[Salivary gland diseases: clinical aspects, diagnosis, 1. Introduction, the normal salivary gland, salivary gland inflammations (sialadenitis)].
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Humans↗
SEARCH · Search PubMed
Results for “SALIVARY GLAND”
Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
Water channels and zymogen granules in salivary glands.
Salivary secretion occurs in response to stimulation by neurotransmitters released from autonomic nerve endings. The molecular mechanisms underlying the secretion of water, a main component of saliva, from salivary glands are not known; the plasma membrane is a major barrier to water transport. A 28-kDa integral membrane protein, distributed in highly water-permeable tissues, was identified as a water channel protein, aquaporin (AQP). Thirteen AQPs (AQP0 - AQP12) have been identified in mammals. AQP5 is localized in lipid rafts under unstimulated conditions and translocates to the apical plasma membrane in rat parotid glands upon stimulation by muscarinic agonists. The importance of increases in intracellular calcium concentration [Ca(2+)](i) and the nitric oxide synthase and protein kinase G signaling pathway in the translocation of AQP5 is reviewed in section I. Signals generated by the activation of Ca(2+) mobilizing receptors simultaneously trigger and regulate exocytosis. Zymogen granule exocytosis occurs under the control of essential process, stimulus-secretion coupling, in salivary glands. Ca(2+) signaling is a principal signal in both protein and water secretion from salivary glands induced by cholinergic stimulation. On the other hand, the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/cAMP-dependent protein kinase system has a major role in zymogen granule exocytosis without significant increases in [Ca(2+)](i). In section II, the mechanisms underlying the control of salivary protein secretion and its dysfunction are reviewed.
Animals↗
Distribution and roles of aquaporins in salivary glands.
Salivary glands are involved in secretion of saliva, which is known to participate in the protection and hydratation of mucosal structures within the oral cavity, oropharynx and oesophagus, the initiation of digestion, some antimicrobial defence, and the protection from chemical and mechanical stress. Saliva secretion is a watery fluid containing electrolytes and a mixture of proteins and can be stimulated by muscarinic and adrenergic agonists. Since water movement is involved in saliva secretion, the expression, localization and function of aquaporins (AQPs) have been studied in salivary glands. This review will focus on the expression, localization and functional roles of the AQPs identified in salivary glands. The presence of AQP1, AQP5 and AQP8 has been generally accepted by many, while the presence of AQP3, AQP4, AQP6 and AQP7 still remains controversial. Functionally, AQP5 seems to be the only AQP thus far to be clearly playing a major role in the salivary secretion process. Modifications in AQPs expression and/or distribution have been reported in xerostomic conditions.
Aging↗
Immunohistochemical detection of salivary agglutinin/gp-340 in human parotid, submandibular, and labial salivary glands.
Salivary agglutinin is a Streptococcus mutans binding protein and a member of the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich superfamily. It is identical to lung gp-340 and brain DMBT1, which possibly play a role in innate immunity and tumor suppression, respectively. The goal of this study was to localize salivary agglutinin in human salivary glands. Two monoclonal antibodies, directed against gp-340, were characterized. mAb 213-1 reacted with sialic acid epitopes and cross-reacted with MUC7. The reaction with mAb 213-6 disappeared after reduction, suggesting that a protein epitope was recognized. In the parotid gland, immunohistochemical labeling with mAb 213-6 was found in the duct cells. In the submandibular gland and labial gland, both serous acini and demilune cells were labeled. In the labial gland, labeling was found at the luminal side of the duct cells. Salivary agglutinin was distinctly localized in salivary glands, but in distinct glandular secretions, no differences in electrophoretic behavior were observed.
Aged↗
Detection of tissue polypeptide antigen in salivary glands and salivary gland tumors. An immunohistochemical study.
Tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) was analyzed immunohistochemically in parotid gland tissue. This antigen, which is generally regarded as a proliferative antigen, was detected in the ductal system of the normal parotid gland. Parotid gland tumors were analyzed as well: pleomorphic adenomas; cystadenolymphomas; adenoid cystic carcinomas, and mucoepidermoid tumors. TPA could be found in distinct parts of every kind of tumor. However, apart from the TPA-positive cells, negative cells could be observed. The implications of these investigations are discussed.
Adenolymphoma↗
Clonal proliferation of multipotent stem/progenitor cells in the neonatal and adult salivary glands.
