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PubMed2026

Genome-wide analysis of the plant-specific PLATZ gene family in Taraxacum kok-saghyz and its roles in response to drought and salt tolerance.

Abiotic stress severely limits plant growth and productivity. Taraxacum kok-saghyz Rodin (TKS), known for its environmental resilience, represents a valuable resource for identifying stress-tolerant genes to improve stress-adaptive crops. Plant AT-rich protein and zinc-binding protein (PLATZ) transcription factors serve as core regulators of plant growth, developmental processes, and adaptive responses to various stress conditions; however, they remain uncharacterized in TKS. Here, we identified 10 TksPLATZ genes through a whole-genome analysis. Phylogenetically, these genes were grouped into five distinct evolutionary branches. Promoter sequence analysis revealed multiple types of cis-acting regulatory elements that are connected with hormonal signal responses and environmental stress adaptation. Integrated analysis of transcriptome datasets and RT-qPCR validation demonstrated that TksPLATZ genes display tissue-specific expression profiles and show distinct responsive patterns to drought and salt stress treatments. Among them, TksPLATZ1, TksPLATZ2 and TksPLATZ7 were markedly induced under both stressors and were selected for further functional study. We demonstrated that TksPLATZ1, TksPLATZ2 and TksPLATZ7 localize to the cell nucleus and act as transcriptional activators and repressors, respectively. Phenotypic data from overexpression experiments in plants confirm that heterologous expression of TksPLATZ1, TksPLATZ2, and TksPLATZ7 enhances the tolerance of Arabidopsis to salt and osmotic stress. These findings provide valuable genetic resources for improving plant tolerance to environmental stresses.

Salt Tolerance↗

PubMed2026

Exploring the experiences, views, and needs of family members of emergency response workers: a systematic review and meta-synthesis.

Background: Emergency responders, including firefighters, police officers, and paramedics, face workplace challenges that may harm their well-being. They typically rely on family members for support, which may have damaging effects on the family system. While the experiences of emergency responders are well established, their families' subsequent struggles are less well explored.Objective: This review explores the experiences, views, and needs of family members, through determining the mental health and well-being issues that they face, and establishing ways in which family members could be supported.Method: We searched five databases (MEDLINE, Embase, PsychINFO, Scopus, and ProQuest) for qualitative papers exploring experiences of family members of emergency responders. Seventeen studies met the inclusion criteria, and data were meta-synthesized using thematic analysis.Results: Six themes and two subthemes were identified from the meta-synthesis. 'Experiences of emotional strain' reflected worry over safety and coping with volatile moods. 'Increased responsibilities' involved safeguarding emergency responders' well-being and managing household duties, at the expense of family members' own needs. Families felt 'devoted yet invisible', with sacrifices overlooked by both emergency responders and society. 'Impacts on the family dynamic' included relational detachment and frustration. 'Support for emergency responder families' from fellow emergency responder families was valued, but organizational support was limited. 'Media portrayal and societal perceptions' varied, as police families faced hostility, while firefighter and paramedic families garnered respect, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic.Conclusions: This review highlights that family members play a central role in maintaining the well-being of emergency responders, yet simultaneously face hardships associated with their family member's work and feel undervalued despite their support. This lack of recognition extends to limited professional support. There is a critical need for targeted mental health interventions to support family members, alongside family support measures from emergency responder organizations to assist with the practical difficulties faced by families.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Experimental evolution reveals contrasting adaptive landscapes in lab and field environments.

