract and its compounds are potent NO inhibitors, and that their inhibitory effect on the generation and release of NO may contribute to the previously reported pharmacological effect of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix in improving renal function.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Use of nonprohibited hallucinogenic plants: increasing relevance for public health? A case report and literature review on the consumption of Salvia divinorum (Diviner's Sage).

INTRODUCTION: : We want to call attention to a mint plant, called diviner's sage ( Salvia divinorum), originally used in shamanic ceremonies of the Mazatec Indians of Mexico. On numerous websites of the internet, this ancient herbal drug and its extracts are offered as a legal means of widening individual awareness. Regarding its dose-response relationship, the active ingredient, salvinorin A, is one of the most potent naturally occurring hallucinogens. Laws on controlled substances, except for Finland, Denmark and Australia, do not prohibit cultivating, consuming or dealing with Salvia divinorum. Ingestion by smoking, vaporising or chewing, induces a short-lived inebriant state with intense, bizarre feelings of depersonalization. This article wants to be a signal for physicians or psychotherapists to take Salvia into consideration, when exploring young people for drug use. METHODS: We report the individual perceptions of a young man consuming Salvia divinorum. We review the scarce scientific literature and consider relevant internet websites. DISCUSSION: We define open issues for further investigations and try to discuss why Salvia divinorum may be of interest for teenagers and young adults in Europe.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Analysis of the psychoactive terpenoid salvinorin A content in five Salvia divinorum herbal products.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the content of the hallucinogen salvinorin A in a variety of Salvia divinorum herbal products and to compare the content with the label claims of potency and purity. DESIGN: Laboratory analysis. SETTING: University-affiliated laboratory. SAMPLES: Five herbal products containing Salvia divinorum. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The samples were purchased from the Internet and local drug paraphernalia shops ("head shops"). Highperformance liquid chromatography and thin-layer chromatography-gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy were used for the analysis. All five samples contained salvinorin A, a psychoactive compound found in Salvia divinorum; however, the salvinorin A concentrations we measured were much lower than those claimed on the product label. Vitamin E was also found in two samples and caffeine in one sample. CONCLUSION: The five salvinorin A herbal products were found to be subpotent, and three products contained adulterants. Any discrepancy between the advertised salvinorin A concentration and their actual concentration may pose a potential risk of both misuse and overdose. These concerns, and the recently reported teenage suicide that could have been related to salvia consumption, underscore the need for practitioners to become familiar with the signs and symptoms of salvia use.

Consumer Product Safety↗
PubMed2001

[Fingerprints of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae].

OBJECTIVES: To establish fingerprints of the Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae from Shangluo Dansben Base of Tasly Group Co. Ltd., and to compare the fingerprints with fingerprints of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae from Tianjin market of medicinal materials. METHOD: By HPLC to establish fingerprint of water-soluble extract of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae. CONCLUSION: The fingerprints of 10 batches of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae from Shangluo conformed to the requirements of fingerprints of Chinese medicinal materials issued by State Drug Administration in 2000. And there were obvious differences between the fingerprints of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae from Shangluo and from Tianjin market of medicinal materials.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1999

[The therapeutic effect of ligustrazin and salvia miltiorrhiza on the gene expression of alpha1 (I) and alpha1 (III) procollagen in rat pulmonary fibrosis].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of ligustrazin and salvia miltiorrhiza on collagen gene expression in rat pulmonary fibrosis (PF). METHODS: The tested animals were divided into 7 groups: normal control, untreated animal groups (day 7, 14 and 29), Ligustrazin, Salvia Miltiorrhiza and hydrocortisone groups. Treatment was started from day 15 to day 28. HE stain and in situ hybridization with alpha(1) (I) and alpha(1) (III) procollagen (PC) cDNA probes were applied to rat lungs on day 29. The results were quantified by a feature analysor. RESULTS: All the three drugs were effective, ligustrazin the best (P < 0.01), salvia miltiorrhiza the second (P < 0.01). In untreated groups both alpha(1) (I) and alpha(1) (III) PC mRNA reached the maximum on day 7. Alpha(1) (I) PC mRNA still kept high on day 29 while alpha(1) (III) PC mRNA had decreased to normal. In ligustrazin group alpha(1) (I) PC mRNA decreased to normal (P > 0.05) but in salvia miltiorrhiza and hydrocortisone groups it was still above normal level (P < 0.01). In all groups alpha(1) (III) PC mRNA had decreased to normal on day 29. CONCLUSIONS: Inhibitive effect of ligustrazin on alpha(1) (I) PC mRNA may play an important role in treating PF. The effect of salvia miltiorrhiza is less than ligustrazin.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Salvia officinalis l. I. Botanic characteristics, composition, use and cultivation].

Salvia officinalis L. is an essential oil containing plant, which does not wildly grow in the territories of the Czech and Slovak Republics but it can be successfully cultivated. It is a perennial half-shrub, from which non-flowering herbaceous sprouts or leaves are collected for pharmaceutical purposes. After drying at a temperature not exceeding 35 degrees C they are the plant drugs Herba salviae or Folium salviae. In PhBs, Herba salviae is official. The drug contains mainly ethereal oil (1-2%), diterpenes, triterpenes and tannin. The pharmacopoeial criterion of quality is the content of essential oil, which is produced in an increased amount in the plant in warm summer months. Herba salviae and the extracts prepared from it are used as an antiseptic agent, an antiphlogistic agent, in the inflammations of the oral cavity and gingivitis and also as a stomachic and an antihydrotic agent. Its utilization in cosmetics and food industry is also of importance.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The pharmacological effects of Salvia species on the central nervous system.

Salvia is an important genus consisting of about 900 species in the family Lamiaceae. Some species of Salvia have been cultivated world wide for use in folk medicine and for culinary purposes. The dried root of Salvia miltiorrhiza, for example, has been used extensively for the treatment of coronary and cerebrovascular disease, sleep disorders, hepatitis, hepatocirrhosis, chronic renal failure, dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, carbuncles and ulcers. S. officinalis, S. leriifolia, S. haematodes, S. triloba and S. divinorum are other species with important pharmacological effects. In this review, the pharmacological effects of Salvia species on the central nervous system will be reviewed. These include sedative and hypnotic, hallucinogenic, skeletal muscle relaxant, analgesic, memory enhancing, anticonvulsant, neuroprotective and antiparkinsonian activity, as well as the inhibition of ethanol and morphine withdrawal syndrome.

Animals↗