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PubMedDate not supplied

Recalled characteristics of menstruation in relation to reproductive history among Caucasian, Japanese and Chinese women living in Hawaii.

Characteristics of menstruation and reproductive history were studied in 2331 Caucasian, 4097 Japanese and 1003 Chinese women living in Hawaii and born between 1900 and 1940. Irregular periods, heavy flow and menses lasting more than five days were reported significantly more often in Caucasians than in the other two groups. Canonical correlation and multiple-regression procedures revealed that parity, recalled age at menarche and year of birth were significantly associated to the menstrual descriptions reported, in complex ways, distinctive in each ethnic group. Some similarities in the relationship of reproductive history variables with particular menstruation characteristics were found in the Caucasian and Japanese groups. For example, increased parity was associated with increased menstrual bleeding in both Caucasians and Japanese, and later age at menarche was significantly correlated with irregular menses in these two groups.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2000

Reproductive history in relation to plasma hormone levels in healthy post-menopausal women.

OBJECTIVES: We sought to examine the relationship between reproductive history and measures of selected gonadotrophins and steroid hormones among post-menopausal women. Previous studies have suggested that there is a negative correlation between parity and post-menopausal serum estrogens, which may be a mechanism by which pregnancies protect women from the development of breast cancer. METHODS: We analyzed women who experienced a natural menopause within the Healthy Women Study cohort both 1 and 8 years after menopause. Lifetime reproductive history was obtained and blood was assayed for estrone, estradiol, androstenedione, testosterone, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) at 1 year post-menopause and for many of these steroid hormones at 8 years post-menopause. Also at 8 years post-menopause, a hip bone mineral density measure was obtained. RESULTS: Age at menopause related to a modest increase in estrone at 1 year but a decrease in estrone and estradiol at eight years. Adjustment for body mass index (BMI), oral contraceptive use, alcohol use, cigarette smoking, and education had little impact on these findings. There were no other internally consistent relationships between reproductive variables and steroid hormones or hip-bone mineral density. CONCLUSIONS: These observations do not support the hypothesis that parity acts to diminish endogenous levels of post-menopausal estrogens.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Evaluating the relationships among maternal reproductive history, birth characteristics, and infant leukemia: a report from the Children's Cancer Group.

PURPOSE: Specific events in the mother's reproductive history and certain birth characteristics have been associated with childhood leukemia. Few studies have explored these associations specifically in infants. METHODS: The Children's Cancer Group (CCG) conducted three separate case-control studies of childhood leukemia that involved similar methodologies and data collection. Data from interviews of the mothers of a total of 303 children diagnosed with leukemia at 1 year of age or younger and their matched controls (n = 468) were available from the three studies. These data included maternal reproductive history (stillbirths, abortions, and miscarriages) and certain birth characteristics of the index child. RESULTS: Compared with controls, cases were significantly more likely to be female (P < 0.01) and were more often heavier at birth (particularly cases diagnosed after 6 months of age (odds ratio, 4.18; 95% confidence interval, 1.75-10.02)). Overall, there were no statistically significant differences between cases and controls in regard to maternal report of any type of previous fetal loss. Finally, being a later-born child was associated with an increased risk of acute myeloid leukemia but not of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. CONCLUSIONS: The relationships among birthweight, prior fetal loss, and risk of infant leukemia appear to be complex. Further studies of infant leukemia that incorporate molecular as well as epidemiologic data may help to elucidate these differences.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

The reliability and validity of self-reported reproductive history and obstetric morbidity amongst Birth to Ten mothers in Soweto.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether self-reports of reproductive history and obstetric morbidity provide an accurate basis for clinical decision-making. SETTING, PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: Self-reports of maternal age and reproductive history, together with clinical measurements of five medical disorders, were abstracted from the obstetric notes of 517 mothers whose children were enrolled in the Birth to Ten study. These data were compared to self-reported information collected by interview during the Birth to Ten study. FINDINGS: The reliability of self-reported age and gravidity was high (R = 0.810-0.993), yet self-reports of previous miscarriages, terminations, premature- and stillbirths were only fairly reliable (Kappa = 0.48-0.50). Self-reported diabetes and high blood pressure had specificities of more than 95% for glycosuria, hypertension and pre-eclampsia. However, the specificity of self-reported oedema for hypertensive disorders and the specificity of self-reported urinary tract infection for STD seropositivity were only around 65%. CONCLUSIONS: The modest reliability and limited validity of self-reported obstetric morbidity undermines the clinical utility of this information. RECOMMENDATIONS: These results strengthen the case for providing mothers with "Home-based Maternal Records" to facilitate access to accurate obstetric information during subsequent clinical consultations.