Experimental evolution is widely used to infer microbial responses to environmental change, yet most laboratory studies impose constant, well-mixed conditions that differ fundamentally from fluctuating, spatially structured field environments. We compared genomic evolution in the leaf litter-associated bacterium Curtobacterium strain MMLR14_002 under control and warming treatments in laboratory culture and in a complementary field experiment. Laboratory-derived isolates accumulated more mutations per genome and exhibited stronger locus-level parallelism, with mutations recurring in a small number of coding loci. Field-derived isolates accumulated fewer mutations per genome, and these mutations rarely occurred in the same coding loci across replicate populations. Instead, field isolates exhibited a higher proportion of intergenic mutations, with mutations recurring in the same intergenic regions across independent field deployments. When coding mutations were detected in the field, they were distributed across functionally diffuse targets and more often involved metabolic pathways than the core cellular processes repeatedly targeted during laboratory evolution. Warming itself did not consistently influence mutation accumulation or the genomic distribution of mutations; instead, laboratory and field contexts primarily shaped the accumulation, targets, and repeatability of genomic change. These results suggest that laboratory thermal evolution identifies adaptive routes favored under sustained selection but may overestimate coding-level parallelism under heterogeneous field conditions. Bridging laboratory and field evolution will likely require experimental designs that incorporate temporal variability and spatial heterogeneity characteristic of natural systems.IMPORTANCEA central goal of experimental evolution is to infer how microbes evolve in nature from laboratory studies. Here, we evaluate this assumption by comparing genomic evolution of a leaf litter-associated Curtobacterium strain in laboratory and field warming experiments to identify broad patterns rather than isolate the contribution of any single environmental factor. We find that the strong parallelism at coding loci observed under laboratory conditions is reduced in the field, while mutations recurring in the same intergenic regions across field deployments suggest that parallel evolution in nature may more often involve regulatory noncoding regions rather than coding targets. These results show that environmental context reshapes adaptive landscapes and may limit the parallelism of coding-level genomic responses inferred from homogeneous laboratory conditions.

experimental evolution↗

PubMed2026

Single nucleus multiomics reveals an early inflammatory response to high-fat diet in mouse islets.

In periods of sustained hyper-nutrition, pancreatic β-cells undergo functional compensation through transcriptional upregulation of gene programs driving insulin secretion. This adaptation is essential for maintaining systemic glucose homeostasis and metabolic health. Using single nuclei multiomics, we have mapped the early transcriptional adaptive mechanisms in murine islets of Langerhans exposed to high-fat diet (HFD) for 1 and 3 wk. We show that β-cells exhibit the largest transcriptional response to HFD, characterized by early activation of pro-inflammatory eRegulons and down-regulation of β-cell identity genes, particularly in a distinct subset of β-cells. These observations extend to humans, where the prevalence of an β-cells with a high inflammatory signature is increased in diabetes. Collectively, these observations point to cellular crosstalk through pro-inflammatory signaling as a central and early driver of β-cell dysfunction that limits the compensatory capacity of β-cells, which is closely linked to the development of diabetes.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Comparative analysis of genomic variations among different Cdo1 paralogs for salinity-adaptation in oysters.

Under rapid climate change and anthropogenic activities, oysters, a global aquaculture species, are subjected to exacerbated culturing environments, especially for those living in in-shore estuarine species, such as Suminoe oysters Crassostrea ariakensis. This study aims to investigate the molecular mechanisms of salinity adaptation of C. ariakensis. We performed an expression genome-wide association study (eGWAS) to compare genetic regulation among 5 paralogous copies of a key salinity-related gene, cysteine dioxygenase 1 (Cdo1). A total of 40 significant eSNPs with 82 adjacent eGenes were identified in 2 copies (Cdo1_26639 and Cdo1_1666). We identified only trans-eSNPs for Cdo1_26639 and more cis-eSNPs for Cdo1_1666, and different eGenes for these 2 Cdo1 copies, which indicated that the expressional regulation of these paralogs may undergo distinct pathways. We identified 3 eGenes that exhibited identical expression patterns with Cdo1_26639 and Cdo1_1666, including 6-Pgdh, Trapp and tandem copy of Cdo1_27337. The expression correlation between Cdo1 copies and eGenes was enhanced under salinity stresses, suggesting the crucial role of eGenes in regulating Cdo1's expression in response to salinity changes. Our results provide comprehensive identification and comparison of eSNPs across different paralogous copies of one gene, along with insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying salinity tolerance, and genetic markers for breeding salinity-resistant oysters.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Multiomic insights into fungal polylactic acid degradation: Metabolic adaptation and hydrolytic mechanisms of Sporobolomyces pararoseus.

