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At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

The anatomy and physiology of the bovine respiratory system relating to pulmonary disease.

Bovine respiratory anatomy and physiology were reviewed and considered in relationship to the pathogenesis of pulmonary disease. Factors which may predispose cattle to respiratory disease included a small physiological gaseous exchange capacity, greater basal ventilatory activity, and greater anatomical compartmentalization of the lung as compared with other mammals, a low level and atypical bioactivity of bovine lysozyme, and low numbers of macrophages within the alveolar lumen.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1978

How aging affects the structure and function of the respiratory system.

Age-associated changes in the lung resemble emphysema. Progressive loss of the aging lung's static recoil forces produces airway closure at lung volumes in the tidal volume range,which leads to decreased arterial Po2. Under conditions that decrease oxygen content of arterial blood, the increase in both ventilation and cardiac output is smaller in elderly persons than in younger subjects. Therefore, less oxygen may be delivered to the tissues. Muscular strength of the respiratory apparatus consistently declines and the chest wall stiffens with advancing age. Thus, the elderly have weaker muscles to act on a chest wall that becomes progressively harder to move. Both maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures are significantly decreased. Loss of the functional reserve of the respiratory system with age increases the risk of respiratory failure and leaves elderly subjects with decreased compensatory mechanisms for dealing with even moderate stress. The physician must be aware of these problems and provide early and vigorous respiratory care for elderly patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Physiology and disease of the respiratory system in pregnancy. A review.

This review has attempted to describe the changes in respiratory physiology which occur during pregnancy and to use this knowledge to aid in the understanding of respiratory disease. Three forms of respiratory failure have been described and representative examples of each discussed.

Anesthesia, Obstetrical↗
PubMed1976

Effect of occupational and nonoccupational factors on the respiratory system of vinyl chloride and other workers.

There are suggestions in the literature that vinyl chloride (VC) acts as a lung irritant. Respiratory questionnaires and lung function tests were administered to 174 chemical (VC) workers, 81 polyvinyl chloride (PVC) workers, 72 former VC workers, and 136 rubber workers, and 68 maintenance workers with exposure to VC, PVC, and rubber. Except for small airways obstruction associated with rubber, increased respiratory symptoms and decreased pulmonary function were not associated with working in chemicals, plastics, or rubber. Some increases in baseline pulmonary function were associated with VC exposure. Acute reductions in pulmonary function were observed in smokers working in chemicals, plastics, and rubber. Heavier cigarette smokers over 40 years of age had the most adversely affected respiratory system. Work was not associated with chronic respiratory effects, but all exposure groups experienced some acute respiratory insult.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

A new method to determine frequency characteristics of the respiratory system.

A technique is described allowing one to determine simultaneously the resistance and reactance of the total respiratory system for various frequencies. During spontaneous breathing, regularly recurring impulses are produced at the mouth by means of a loud speaker. A Fourier analysis of the mouth pressure and flow signals yields mean resistance and reactance values, over 16 s, for all harmonics of 2 Hz up to 30 Hz. The values are in good agreement with those obtained in the absence of breathing and those determined by means of the forced oscillation technique and by body plethysmography. The reproducibility of the measurements is satisfactory (coefficient of variation: 11.6%).

Electronics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of artifical ventilation and dehydrobenzperidol on the development of early changes in the respiratory system in dogs with Mendelson's syndrome.

The experiments were carried out to observe certain functional changes in the respiratory system which develop in the early stage of aspiration pneumonia and to study the possibility of influencing these changes by application of artificial ventilation (IPPB) and/or administration of dehydrobenzperidol. The experiments were carried out on 32 mongrel dogs divided into 4 groups. Experimental Mendelson's syndrome was produced by instilling, during anaesthesia, hydrochloric acid solution of pH 1.5 in a dose of 4 ml/kg into the tracheobronchial tree. Immediately after anaesthesia and then 10 times at intervals of one hour after HCl instillation the following determinations were done: mean blood pressure, CVP, haematocrit, PO2 and PCO2 in arterial and mixed venous blood, and minute artifical ventilation. The veno-arterial blood shunt in the lungs, alveolo-arterial difference of oxygen partial pressure and the effective compliance were also determined. The chemical damage to the lungs by acid caused condensation of blood and a fall in CVP. These changes were due to fluid escape from the vessels especially in the pulmonary vascular tree. Disturbances in pulmonary gas exchange were a result of deficient ventilation of lung areas damaged primarily by acid and suffering secondarily from developing disturbances in pulmonary blood flow. Dehydrobenzperidol in a dose of 1 mg/kg applied as the only treatment in Mendelson's syndrome had the same favourable effect on pulmonary changes as controlled IPPB. The combination of controlled artificial ventilation and intravenous dehydrobenzperidol decreased the disturbances in pulmonary gas exchange in Mendelson's syndrome. This was possible because both factors exert a benficial effect on ventilation and perfusion preventing the development of oedema and atelectasis.