Salivary gland stem/progenitor cells are thought to be present in intercalated ductal cells, but the fact is unclear. In this study, we sought to clarify if stem/progenitor cells are present in submandibular glands using colony assay, which is one of the stem cell assay methods. Using a low-density culture of submandibular gland cells of neonatal rats, we developed a novel culture system that promotes single cell colony formation. Average doubling time for the colony-forming cells was 24.7 (SD=+/-7.02)h, indicating high proliferative potency. When epidermal growth factor (EGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) were added to the medium, the number of clonal colonies increased greater than those cultured without growth factors (13.2+/-4.18 vs. 4.5+/-1.73). The RT-PCR and immunostaining demonstrated expressing acinar, ductal, and myoepithelial cell lineage markers. This study demonstrated the presence of the salivary gland stem/progenitor cells that are highly proliferative and multipotent in salivary glands.
Animals↗
Immunohistochemical localization of estradiol, progesterone, and progesterone receptor in human salivary glands and salivary adenoid cystic carcinomas.
Immunohistochemical analyses of estradiol, progesterone and progesterone receptor were carried out in human salivary gland and salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma. Immunoreactivity to estradiol and progesterone was found in cytoplasm of the cells of the excretory duct system within normal salivary glands, whereas the progesterone receptor was restricted to nuclei of the cells where both sex steroids were positive. In addition, we demonstrated the presence of both sex steroids and the receptor for progesterone in salivary adenoid cystic carcinomas. These data indicate that the human salivary gland is one of the target tissues of estrogen. This also suggests the good possibility that tumors which express progesterone receptors will respond to endocrine therapy.
Adult↗
Peroxidase activity and thiocyanate accumulation in salivary glands.
Salivary glands with high, low, or no peroxidase activity do not differ in [S14CN-] after the i.v. injection of KS14CN, nor do the glands differ from blood and muscle in [S14CN-]. The content of SCN- in a salivary gland does not mirror the gland's participation in the peroxidase-mediated antimicrobial mechanism.
Animals↗
Changes in cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP concentrations during the action of 5-hydroxytryptamine on an insect salivary gland.
Salivary glands from adult blowflies (Calliphora erythrocephala Meigen) were studied in vitro. The time course of changes in cyclic AMP content of the glands was followed at different concentration of 5-hydroxytryptamine. There was an immediate biphasic rise and fall in cyclic AMP content, following by a slower rise and subsequent gradual decline. The initial rise preceded the onset of fluid secretion by the glands. Rises in cyclic AMP content were inhibited by compound RMI 12330 A (an adenylate cyclase inhibitor) and were halted after about 15-20s if the glands were deprived of Ca2+. Theophylline (a phosphodiesterase inhibitor) abolished the decline phase of the fast response, Losses of cyclic AMP from the glands either to the bathing medium or to the saliva were small and could not account for the rapid fall found. Evidence is presented that cyclic GMP is not involved in the process of initiating secretion in the blowfly salivary gland.
Adenylyl Cyclase Inhibitors↗
Vasodilative activity in black fly salivary glands.
Salivary gland extracts of several Simulium spp. were shown to contain vasodilative activity as measured by the rapid and persistent induction of erythema in response to intradermal injection into rabbit skin. Total salivary gland activities were approximately equal for S. vittatum, S. metallicum, S. bivittatum, and S. argus (titers of 0.03-0.02 pairs of gland). Total gland activity in the highly anthropophilic species S. ochraceum, however, was an order of magnitude greater, with erythema produced by as little as 0.002 pairs of glands. Tests for physical stability of the activities from two species (S. vittatum and S. ochraceum) indicated that the vasodilators were proteinaceous and heat stable. A two-step, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) procedure was developed that isolated both activities with similar elution patterns. Homogeneity of the purified protein from S. vittatum was confirmed by capillary gel electrophoresis. Electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy of the S. vittatum protein detected a mass of 15,351 daltons. Similarity in elution times of the proteins from a TSK HPLC column predict some structural similarities between the S. vittatum and S. ochraceum vasodilator proteins.
Animals↗
Vasodilatory activity in horsefly and deerfly salivary glands.
Salivary gland extract (SGE) of four horsefly species (Hybomitra bimaculata Macquart, Hybomitra ciureai Séguy, Tabanus bromius L., Tabanus glaucopis Meigen) and one deerfly species (Chrysops relictus Meigen) (Diptera: Tabanidae) were shown to contain vasodilatory activity. Aliquots equivalent to 1, 5 and 10 pairs of salivary glands (SG) relaxed rat femoral artery (with intact endothelium) pre-constricted with phenylephrine. Vasodilatory activity was dose-dependent. SGE of one horsefly species (Haematopota pluvialis L.) did not induce relaxation. The kinetics of vasodilation induced by SGE of four horsefly species differed from the deerfly. These results indicate that tabanid species may produce more than one type of vasodilator to aid blood feeding.
