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At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Kanamycin reveals the role played by glutamate receptors in shaping plant resource allocation.

Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) play important roles in neurotransmission in animals. There is growing evidence that iGluRs also play important roles in plants. Using a chemical genetics approach, which combined a pH-homeostasis mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana (de-etiolated3), several different iGluR agonists, molecular modelling, and reporter gene expression in transgenic plants, we provide evidence that iGluR agonism can induce dramatic changes in plant development and metabolism. Systematic hypothesis testing revealed a signalling circuit that integrates amino acid and sugar signals to affect elongation growth and the deposition of carbon into starch and lignins. The data show that aminoglycoside antibiotics, such as kanamycin, and polyamines impinge upon this circuit. These findings provide a mechanism for the conversion of amino acid and sugar signals into an appropriate response at the gene expression level, and underline the similarities in iGluR agonism between animals and plants.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed2006

Psychometric characteristics of role-play assessments of social skill in schizophrenia.

There is an extensive literature documenting that people with schizophrenia have marked impairments in social role functioning and social skill. One of the most widely employed strategies for assessing social skill has been role-play tests: simulated social interactions that are videotaped for subsequent behavioral coding. There has been considerable discussion of the validity of the approach in the literature, but there has not been adequate consideration of other psychometric characteristics of role-play tests. This paper examines the psychometric characteristics of a representative role-play measure: the Maryland Assessment of Social Competence (MASC). Data from 5 large schizophrenia studies that included the MASC were examined: a study of victimization in women who abuse drugs, a study of health care among people with diabetes, a study of vocational outcomes, a study of social skill among drug abusers, and a clinical trial comparing two antipsychotic medications. Data were examined in terms of five questions: (1) Can role-play scenes be rated reliably? (2) How are role-play ratings distributed across populations? (3) How many and which behaviors should be rated? (4) How many role-play scenes are required? (5) Is role-play behavior temporally stable? Overall, the data suggest that the MASC, and by implication other similar role-play procedures, does have good psychometric properties. However, several things often taken for granted in the literature warrant careful consideration in the design of research using role-play. Implications of the results for design of research are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Patient care simulations: role playing to enhance clinical understanding.

Role-play techniques can serve as an effective substitute for, and supplement to, simulation technology when teaching clinical nursing skills. They provide risk-free opportunities to practice clinical skills and develop clinical judgment. A two-phase patient care simulation, performed in real time, is described. Students are presented with a scenario and work cooperatively in role-playing appropriate care, with one student using a prepared script to assume the role of patient. The class functions as a resource for four students who assume the nursing role. Students reported increased understanding of course material as a result of participation in the clinical simulation scenario. Faculty observed a decreased failure rate on the corresponding course examination.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2004

Direct comparison of the functional roles played by different transmembrane regions in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator chloride channel pore.

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Cl(-) channel contains 12 transmembrane (TM) regions that are presumed to form the channel pore. However, little is known about the relative functional contribution of different TM regions to the pore. We have used patch clamp recording to investigate the functional consequences of point mutations throughout the six transmembrane regions in the N-terminal part of the CFTR protein (TM1-TM6). A range of specific functional assays compared the single channel conductance, anion binding, and anion selectivity properties of different channel variants. Overall, our results suggest that TM1 and -6 play dominant roles in forming the channel pore and determining its functional properties, with TM5 perhaps playing a lesser role. In contrast, TM2, -3, and -4 appear to play only minor supporting roles. These results define transmembrane regions 1 and 6 as major contributors to the CFTR channel pore and have strong implications for emerging structural models of CFTR and related ATP-binding cassette proteins.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1981

Relationship between contrived in vivo and role-play assertive behavior.

Used a 2 (High or Low Assertive) x 2 (Role-Play or Contrived In Vivo) design to investigate the external validity of role-play (N = 32). The Conflict Resolution Inventory was used as the selection device. Results indicated a positive relationship between self-report scores and role-play behavior. They also indicated that self-report scores were not predictive of behavior in the contrived in vivo condition; moreover, assertion was enhanced in the role-play condition, while the converse occurred in the contrived in vivo condition. The results indicate that generalizations to more naturalistic settings based upon role-play or self-report scores must be made with caution.

Affect↗
PubMed1992

[The effects of role playing on prosocial behavior in preschool children].

