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PubMed1992

Demography of the Hadza, an increasing and high density population of Savanna foragers.

This is a report on the demography of the Hadza, a population of East African hunter-gatherers. In it, we describe the results of a census, and our estimation of age structure, survivorship, mean age of women at childbearing, number of live children, total population size and density, and rate of change since 1967. We show that relevant measures fit closely the stable population model North 6 chosen by Dyson to represent Hadza demography in the 1960s. We compare aspects of Hadza demography with surrounding non-Hadza and with the !Kung. Among other things, we find that the Hadza have a higher population density, higher fertility, and a faster population growth rate than do the !Kung. These demographic differences are consistent with our expectations, which were based on differences in the costs and benefits of foraging in the two regions. We also show that Hadza demographic parameters display remarkable consistency over the past 20 years. Since neighboring populations have been encroaching on the area used by the Hadza, and Hadza foragers have been subject to interludes of externally imposed settlement, this consistency is surprising. We discuss some of the implications.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Why are Thai official perinatal and infant mortality rates so low?

The accuracy of perinatal and infant mortality rates in most developing countries is questionable. We measured perinatal and infant mortality rates in a rural district of Thailand and compared them with the official statistics to assess accuracy. All births and infant deaths in a rural district of Thailand over a one-year period were surveyed. The corresponding official statistics were also collected. The mothers or the relatives of all stillbirths and infant deaths were interviewed about the registration of the stillbirths or infant deaths. The surveyed perinatal and infant mortality rates were 22.0 and 23.1 respectively. The under-registration of stillbirths was 100% and for infant deaths 45%. All the non-registered infant deaths were in situations in which the infant died before the registration of birth. These results document the degree and nature of under-reporting of perinatal and infant mortality in rural Thailand.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed1989

Trends in perinatal and neonatal mortality and morbidity in India.

Although the infant mortality rate (IMR) has reduced by 50% during the past century, it compares poorly with the advanced countries and some developing countries. The observed fall in IMR has been mostly in post-neonatal mortality, with the result that neonatal deaths now account for over 60% of all infant deaths. The overall perinatal mortality rate (PMR) in India is still over 50 per 1000 and has shown virtually no decline during the past decade, However, PMR differs widely in different states, urban/rural areas, different hospitals and so on. PMR is seen to correlate better with social development than economic development of the representative community. The causes of perinatal deaths suggest poor health of mother and poor health facilities and are hence potentially preventable. Various studies have shown that PMR can be significantly reduced within a short span of time. The registration of vital statistics continue to be highly unsatisfactory especially in rural areas.

Cause of Death↗
PubMed1991

Some indices pertaining to the leprosy control programme in Tamil Nadu, based on data from a random sample of fourteen government control units.

From a random sample of 14 Government Leprosy Control Units in Tamil Nadu, information on the profile of the newly-diagnosed leprosy patients and some important aspects of the control programme in 1978-81 was collected when monotherapy with dapsone was the practice. Among the new patients, 55 per cent were males, 24 per cent were children, 6 per cent had lepromatous leprosy and 9 per cent had a deformity. About 65 per cent were detected by active case-finding methods and 25 per cent were voluntary referrals. Of the total diagnosed patients, only 68 per cent started treatment; further, of these, about 40 per cent collected drugs for at least 6 months in the first year of treatment. The average attendance at the clinic was 34 per cent of the due attendance. Coverage in the annual examination of family contacts was 57 per cent. During the 4 yr period, about 70 per cent of the villages had population surveys with a coverage of 75 per cent or more. The introduction of multi-drug therapy has provided a new impetus to the programme and therefore a similar study is called for to provide valuable information about the extent of improvement in completion rates and overall impact.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Rubella in Iceland.

Rubella has been a notifiable disease in Iceland since 1888. In this century rubella epidemics of increasing size have occurred at intervals of 5-10 years. The disease has spread throughout the country. About 75% of the patients were below 15 years of age at the time of the last two epidemics. Females account for 51-61 per cent of the reported cases. In this first study of the sero-epidemiology of rubella in Iceland, epidemiological data and blood samples were collected from 1464 women from 13 locations. The group of 1464 women was further divided into 12 age-groups (range 5-49 years), so as to make correlations with the last six epidemics. The immunity status was determined by measuring HI-antibodies in serum. 67.8 percent of the sera were positive (HI-titre greater than 20). 81.1 per cent of women of child-bearing age (16-42 ys.) were seropositive. Two of the age-groups have gone through only one epidemic '63-'64. Children who were then 1-3 ys. old have an immunity ratio of 46.1 per cent, this ratio being 73.3 per cent in the case of children who had attained school age. The immunity ratio is slightly lower among subjects from rural districts than among those from urban districts. Most of the women have caught the disease at the time of the first or second epidemic to occur in their lifetime. 11.6 per cent of persons giving a positive history were seronegative, 52.1 per cent of seropositive subjects gave a positive history. According to population statistics and the serological results it is estimated that appr. 1 out of 7 cases was reported in the epidemic '63-'64.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Lifestyle, health and disease: a comparison between Papua New Guinea and Australia.