Polylactic acid (PLA), a biodegradable polyester from renewable resources, is a sustainable alternative to petrochemical plastics. However, its environmental degradation is inefficient naturally, requiring specific microbial activities. While bacterial PLA-degrading mechanisms are well documented, fungal degrading systems-particularly their molecular mechanisms-are underexplored.We isolated Sporobolomyces pararoseus ZRQ01 from the gut microbiota of PLA-fed mealworms. This fungal strain noticeably degraded PLA in PLA-containing medium supplemented with 2% glucose. Biodegradation assays revealed 22.8% loss of the PLA film weight after 35 days of incubation, and scanning electron microscopy confirmed extensive surface erosion and pore formation. Integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analyses, together with the reference genome of S. pararoseus ZRQ01, revealed that S. pararoseus ZRQ01 upregulates hydrolytic enzymes at both transcript and protein levels to cleave PLA into lactic acid. After lactic acid is transferred into S. pararoseus ZRQ01 cells by monocarboxylate transporters with increased abundance, it is assimilated by pathways of pyruvate metabolism and the TCA cycle with increased protein abundance. Intriguingly, upregulation of genes in autophagy-related and MAPK signaling pathways underscores an adaptive stress response potentially supporting cellular homeostasis and degradation-related gene expression. Our results highlight S. pararoseus ZRQ01's metabolic potential for bioremediation and offer insights into fungal bioplastic degradation pathways.

Polyesters↗

PubMed2026

Acetylcholine signaling regulates osmotic stress adaptation in the phytopathogen Dickeya solani.

Plants impose strong selective pressures that shape both the composition and functional potential of plant microbiomes. The adaptation of plant-associated bacteria to their hosts relies on an extensive repertoire of signal transduction systems that sense plant-derived molecules and dynamically adjust bacterial physiology and metabolism within the holobiont. These signals include key plant signaling compounds that regulate processes essential for plant-microbe interactions. Among them, acetylcholine is emerging as an important signaling molecule in both plants and bacteria. Here, we demonstrate that acetylcholine regulates the expression of the osmotic stress response betIBA gene cluster in the important phytopathogen Dickeya solani, where it plays an important role in osmoprotection. We show that the TetR-family transcriptional regulator associated with this pathway, BetIDs, recognizes acetylcholine as well as choline and trimethylamine. These three ligands differentially induce betIBA transcription in a manner that correlates with their binding affinities. Ligand binding does not affect BetIDs binding to the bet promoter or its oligomeric state. Instead, it induces pronounced changes in the secondary structure of BetIDs, with the magnitude of these conformational changes being ligand-dependent. We further show that quorum sensing modulates osmotic stress tolerance in D. solani by regulating the expression of the Bet pathway. The Bet system is required for the full virulence of D. solani, particularly in chemically complex plant tissues. Phylogenetic analyses reveal that the BetIBA system is widely distributed among plant-associated Pseudomonadota, collectively supporting its importance for bacterial survival and adaptation in plant-related environments.

Osmotic Pressure↗

PubMed2026

Low-salinity stress alters growth, histology, physiology, and transcriptomic profiles of the gills and antennal glands in Macrobrachium rosenbergii.