Animals↗
An edgewise look at basal epithelial cells: three-dimensional views of the rat prostate, mammary gland and salivary gland.
Wholemount immunocytochemical staining was used to visualize basal and luminal epithelial-cell-specific cytokeratin and smooth muscle alpha-actin expression in the developing and adult rat prostate, in the pregnant rat mammary gland and adult rat salivary gland. The stained samples were examined using an Edge R400 3D microscope. Images were collected in both single-image and stereo-pair formats. Prostatic basal epithelial cells were found to have a cell body covering an area of 52-62 microns 2. The mean footprint size of basal cells was not significantly different between prostatic lobes. Basal epithelial cells were most dense in the anterior and most sparse in the ventral prostatic lobes. Basal epithelial cells had a large body with many processes, which spread around the duct and projected between luminal cells towards the lumen. These processes closely approached their counterparts from adjacent basal cells. In the developing prostate the differentiation of the basal cells from undifferentiated epithelial cords was observed at the region of ductal widening associated with canalization. Following castration prostatic basal epithelial cells became more closely packed, though the size of individual cells was not significantly changed. There was a two-to four-fold increase in basal cell density by 7 days after surgery. Most prostatic luminal cells were found to have hexagonal bases though some were pentagonal in shape. Luminal cells had a mean basal area of 50 microns 2. In the prostate immunocytochemical staining against smooth muscle alpha-actin revealed discrete bands of muscle surrounding individual prostatic ducts. In the mammary and salivary glands the epithelium was organized into an alveolar arrangement. In the salivary gland a single basal epithelial cell covered the top of each alveolus with processes arranged down the side of the structure. In the mammary gland several basal cells were draped over each alveolus. The mammary and salivary gland basal cells expressed smooth muscle alpha-actin, indicating their myoepithelial phenotype. The organization of the mammary and salivary gland basal cells placed them in an ideal position to squeeze the alveolar structures.
Actins↗
Elevation of intracellular cAMP by noradrenaline and vasoactive intestinal peptide in striated ducts isolated from the rabbit mandibular salivary gland.
Salivary gland intralobular ducts are responsible for the modification of the electrolyte composition of the primary fluid secreted by the acini. However, the intracellular messengers that regulate this and other intralobular duct cell processes have not been fully characterized. To investigate the possibility that cAMP-mobilizing agonists may be involved, intralobular (striated) ducts were isolated from the rabbit mandibular salivary gland by tissue dissociation and microdissection and maintained in tissue culture overnight. Individual duct fragments were stimulated with the secretory agonists noradrenaline, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and substance P and their cAMP content measured by acetylated radioimmunoassay. Both noradrenaline and VIP elevated intracellular cAMP content concentration dependently, but substance P did not. The response to noradrenaline was blocked by the beta-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol, but not by the alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin. Application of the VIP analogue [D-p-Cl-Phe6, Leu17]-VIP decreased the VIP-induced cAMP response. These results demonstrate that striated intralobular duct cells possess beta-adrenoceptors and peptidergic receptors that are coupled to adenylate cyclase and activated by noradrenaline and VIP, respectively. By elevating ductal cAMP content, these agonists may regulate both the electrolyte content of the primary saliva and the secretion of protein(s) from the ducts.
Adenylyl Cyclases↗
The salivary gland and salivary enzymes of the giant waterbugs (Heteroptera; Belostomatidae).
The giant waterbugs are predators that utilize extra-oral digestion and are known to capture a wide variety of prey. Herein we describe the differences in salivary enzyme composition between large and small species of giant waterbug (Lethocerus uhleri, Lethocerinae and Belostoma lutarium, Belostomatinae, respectively). The saliva of L. uhleri contains 3 proteolytic enzymes and no amylase, while the salivary gland of B. lutarium produces 2 proteolytic enzymes and amylase. This fundamental difference in salivary enzyme composition correlates with the difference in diet preference between the Lethocerinae and Belostomatinae. Furthermore, we describe the ultrastructure of the salivary gland complex of B. lutarium and present data on the division of labor with respect to compartmentalization of enzyme production. Proteolytic enzymes are produced in the accessory salivary gland and amylase is produced in the main salivary gland lobe. This is the first reported evidence of protease production in the accessory salivary gland in the Heteroptera.