The proposition that lifestyle is a major determinant of community health is explored by contrasting the features of a rural subsistence community in the highlands of Papua New Guinea and the features of the community in urbanized, industrialized Australia. Reference is made to differences in physical environment, housing, work, social situation, human relationships, patterns of disease, population statistics, diet, growth, obesity, physical fitness, blood lipid concentrations, blood pressure, salt intake and the occurrence of hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and signs of degenerative changes in various tissues. The Papua New Guinea community is seen as a self-reliant, self-contained, socially cohesive subsistence society whose members are well adapted to their physical and social environment, free from major degenerative cardiovascular diseases, with little overt psychiatric illness, but with a heavy burden of infectious disease, with marginal nutritional levels of degenerative disease and disease from psychological stress. It is clear that health, in its fullest sense, is not the prerogative of any one type of society.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Inbreeding in Finland.

We have compiled data on the frequency of first-cousin marriages in Finland using royal dispensation records for the time period 1810-1872 and national population statistics for the time period 1878-1920. For the earlier period, 0.315% of Finland's marriages were contracted between first cousins (2,331 of 739,387). During the second time period, 0.174% of Finland's marriages took place between first cousins (1,325 of 761,976). These figures, which yield average kinship coefficients of 0.00020 and 0.00011, respectively, show that the level of inbreeding in Finland due to first-cousin marriage has been quite low. An analysis of individual parishes shows that first-cousin marriages are, on average, substantially less frequent than predicted by a random-mating model. In order to evaluate determinants of first-cousin marriage, several predictive variables have been examined: parish ethnic composition (proportion of Swedish and Finnish speakers), husband's occupation (graded into 6 socioeconomic levels), geographic distance between spouses' premarital residences, population density, parish endogamy, and urban vs. rural residence. Various logistic and linear regression models were analyzed in which consanguinity was the dependent variable. The best predictors of consanguinity were ethnic composition and occupation. The other variables were not in general significant predictors. These results show that many of the "mate availability" factors that would be predicted theoretically to account for consanguinity variation (population density, geographic isolation, urban vs. rural residence) do not. Instead, the best predictors of consanguinity at the first-cousin level are cultural factors such as ethnicity and occupation. Evaluation of cultural variables can provide a greatly enriched interpretation of complex biosocial phenomena such as inbreeding.

Consanguinity↗
PubMed1991

Birth spacing and infant mortality: evidence for eighteenth and nineteenth century German villages.

Data from an historical population in which fertility control was minimal and modern health services were mostly unavailable are used to show that there appears to have been a strong association between previous birth interval length and infant mortality, especially when the previous child survived. Although only imperfect proxies for breast-feeding practices and other potentially confounding factors are available for this population, the results suggest that the association between previous interval length and infant mortality in this population is not solely, or primarily, a function of differences in breast-feeding behaviour or socioeconomic status. Other factors, e.g. maternal depletion or sibling competition, are more likely to explain the observed association.

Birth Intervals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The population of a Wiltshire village in the nineteenth century: a reconstitution study of Berwick St James, 1841-71.

This paper reports an exploratory reconstruction of the village of Berwick St James in Wiltshire using nominative information from nineteenth-century English censuses and ecclesiastical registers of baptisms, marriages and burials between 1841 and 1871. The data are first described, and a procedure for sorting and linking records from different censuses, and for linking census records to registration records, is outlined. A detailed analysis of population turnover in the village reveals that after 1851 there was a period of heavy net out-migration. Those who left the parish were overwhelmingly young people, and females were more likely to move out than males: almost all the females born in the parish between 1841 and 1851 had moved away by 1871. A consequence of this pattern of out-migration was that by 1871 there was a shortage of females in the marriageable age-groups (15-29 years). It is clear that this method of reconstructing English village populations promises new insights into the demography of rural England in the nineteenth-century, including, in addition to population turnover and migration patterns, such aspects as fertility levels and trends. A number of problems with the technique remain, however, notably our ignorance of the typical length of the period between birth and baptism.

Demography↗
PubMed1991

Brazil is getting older: demographic changes and epidemiological challenges.

Population ageing is currently a phenomenon not only in developed countries but also in third world countries. In this paper the features of a population's ageing and the process of epidemiological transition are discussed along with the worldwide changes in age-structure. Population statistics in Brazil and the characteristics of the elderly population are presented and analysed in the light of recent changes. The Brazilian elderly population is also discussed, particularly the issues relating to the social cost of the aged population, its urban and rural distribution, the elderly by sex, marital status and level of schooling, and emphasis is given to the imbalance of the sexes and the consequences of it for women.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

Seasonality of births in nineteenth-century urban Tasmania.

The monthly distribution of births for Hobart Town, Van Diemen's Land, during the period 1839-1859 is examined. Prior research on two rural registration districts in nineteenth-century Tasmania revealed patterns of birth seasonality. The pattern was responsive to both the distinctive seasonal rhythm of regional economic activities and the birth interval and differed from the pattern for all of Tasmania in the twentieth century. Here, I argue that the aggregate monthly pattern of births in a mid-nineteenth-century urban registration district was, by contrast, not seasonal. Some seasonality was found among farmers, seamen, and dealers in foodstuffs but not in other industry groups. Class differences were not apparent. The research establishes that the seasonal distribution of mid-nineteenth-century urban births corresponds neither to nineteenth-century rural patterns nor to the patterns evident in the twentieth century.

Birth Rate↗