Salinity is a major abiotic constraint in freshwater aquaculture of the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii, yet the coordinated roles of the gills and antennal glands, the two primary osmoregulatory organs in decapod crustaceans, under low-salinity stress remain poorly characterized. Here, we integrated histological, physiological, and transcriptomic analyses to characterize the adaptive responses of M. rosenbergii to acute (96 h) and chronic (8 weeks) exposure to salinity 5. Chronic low-salinity stress significantly impaired growth performance and decreased the survival rate. Acute stress induced thinning of the gill filaments, partial disorganization of pillar cells, and dilation of the intermicrovillar space in the antennal glands, whereas chronic stress caused gill vacuolization, cuticle thinning, and adaptive folding of antennal gland microvilli. In parallel, acute exposure significantly decreased hemolymph sodium and potassium ion concentrations but increased magnesium ion concentration, whereas chronic exposure increased hemolymph sodium and potassium ion concentrations, upregulated gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity, and enhanced hepatopancreatic antioxidant capacity. Transcriptomic analyses revealed distinct tissue-specific responses. Under acute stress, the gills preferentially activated pathways associated with cytoskeletal remodeling, motor proteins, and tight junctions, whereas chronic acclimation shifted the transcriptional response toward the renin-angiotensin system and glutathione metabolism. In the antennal glands, acute stress rapidly activated the renin secretion pathway, whereas chronic exposure promoted membrane remodeling by enriching pathways related to lipid and glycan metabolism. These findings reveal tissue-specific functional differentiation and synergistic coordination between the gills and antennal glands that underpin M. rosenbergii's adaptive response to low-salinity stress.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Effects of Time-Based and Distance-Based Repeated Sprint Training on Physical and Physiological Adaptations in Collegiate Basketball Players.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare the effects of time-based (TB) and distance-based (DB) repeated-sprint training (RST) on athletic performance adaptations in collegiate basketball players during preseason and to examine whether the 2 training prescriptions produce different levels of homogeneity in the magnitude of individual adaptations. METHODS: Thirty young male basketball players (age = 21.3 [1.4] y) were randomly and equally assigned to 3 groups (n = 10): DB-RST, TB-RST, and an active control group. Participants completed a 7-week RST program performed 3 times per week, consisting of 4 sets of 4 to 9 repetitions per session. The DB-RST group completed each sprint by covering a fixed 35-m distance, whereas the TB-RST group performed each sprint maximally for a fixed 5-second duration. Performance assessments including countermovement vertical jump, 20-m sprint, Illinois change-of-direction speed, reactive strength index, Wingate anaerobic power, and cardiorespiratory fitness were conducted before and after the 7-week training period. RESULTS: Both training groups demonstrated significant performance improvements over the 7-week intervention and relative to the control group (P < .05). Similar gains were observed in the magnitude of adaptations in the countermovement vertical jump, 20-m sprint, Illinois change-of-direction speed, and reactive strength index for the DB-RST and TB-RST groups. Interestingly, the TB-RST group showed more gains than the DB-RST in the magnitude of adaptations in the peak and mean power outputs, as well as cardiorespiratory fitness. Moreover, the TB-RST group showed lower intersubject variability in adaptive responses across the measured performance outcomes following the training intervention. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that RST effectively enhances the performance of basketball players, and that implementing a TB-RST protocol is more effective than a DB-RST approach for producing greater adaptations in physiological variables-specifically anaerobic power output and cardiorespiratory fitness-over the 7-week preseason period.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Exercise-induced chronic adaptations and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) in patients with depression: A systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Depression is a leading cause of disability worldwide. Although exercise has been shown to alleviate depressive symptoms, potentially by affecting the body's inflammatory response, evidence in this area remains inconsistent. This study synthesized the most recent evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the relationship between exercise-induced chronic adaptations and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in patients with depression. METHODS: Eligible RCTs were identified from six electronic databases. Effect sizes were pooled using mean differences (MDs) and standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Two independent researchers assessed the certainty of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) guidelines. RESULTS: The review included 21 RCTs involving 1572 participants, six of which were included in the meta-analysis. No evidence of efficacy was observed for the chronic effects of exercise on the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1-beta (IL-1β) (MD = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.04], p = 0.79), interleukin-6 (IL-6) (SMD = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.04], p = 0.08), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) (SMD = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.14], p = 0.27) in patients with depression. However, the pooled results for certain markers were not robust. The certainty of evidence for each outcome was very low owing to inconsistency, indirectness, and imprecision. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence for exercise improving pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in patients with depression during the chronic phase remains exploratory and uncertain. Well-designed, adequately powered studies incorporating a broader range of immune biomarkers and dynamic multi-time-point assessments are urgently needed to determine whether exercise-induced chronic adaptations can modulate inflammatory pathways in depression.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Protein persulfidation emerges as a conserved component of the redox response to DNA damage.

Genotoxic stress is frequently accompanied by alterations in cellular redox homeostasis; however, the mechanisms linking redox regulation to the DNA damage response (DDR) remain incompletely understood. Here, we investigated the early redox response to DNA damage induced by methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, focusing on cysteine oxidative post-translational modifications (PTM). We show that activation of the DNA damage response is accompanied by rapid redox changes that occur in the absence of a generalized oxidative stress response. MMS exposure promotes selective remodeling of cysteine oxidative modifications, characterized by decreased free thiols, robust induction of protein persulfidation, and comparatively modest changes in sulfenylation. These alterations are accompanied by increased intracellular hydrogen sulfide levels, supporting the involvement of reactive sulfur species in the cellular response to DNA damage. Proteome-wide analyses revealed that cysteine oxidative modifications preferentially target proteins involved in central metabolism, nucleotide biosynthesis, and genome maintenance. Consistent with these observations, MMS-induced genotoxic stress promotes metabolic adaptation characterized by increased mitochondrial respiration, elevated ATP production, and mitochondrial morphological remodeling, linking bioenergetic adaptation to redox regulation. Importantly, perturbation of intracellular redox balance using N-acetylcysteine compromises survival under DNA-damaging conditions, supporting a functional role for redox signaling during the DDR. Finally, MMS treatment also induces protein persulfidation in mammalian cells. Moreover, exposure to etoposide, a mechanistically distinct genotoxic agent that induces DNA double-strand breaks through topoisomerase II inhibition, showed a similar trend, suggesting that protein persulfidation may not be restricted to alkylation-induced DNA damage. Together our findings identify protein persulfidation as a prominent component of the redox response to DNA damage and provide new insight into the functional interplay between mitochondrial metabolism, cysteine-based redox regulation, and genome maintenance.