Amylases↗
Imaging of the salivary glands.
Salivary gland diseases are very common disorders and require radiologic evaluation. Several radiologic methods are used for assessment of these diseases. Conventional films of the parotid and submandibular glands demonstrate opaque stones in the duct system, whereas sialography depicts nonopaque stones, provides additional information on the position of the stones, and differentiates it from other calcific densities near the duct system, as well as providing information concerning ectasia of the ducts. CT has been used for evaluating mass lesions and extraglandular inflammatory disease, including abscesses. CT also depicts stones that may not be visible on conventional films. MR imaging has become an important modality in the diagnosis and definition of benign and malignant tumors and cysts and it will probably replace CT as the primary imaging modality for the assessment of these lesions. Gadolinium may be used in the examination, especially if a malignant tumor is suspected (because of irregularity and intraglandular extension).
AIDS-Related Complex↗
Immunohistochemical expression of retinoblastoma pathway proteins in normal salivary glands and in salivary gland tumours.
The expression of G1-phase cell-cycle regulators is commonly deregulated in human malignancies. In the present study, we investigate components of the retinoblastoma (RB) pathway in normal salivary glands (NSG) and in salivary gland tumours (SGT). Samples of NSG, pleomorphic adenoma (PA), adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC), mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC), epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma (EMC), malignant myoepithelioma (MEM), carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (CEPA), and polymorphous, low-grade adenocarcinoma (PLGA) were examined immunohistochemically using antibodies to cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK-4), retinoblastoma protein (pRb), CDK inhibitor p16 and transcription factor E2F-1. In normal salivary glands, cyclin D1 and cdk-4 were not expressed in any case while p16 was positively expressed. pRb was abundant and E2F-1 moderately expressed. In tumors, cdk-4 was overexpressed in half of the cases. Most tumour cases showed decreased pRb immunoexpression compared to normal salivary glands. In contrast, expression of p16 and E2F-1 increased. pRb expression was absent in three cases of PA, two of EMC and one of CEPA. One case of MEM and one of PLGA showed no E2F-1 expression. Statistical analyses revealed positive correlations between cyclin D1 and cdk-4, cyclin D1 and E2F-1, cdk-4 and E2F-1, and p16 and E2F-1. The benign and malignant tumours expressed retinoblastoma pathway proteins differently form the normal salivary gland. Our findings suggest that, pRb pathway deregulation in salivary gland neoplasms is unrelated to their biological behaviour.
Cell Cycle↗
The adhesion molecules NCAM, HCAM, PECAM-1 and ICAM-1 in normal salivary gland tissues and salivary gland malignancies.
BACKGROUND: Some malignant salivary gland tumors are known for their propensity to exhibit perineural invasion and vascular metastases. It was hypothesized that alterations in the expression of cell adhesion molecules are involved in these processes. METHODS: The expression and distribution of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), HCAM (CD44), platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1), and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in normal salivary gland tissues and selected salivary gland malignancies, especially adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCyCa) and polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma (PMLG), were determined immunohistochemically, and their influence on histologically demonstrated perineural invasion, vascular invasion, and tumor recurrence/patient death were investigated. RESULTS: NCAM, HCAM, and ICAM-1 were often found to be expressed by neoplastic cells, but no correlation to perineural invasion, tumor behavior, or patient prognosis was found. PECAM-1 was rarely and only focally expressed in three tumors, all of which were related to tumor metastases and patient death. CONCLUSIONS: Immunohistochemical demonstration of NCAM, HCAM, and ICAM-1 is not related to perineural invasion or tumor behavior. PECAM-1 expression was related to vascular invasion and poor patient prognosis in three cases.
Adenocarcinoma↗
[High-resolution real-time sonography in salivary gland diseases. II: Salivary gland tumors].
74 non-selected patients with suspected tumors of the major salivary glands were examined by high-resolution real-time sonography (7 MHz). The different tumors presented with characteristic but nonspecific echomorphological features. Cysts of the salivary glands, intraglandular lymphadenitis, and paraglandular lesions can be distinguished from real tumors of the salivary glands. In case of uncertain palpatory findings the demonstration of an intact echographic texture pattern proves the absence of a tumor. No false negative ultrasound tumor diagnoses were encountered (sensitivity 100%). In salivary-gland neoplasms high-resolution real-time sonography completes the clinical findings and provides important informations about size, number and type of space occupying lesions.
Adenoma, Pleomorphic↗