Child↗
PubMed2003

Cell proliferation, apoptosis, and expression of Bcl-2 and Bax in non-lactating human breast epithelium in relation to the menstrual cycle and reproductive history.

Cell proliferation, apoptosis, and the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax were investigated in breast tissue of healthy premenopausal women in order to study the effect of the menstrual cycle and reproductive history on the cell turnover in the non-lactating mammary gland epithelium. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the proliferation-associated antigen Ki-67, as well as Bcl-2 and Bax. Apoptotic cells were identified by enzymatic labelling of fragmentized DNA (TUNEL-technique) and morphologic analysis. Consistent with published data, the proliferative activity and the frequency of apoptotic events as detected by morphologic analysis was higher in the luteal than in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Parity, lactation, and age correlated with lower proliferative activity, whereas the frequency of apoptosis was not significantly influenced by the reproductive history. Staining patterns for Bax and Bcl-2 showed characteristic changes due to the menstrual cycle with a maximum of immunoreactivity for Bcl-2 in the follicular phase and for Bax in the luteal phase. However, there was no statistically significant association between Bcl-2/Bax immunoreactivity and menstrual cycle or reproductive parameters. We conclude that other molecular pathways than the Bax/Bcl-2 antagonism may additionally be involved in the regulation of apoptotic cell death in the breast epithelium. Knowledge of the entire complexity of apoptosis regulation is necessary to understand the observed effects of parity and lactation on mammary epithelial biology, and possibly to be able to influence pathological processes caused by an imbalance between cell renewal and elimination.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The reproductive history of female blood-sucking mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae)].

The author classifies current data on the morphology and function of normal and abnormal mosquito ovarioles, obtained with the use of intraovarian oil injections. A combined method for analysis of the female reproductive history is described, that helps elucidate the female reproductive age (the number of ovipositions), the initial fecundity (the number of normal and abnormal ovarioles), the potential fecundity in each gonotrophic cycle (the number of ovarioles with functional germarium), the total potential fecundity (the sum of potential fecundity values in each gonotrophic cycle), the actual fecundity (the number of eggs laid by females) in each gonotrophic cycle, and the total actual fecundity (the number of eggs laid over the female life). The method consists of 3 steps: (1) obtaining of an ovarian preparation, making use of an intraovarian oil injection, that permits a detailed study of every ovariole; (2) inventory of all the ovarioles in the ovary (3 methods are offered for the purpose); (3) quantitative analysis of female reproductive history. The general rule for determination of the reproductive age is as follows: every dilatation, the vestigial ones included, and every granulated site of an egg sac correspond to one reproductive cycle in a normal ovariole. Their sum in an ovariole represents the value of the female reproductive age. The number of the eggs developing in each ovariole corresponds to the number of granulated sites of the egg sac. The potential fecundity may reduce from cycle to cycle, because some ovarioles may become sterile.

Aging↗
PubMed2000

Reproductive history and mortality later in life: a comparative study of England and Wales and Austria.

Does a woman's reproductive history influence her life span? This study explores the question with data from the contemporary female populations of England and Wales and Austria. It is the first comparative study to investigate the relationship between fertility and mortality late in life. We find similar patterns and age-specific trends of excess mortality in both populations: parity significantly influences longevity, as do both an early and a late birth. These differences in longevity are not explained by differences in educational or family status. The impact of a woman's reproductive history on her life span is small, however, compared to the influence of her level of education or family status.

Austria↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of soft tissue body composition in postmenopausal women with or without hormone replacement therapy considering the influence of reproductive history and lifestyle.