The purpose was to examine the effects of two types of role-playing experience on prosocial behavior in preschool children. Subjects were 72 6-year-olds. In the Empathy role-playing (E), each pair of children enacted alternately a victim and an eyewitness using a glove puppet, in which the emphasis was only on empathizing with the victim. In the Empathy and Helping role-playing (EH), they enacted alternately a victim and a helper, in which the emphasis was on empathizing and helping a victim. In the Control role-playing (C), they played roles alternately of a customer and a salesman in a grocery store. All children were assessed as for helping and sharing behaviors for a real victim before and after the role playing session. In the comparison between pre- and post-tests for helping behavior. All groups (C, E, EH) increased helping tendency, but only in EH group the proportion of subjects, whose attitude changed from helper to non-helper. As for sharing behavior, all three groups increased the number of sharing significantly in the post-test.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Growth regulatory factors and carcinogenesis: the roles played by transforming growth factor beta, its receptors and signaling pathways.

It is widely recognized that growth factors play critical roles in cell proliferation and differentiation. In the early 1980s, several members of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily were identified and subsequently shown to play important roles in many diseases, in particular cancer. Efforts to understand how TGF-beta exerts its effects led to identification of TGF-beta-receptors and several downstream signaling pathways activated by this family of growth factors. This review provides an overview of TGF-beta-receptors and its downstream signaling pathways. As part of this discussion, this review indicates that inactivation of TGF-beta-receptors or components of their signaling pathways is often a target during carcinogenesis and that mutations or altered expression at any step along this complex, growth regulatory pathway can lead to aberrant cell proliferation. Lastly, the Cancer Genome Anatomy Project is briefly discussed, in particular how it may help to identify aberrant growth factor expression during carcinogenesis and improve the diagnosis of cancer patients.

Cell Cycle↗
PubMed1991

The assessment of involvement in role playing.

Two experiments (N = 169) focused on involvement in role playing. Subjects rated their level of involvement after each enactment; in addition, a probe procedure was used with prompts, increasingly disparate from the content of the role play. In the first experiment, subjects role played an anger of sad scenario; both measures of involvement correlated with emotional response, but were not correlated with each other. In the second experiment, involvement was manipulated experimentally; both measures varied as expected with the manipulation.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Evaluation of a Role-Play Learning Exercise in an Ambulatory Clinic Setting.

Learning in ambulatory settings can be aided by teaching activities which do not slow the pace of the clinic. In this study, simulated-parent role-play scripts were developed for use with students prior to seeing actual patients. During the learning exercise, a faculty member role-played various parents, a medical student role-played the physician while another student observed. Students were randomly assigned to either the Treatment Group (participated in role-play exercise) or Control Group (did not participate). Sixteen Treatment Group students completed approximately 20 role-play cases on the first day of the Pediatrics clerkship. Both Treatment and Control Group students were then individually assessed one to two days later using two role-play cases by an examiner blinded to the students' experimental status. Student performance was scored on three criteria: history taking, differential diagnosis, and correct diagnosis. The Treatment Group achieved higher scores than the Control Group for history taking, but not for differential diagnosis or correct diagnosis. Role-play learning exercises can be used to improve student history taking in an ambulatory clinic prior to seeing actual patients. Potential use of role-play cases as a screening exam to exempt some students from the role-play learning exercise is discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1978

A test of Sarbin's self-role congruency theory within a role-playing therapy analogue situation.

Explored the application of role playing, as a research technique, in a test of Sarbin's self-role congruency theory. Forty male Ss volunteered to play either the role of a therapist or client in a simulation of psychotherapy. The CPI dominance scale was used to select high dominant Ss to play the role of therapists. Half of these high dominant Ss were instructed in directive therapy (creating a self-role congruent condition with high dominance and directiveness being congruent) and half were instructed in non-directive therapy (creating a self-role incongruent condition). Judges' ratings were used to compare Ss' role playing ability and visible comfort between the self-role congruent and self-role incongruent conditions. The results supported Sarbin's theory of self-role congruence. These findings suggest methodological improvements in psychotherapy research via the use of role playing and have practical implications for the practice of psychotherapy.

Dominance-Subordination↗
PubMed2002

Cultural scripts, memories of childhood abuse, and multiple identities: a study of role-played enactments.