Oxidation-Reduction↗

PubMed2026

Comparative analyses of olfactory receptor repertoires in Schizothorax fish based on the chromosome-level genomes: Implications for regulatory roles of dietary differentiation and ploidy variation.

The olfactory receptor (OR) genes constitute the molecular basis of fish olfaction, mediating survival behaviors and environmental adaptation while coevolving with habitat-driven evolution. Schizothorax, a cyprinid genus endemic to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, exhibits remarkable dietary divergence and ploidy variation in response to plateau environmental changes, which presumably facilitates the adaptive evolution of OR genes. However, the evolutionary patterns of OR genes associated with trophic divergence and ploidy variation in this genus remain unclear. In this study, three species were selected: the herbivorous diploid S. macropogon, the carnivorous diploid S. lantsangensis, and the herbivorous tetraploid S. curvilabiatus. S. macropogon possessed 142 OR genes (92.25% functional), primarily located on chromosomes 14 and 24, with the fewest sequence clusters. Such compact gene repertoire and highly overlapping chromosomal clusters indicated specialization for a herbivorous olfactory niche. S. lantsangensis contained 127 OR genes (93.70% functional), concentrated on chromosomes 4 and 5, with fewer sequence clusters and a scattered distribution, reflecting evolution of OR genes under carnivorous feeding habits. The herbivorous tetraploid S. curvilabiatus exhibited striking features: 316 OR genes (94.30% functional), the most subfamilies, unique ε and κ OR subfamilies, and species-specific motifs. These characteristics revealed that ploidy, rather than herbivory, dominated OR gene evolution. In conclusion, dietary differentiation and ploidy variation together drove olfactory adaptive evolution in Schizothorax, providing new insights into vertebrate OR gene ecological adaptation.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Photobiomodulation as an Adjunct to Resistance Training in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Photobiomodulation (PBM) has been proposed as an adjunct to resistance training to enhance strength adaptations; however, findings from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) remain inconsistent. This study aimed to evaluate whether adjunctive PBM improves maximal strength gains when combined with periodized resistance training in older adults. METHODS: RCTs were identified through systematic searches of PubMed, Scopus, Embase, PEDro, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, and CNKI from inception to January 2026. Eligible studies examined PBM delivered via low-level laser therapy or light-emitting diodes in combination with resistance training or other strength-oriented loading tasks. Prespecified meta-analyses were restricted to trials combining PBM with periodized resistance training that reported one-repetition maximum (1RM) outcomes; other studies were included in a narrative synthesis. RESULTS: Eleven RCTs (n = 456) were included. Five trials (PBM plus resistance training: n = 74; control: n = 72) met the criteria for meta-analysis. PBM combined with resistance training did not significantly improve maximal muscle strength compared with sham PBM (SMD = 0.26, 95% CI -0.08 to 0.59; p = 0.14; I2 = 4%). Subgroup analyses showed a nonsignificant trend favoring PBM for unilateral 1RM, with no effect for bilateral outcomes and no significant subgroup differences. Sensitivity analyses indicated that the unilateral effect was dependent on individual studies. In nonresistance training contexts, some studies reported potential benefits for fatigue-, recovery-, or function-related outcomes, particularly in frail or critically ill older adults, although findings were inconsistent. CONCLUSION: Current evidence does not demonstrate a clear additional benefit of PBM on maximal strength when combined with resistance training in older adults, although a small effect cannot be excluded. PBM may have selective value in improving recovery-related outcomes and supporting training tolerance in vulnerable populations. Larger, well-designed RCTs are needed to clarify its role.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Post-intervention effectiveness of a computerized personalized cognitive stimulation program adapted according to cognitive reserve in older adults without cognitive impairment in Primary Care: A randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Cognitive reserve may influence responsiveness to cognitive interventions, yet it is rarely used to tailor computerized stimulation. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of a computerized cognitive stimulation program personalized according to cognitive reserve on cognition, reserve-related activities, and digital competence in community-dwelling older adults without cognitive impairment in Primary Care. METHODS: In this randomized clinical trial, 102 adults aged ≥65 years with normal cognitive performance were recruited from three primary care centers in Zaragoza, Spain, and stratified by cognitive reserve level before random allocation to intervention or control. The intervention comprised digital literacy sessions followed by 8 weeks of home-based computerized cognitive stimulation tailored to participants' cognitive reserve profiles and life history. Controls received a single group-based health education session focused on maintaining everyday cognitive activity. Outcomes were assessed at baseline and post-intervention using global cognition (MEC-35), the Cognitive Reserve Questionnaire, the Mobile Device Proficiency Questionnaire-16, and domain-specific neuropsychological tests. A total of 100 participants completed the final evaluation and were included in complete-case analyses. RESULTS: Compared with controls, the intervention group showed greater adjusted post-intervention improvements in global cognition (MEC-35 between-group difference: 1.8 points) and several cognitive measures, including temporal orientation, calculation, attention, praxis, verbal fluency, processing speed, executive functions, and verbal learning. CRQ scores and digital competence also improved, with small-to-large effect sizes. CONCLUSIONS: A computerized cognitive stimulation program adapted according to cognitive reserve appears feasible in Primary Care and may improve cognition, engagement in reserve-related activities, and digital competence in older adults without cognitive impairment.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Theta-range SEEG stimulation for intracranial mapping: extending conventional 1-Hz and 50-Hz protocols.