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists↗
PubMed1977

[Disodium cromoglycat (intal) in the treatment of allergic states of the respiratory system (author's transl)].

Disodium cromoglycate (Intal) has been found several years ago to act as an reliable drug in the treatment of allergic states of the respiratory system. The effective mechanism seems to be its stabilizing function for circulating and sessile mast cells, thus avoiding the release of histamine and other vasoactive amines after an immunological or non-immunological stimulus. Although DSCG does not inhibit the binding of antigen to its antibody it must be given prophylactically before the antigen has access to the mast cells. Most efficiently DSCG is used in the treatment of the exogenous allergic asthma, and secondly in allergic rhinitis (70-90% success). Own observations confirm the effectiveness of the drug especially in patients with pollinosis. In addition it was found that DSCG can be used during hyposensitization procedures and that the drug does not influence the results of skin testing. At present there have been detected neither side-effects nor interactions with other drugs.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

[Criteria for quantitative assessment of respiratory system reactions].

In anesthetized cats and in healthy humans, lung ventilation, activity of diaphragmal motoneurons and intercostal muscles, shift of the intrathoracic pressure, inspiratory occlusional pressure, and maximal rate of the initial increase in inspiratory pressure, were studied. Depending on conditions of the respiratory system functioning, any one from among the above parameters can reflect the efferent output of the respiratory center. Each of them, however, has limitations of its own.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Long term effects of low concentrations of noxious gases on the respiratory system: results of an epidemiological study among iron mines workers in Lorraine (France). (author's transl)].

An epidemiological study of 1,178 iron-mine workers in the Lorraine basin was conducted in order to assess the long-term effects on the respiratory system of low concentrations of noxious gases produced by the machinery and explosives in use. The subjects were selected at random from 5,300 workers who were aged between 35 and 55, had been in the mines for at least five years and who were free from radiological abnormalities such as siderosis, tuberculosis, fractured ribs, etc. For each subject a standard questionnaire (E.C.S.C. bronchitis/emphysema questionnaire) was completed and a clinical examination was performed along with the following tests-vital capacity; forced expiratory volume in 1 second; residual volume; acetylcholine test; steady state CO test for calculation of total and partial transfer functions. A venous blood sample for the determination of blood CO was taken as the subject left his place of work.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Training and oxygen conductance in the elderly. I. The respiratory system.

Static lung volumes, closing volumes and pulmonary diffusing capacity have been measured in a group of 19 subjects (9 M, 10 F) 60 - 76 years old, all volunteers for an exercise training program (nominal 4 hours per week for 11 weeks). Initial static lung volumes were larger than in some previous series, perhaps because our sample was health-conscious and mainly nonsmokers. Training produced no significant changes in any of the pulmonary variables tested, despite a 10% increase of maximum oxygen intake seen in those members of the group who progressed to intensive training (heart rate 145 - 155/min). This reflects the fact that oxygen transport depends more on blood transport than on the respiratory system.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1979

[Effect of metal dust on the respiratory system. II. Clinical examinations].

Studies were carried out in 4 groups of workers occupationally exposed to cadmium, tungsten, manganese and lead. All those groups were homogeneous, composed exclusively of men aged 35--45, of similar height, body weight, and duration of employment above 10 years. Following the same criteria, a group of forestry workers, unexposed to dust, was randomly selected. The smoking habit was similar in all groups. Several--days--clinical observation included a detailed interview (MRC questionnaire), physical and radiological examination and a wide range of functional tests of lungs. The results reveal clinical and physiopathological symptoms which might be indicative of emphysema. The results of some studies also indicate the possibility of intraparenchymatous fibrosis of lungs in the tungsten--exposed--workers. No clear effects upon the respiratory system were found.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

[Leeches in the respiratory system (author's transl)].

The leech as a foreign body and parasite in the human respiratory tract occurs principally in the Mediterranean countries, in Africa and Asia. It reaches the respiratory tract when water is drunk directly from rivers, lakes, etc. Ignorance of this fact may cause diagnostic difficulties leading to errors in treatment. Anaemia and respiratory obstruction due to leeches cause danger to health and life, especially in children. Fatalities have been known. Treatment consists of endoscopic removal of the parasite, which may be technically difficult, especially when the leech is in the region of the larynx and thus presents dramatic conditions for the procedure. A series of 120 cases treated in Algeria between 1962 and 1971 is presented.

Age Factors↗