This study compared the reports of satanic, sexual, and physical abuse of persons instructed to role-play either dissociative identity disorder (DID) (n = 33), major depression (n = 33), or a college student who experienced minor adjustment problems ("normal") (n = 33) across a number of trials that included role-played hypnosis. As hypothesized, more of the participants who were asked to role-play DID reported at least one instance of satanic ritual abuse and sexual abuse compared with those who role-played depression or a college student with minor adjustment problems. DID role-players reported more incidents of sexual abuse and more severe physical and sexual abuse than did the major depression role-players. Further, the DID role-players differed from the normal role-players on all the measures of frequency and severity of physical and sexual abuse. Participants in all groups reported more frequent and severe incidents of physical abuse after role-played hypnosis than they did prior to it.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1994

[The "familiarity" variable in maternal role playing in preschool children].

The present investigation was effected in the context of several other studies involving mother role playing with dolls in children of both sexes aged 2 to 6. Previous studies had shown an interaction between several variables: sex of the child and of the doll, absence of toys representing maternal activities, naked or clothed dolls, playing in couples of same sex or different sexes. The present study involves a new factor: degree of familiarity between children. Three variables can be distinguished in the analysis of couples of friends: (1) exploratory activities of the body of the dolls: smaller children (boys and girls) explore the body for itself whereas older girls do it while assuming a maternal role and older boys take distance from this activity. (2) Involvement in mother role playing: girls are more involved than boys, older children have richer activities than the younger. (3) Choice of activity (mother role playing or other). Observation of activities in non-friends couples emphasize two factors. The first is the same as in couples of friends (exploration of the body of the dolls), the second being the emotional tone of play sessions. Children of both sexes are diversely tolerant of the non-friends situation. This has an important impact on the quality of playing and therefore on representations of playing and on identification behaviors. Analysis of this last factor in the context of the other findings on mother role playing suggests an evolution of mother role playing behaviors and leads to reformulate the parameters involved in the construction of representations of parental roles.

Child↗
PubMed2004

The paracrine role played by interleukin-1 alpha in the testis.

Interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha) plays an important role(s) in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. The testis is an immunologically privileged organ and the variety of effects exerted by IL-1alpha on this organ have yet to be explored in detail. The aim of the present review is to describe our current view of the paracrine role played by IL-1alpha in testicular physiology. Testicular IL-1alpha is expressed during development, primarily in Sertoli cells, appearing in rats for the first time 20 days after birth. This cytokine is microheterogeneous, consisting of three molecular species with molecular weights of 45, 24 and 17 KDa. The 17 KDa form represents mature IL-1alpha, while the 24-KDa IL-1alpha has been shown by our research group to be an alternately spliced form of the 45-KDa pro-IL-1alpha. IL-1alpha was observed to stimulate the proliferation of immature Sertoli cells with higher efficacy than FSH. IL-1alpha was also found to exert mitogenic effects both on isolated peritubular cells and germ cells. Furthermore, isoforms of IL-1alpha were seen to stimulate basal testosterone production in immature Leydig cells, but not in the corresponding adult cells. This effect involved induction of the steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein and positively regulation by p38 MAPK. Recently, we have observed positive interactions between IL-1alpha and hormones of the GH/IGF-I system that lead to enhanced androgen production by the Leydig cell. In conclusion, our findings suggest that isoforms of IL-1alpha may serve as paracrine mediators, alone or in concert with other factors, that support proper testicular cell functioning and, thereby, reproduction and fertility.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Fakability of two different role-play methodologies for assessing assertion.

The fakability of two methodologically different role-play tests of assertion was examined, 30 undergraduates low in assertiveness were tested and retested on the Behavioral Assertiveness Test--Revised and the Idiographic Role-play Test. Half of the testees were instructed to fake assertion during the second testing. Analysis indicated that both tests were fakable; however, testees reported more difficulty faking the latter test than the former. The detection of faking may be possible, particularly on role-play tests employing an idiographic methodology.