OBJECTIVE: Electrical brain stimulations (EBS) are central to epileptic network identification and functional mapping during stereo-electroencephalography, yet stimulation frequencies remain empirical, and standardized across patients and brain regions, producing false negatives and false positives, and potentially compromising surgical outcome. We prospectively investigated theta-range EBS (7 Hz) in the temporal lobe, a prominent physiological frequency band in this region, and compared it with conventional 1-Hz and 50-Hz protocols. METHODS: We analyzed 1,408 temporal EBS in 25 drug-resistant epileptic patients. Epileptic responses (afterdischarges, seizures) and clinical signs were assessed across the epileptic network and temporal structures (amygdala, hippocampus, neocortex, parahippocampal gyrus, white matter), and confronted to stimulation parameters (frequency, intensity, duration, total charge). RESULTS: At matched intensity and duration, 7-Hz EBS were associated with a higher occurrence of afterdischarges and clinical signs than 1-Hz EBS in several temporal structures. Effects on usual seizure induction were less consistent. Comparisons with 50 Hz showed no systematic significant differences, with responses observed at one or both frequencies depending on structure and outcome. When controlling for total charge, frequency-related differences were attenuated. Some effects were sporadically observed at both intermediate frequency and charge quantity. CONCLUSIONS: EBS responses emerge from the interaction between all electrical parameters and anatomical location and local excitability, and can hardly be disentangled. However, 7-Hz EBS can provide complementary clinical information during temporal-lobe mapping, with a targeted approach. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings support targeted evaluation of broader stimulation parameter spaces, including intermediate frequencies, rather than routine reliance on fixed low- and high-frequency protocols alone.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Identification of aquaporin (AQP) genes in the noble scallop Chlamys nobilis and characterization of their expression under low-temperature stress.