Assertiveness↗
PubMed2001

Preliminary evaluation of "interpreter" role plays in teaching communication skills to medical undergraduates.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Multiculturalism presents linguistic obstacles to health care provision. We explored the early introduction of "interpreter" role-play exercises in teaching medical undergraduates communication skills. The interpreter role creates a natural barrier in communication providing an active prompt for recognizing learning needs in this area. METHODS: Bilingual Cantonese first-year medical students (n=160) were randomly allocated to either "Observer" or "Interpreter" role plays at a small-group introductory communication skills workshop using a quasi experimental design, counterbalanced across tutors. Students assessed their own skill competence before and, together with their perceptions of the different role plays' effectiveness, again after the workshop, using an anonymous 16 item Likert-type scale, analysed using ANOVA and MANOVA. RESULTS: Students' assessments of their skills improved significantly following the workshop (F=73.19 [1,156], P=0.0009). Students in the observer group reported greater changes in their scores following the workshop than did students in the interpreter group (F=4.84 [1,156], P=0.029), largely due to improvement in perceived skill (F=4.38 [1,156], P=0.038) rather than perceived programme effectiveness (F=3.13 [1,156], P > 0.05). Subsequent MANOVA indicated no main effect of observer/interpreter conditions, indicating these differences could be attributed to chance alone (F=1.41 [16 141], P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The workshop positively influenced students' perceived communication skills, but the "Interpreter" role was less effective than the "Observer" role in achieving this. Future studies should examine whether interpreter role plays introduced later in the medical programme are beneficial.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1994

[Assessment of social disability of patients suffering from chronic mental illness with the role play test].

UNLABELLED: Among the chronic mentally ill patients, disabilities invade most parts of their social functioning, and influences their long term course profoundly. It is important clinical issue to improve disability. Social skills training is assumed to be effective method to improve disability, and it has been disseminated over Japan recently. The assessment system to evaluate disabilities objectively at the viewpoint of social skills must be required to verify effects of social skills training, and to develop further effective therapeutic method. A role play test is the assessment tool for social skills through role plays under specific social conditions. It was reported to be useful as the method of functional assessment before treatment, and as the tool to evaluate effects of treatment to improve disability. PURPOSE: We created the Role Play Test (RPT) which was adapted to Japanese cultural background, and we tried to verify feasibility, reliability, and validity of the RPT. SUBJECTS: Thirty out-patients attending in the Day Hospital attached to Tokyo University Hospital. Twenty-six were schizophrenia, and 4 were other diagnoses. METHOD: Subjects were assessed with the RPT, BPRS, SANS, four rating scales for social functioning, and self-efficacy rating scale. The RPT was designed to assess components of social skills--social perception, role play behavior, and self-efficacy. Role play behaviors were recorded with video tapes for analysis of interrater reliability. The RPT is consisted of 12 scenes to evaluate social skills which are required in daily life. Statistical analyses were done with SAS (Statistical Analysis System). RESULTS: (1) The RPT was presumed to be feasible clinically, because the RPT could be practiced easily and responsibilities of both subjects and testers were not so much. (2) Interrater reliabilities assessed with ANOVA-ICC on 12 items was sufficiently high except one item. (3) Construct validity was certified through factor analysis, and criterion-related validity was certified through correlation analysis with other rating scales of social functioning. (4) Individual profile of the RPT should be useful instrument for functional analysis before social skills training. We also discussed on some hypotheses on the causal relationship between positive and negative symptoms and social skills. The RPT could be used as a tool to research causes of disabilities, and to evaluate improvement of social functioning after psycho-social intervention including social skills training, because the RPT can assess social skills quantitatively according to the cognitive-behavioral model.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Role-playing as a method in nursing research.

This report describes a way in which role-playing can be applied in nursing research. The questions investigated were how much the memory capacity is influenced by different methods of providing information, and in what manner objective and comprehensive information about a disease with all its possible consequences is experienced by the recipient. To elucidate these questions, 48 healthy persons imagined that they had a chronic disease. The study was arranged as a 2 x 2 factorial design, the factors being group information versus individual information about the disease, and provision of the whole information at once versus division of the information into three parts separated by 15 minutes. The information was given orally and a structured interview was consequently conducted. After 1 week the subjects were telephoned and were asked to tell the investigator what they remembered about the disease. The results showed that the amount and type of information recalled was not affected by the way in which it was given. The information in itself, however, had the effect of making the subjects calmer. Several parallels between the results of the role-playing study and observations in patients demonstrate that role-playing provides useful knowledge and should be applied to a greater extent in nursing research.

Adult↗