Aquaporins (AQPs) are transmembrane channel proteins essential for water homeostasis and cellular stress responses. In marine bivalves, their roles in cold tolerance remain poorly understood despite frequent winter mortality events in aquaculture. Here, we identified nine AQP genes in the genome of the economically important noble scallop Chlamys nobilis. Phylogenetic analysis revealed strong conservation with other bivalve AQPs, and structural features, including conserved NPA motifs and ar/R selectivity filters, support their canonical water/glycerol transport functions. Tissue-specific expression profiling showed predominant enrichment in osmoregulatory tissues (gills, intestine) and gonads. Under both chronic and acute low-temperature stress from 23 °C to 9 °C, most CnAQP genes exhibited transient upregulation followed by suppression. Notably, CnAQP4 displayed sustained upregulation, implicating it as a key mediator of long-term cold adaptation. Promoter analysis further revealed abundant cis-elements linked to growth and development as well as immune regulation. Our findings provide the first comprehensive characterization of the AQP family in C. nobilis, highlighting its critical role in maintaining cellular integrity during cold stress and offering molecular targets for selective breeding of cold-tolerant scallop strains.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Transcriptomic responses of gill and intestinal tissues in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to bacterial infection following sequential nanoimmersion and hydrogel-based multivalent vaccination.

Bacterial pathogens, including Flavobacterium oreochromis, Aeromonas veronii, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Edwardsiella tarda, represent major infectious threats to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). A multivalent vaccination strategy integrating cationic nanoemulsion immersion with oral hydrogel boosters was developed to investigate tissue-specific immune responses at the transcriptomic level. Gill tissues were collected following immersion challenge and intestinal tissues following intraperitoneal injection challenge, reflecting the physiologically relevant infection biology of each pathogen and the mechanistic rationale of each delivery platform. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) generated high-quality datasets (mapping rate > 81.64%) with strong concordance to quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) validation (r = 0.83). Comparative transcriptomic analysis revealed distinct yet complementary immune signatures between tissues. Gill transcriptomes were enriched in phagosome, focal adhesion, extracellular matrix-receptor interaction (ECM-receptor interaction), and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathways, accompanied by increased expression of major histocompatibility complex class I/II (MHC class I/II), mannose receptor, αVβ3 integrin, and calnexin, indicating innate activation, enhanced phagocytic capacity, epithelial barrier reinforcement, and adaptive immune coordination. Intestinal transcriptomes showed predominant enrichment of adaptive immune pathways, including the intestinal immune network for immunoglobulin (Ig) production, Forkhead box O (FoxO) signaling, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, with increased expression of T-cell receptor (TCR), inducible T-cell co-stimulator ligand (ICOS-L), C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), and polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), reflecting T and B cell coordination, lymphocyte trafficking, and mucosal immunoglobulin transport, alongside innate engagement through phagosome pathway enrichment. Shared upregulation of MHC class II, B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling, integrin alpha M (ITGAM), and immunoglobulin-associated components across both tissues suggests coordinated mucosal immune activation through a conserved immune module, warranting direct experimental validation. Collectively, these findings provide transcriptomic evidence that this vaccination strategy elicits an integrated, tissue-specialized immune response, advancing mechanistic understanding of gill and intestinal immunity in vaccine-induced protection of teleost fish.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Improving Patient Comfort of Vibratory Anesthetic Devices With a Dampener: A Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND: Vibratory anesthetic devices (VADs) reduce dermatologic injection pain, but their vibration can feel harsh at sensitive anatomical sites. Simple modifications improving patient comfort may enhance VAD adoption. OBJECTIVE: The authors evaluated whether dampening VAD vibration with a cotton buffer improves patient comfort and characterized tactile features influencing preferences. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a single-site, participant-blinded pilot study (N = 53), adults received a dampened VAD (D-VAD) and standard VAD (S-VAD) at 5 sites-lateral nasal wall, submalar cheek, ear helix, lateral neck, and dorsal forearm-in randomized, contralateral application. Site-specific preference was analyzed with binomial and Cochran Q tests; demographic associations with univariate analyses. Word2vec and hierarchical clustering analyzed qualitative reasons behind patient preference. RESULTS: D-VAD was preferred at all sites across demographics-lateral nasal wall (88.7%), submalar cheek (84.9%), ear helix (88.7%), lateral neck (77.4%), and dorsal forearm (75.5%) (all p < .001), with strongest preference at face and head/neck (p = .018). Computational semantics analysis of qualitative responses identified 6 themes driving preference: Smoothness, Gentleness, Controlled, Low Frequency, Low Intensity, and Less Bothersome. CONCLUSION: Dampening VAD vibration with a cotton buffer enhances comfort across sensitive sites, with reduced harshness and smoother sensation underlying preference. This simple modification may improve patient experience, encouraging broader VAD adoption.

Humans↗