OBJECTIVES: To examine long-term effects of at least 5 years' conventional hormone replacement therapy (HRT), reproductive history and lifestyle on fat mass and muscle mass in postmenopausal women. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A cross-sectional retrospective approach was used, including 64 healthy women (56-69 years, mean age 63.4 years). Hormone users were compared with age-matched non-users with respect to (a) type of HRT used (oestrogen vs oestrogen plus gestagen vs no hormones), (b) categories of oestrogens used (oestradiol-based oestrogens vs conjugated equine oestrogens vs no oestrogens) and (c) categories of gestagens used (testosterone derivatives vs progesterone derivatives vs no gestagens). Data on hormone use, reproductive history (age at menarche, age at menopause, number of years postmenopausal, number of children) and lifestyle (physical activity level, alcohol consumption, smoking habits) were collected by questionnaires. Body composition was analysed by multiple-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis, estimating fat mass, fat-free mass and body cell mass as absolute values (FM, FFM, BCM, respectively) and percentages of body weight (%FM, %FFM, %BCM). RESULTS: Analysis of covariance, adjusting body composition variables for body mass index, showed that (a) unopposed oestrogen users, oestrogen plus gestagen users and non-users did not differ significantly in body composition variables, (b) users of oestradiol-based oestrogens had significantly more BCM than oestrogen abstainers (p < 0.05), (c) users of testosterone-based gestagens had more BCM than gestagen abstainers (p = 0.05). Stepwise multiple regression analyses, including HRT-related, reproductive and lifestyle variables, indicated that the duration of HRT (p < 0.05) and physical activity level (p = 0.01) were significant positive predictors of %BCM, whereas the number of children significantly positively predicted FM and %FM (each p < 0.05). No significant associations between fat-free mass and HRT were found. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that conventional doses of oestrogens and gestagens used in HRT might be a factor in preserving muscle mass after long-term administration. It is recommended that BCM is used instead of FFM as an indicator of muscle mass. Studies relating muscle mass to HRT in postmenopausal women should consider physical activity as a possible confounding variable.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

Reproductive history and postmenopausal risk of hip and forearm fracture.

This case-control study was designed to investigate the relation between reproductive history and occurrence of hip and forearm fractures in postmenopausal women. Three hundred and fifty-five King County, Washington women who sustained a fracture between 1976 and 1980 and 562 control women were interviewed regarding their reproductive history and other factors. After controlling for the confounding effects of age, obesity, and use of noncontraceptive estrogens, the authors found that women who gave birth four or more times had a risk of fracture similar to women who had not given birth (odds ratio = 1.2, 95% confidence interval = 0.7-2.2), and women who breastfed for more than two years had a risk of fracture similar to women who had never breastfed (odds ratio = 0.8, 95% confidence interval = 0.4-1.5).

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Genetic polymorphism of GSTM1 in women with breast cancer and interact with reproductive history and several clinical pathologies.

Due to the conflicting results regarding the association between breast cancer and the GSTM1 null mutation, our aim was to research this association in a Brazilian population and correlations with smoking, reproductive history and several clinical pathologies. A case-control study was performed on 105 women with breast cancer and 278 controls. Extraction of DNA was accomplished according to the protocol of the GFX kit and polymorphism analysis by the PCR technique. The control and experimental groups were compared and statistical analysis assessed by X2 or Fisher's exact test. The deletion in the GSTM1 gene in the breast cancer group had a prevalence of 32 (30.4%) individuals with the presence of null mutation. In the control group, the null mutation was present in 104 (37.4%) women. Upon comparison of the two groups, no statistically significant difference of the GSTM1 gene was observed, with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.74, 95%, confidence interval (CI) 0.45 - 1.20, p = 0.277. The results conclusively show that single gene GSTM1 polymorphisms do not confer a substantial risk of breast cancer to its carriers. Furthermore, in this study no correlation was found between GSTs and smoking, reproductive history and several clinical pathologies with respect to cancer risk.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Exogenous hormones, reproductive history, and colon cancer (Seattle, Washington, USA).

The associations between exogenous hormones, reproductive history, and colon cancer were investigated in a case-control study among women aged 30-62 years. The study was conducted in the Seattle, Washington (USA) metropolitan area between 1985 and 1989 and included 193 incident cases of colon cancer and 194 controls. There was little overall association between colon cancer and oral contraceptive use, parity, age at first birth, hysterectomy or oophorectomy status, or age at menopause. Use of noncontraceptive hormones at or after age 40, most likely hormone replacement therapy (HRT), was associated with decreased risk of colon cancer (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 0.60, 95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 0.35-1.01), particularly among women with more than five years of use (OR = 0.47, 95 percent CI = 0.24-0.91). While results from previous studies have not been consistent, any protective effect of HRT against colon cancer would be important given the continuing debate over its potential risks and benefits.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

SEARCH international case-control study of childhood brain tumours: role of index pregnancy and birth, and mother's reproductive history.

A series of co-ordinated population-based case-control studies of childhood brain tumours (CBT) was undertaken under the auspices of the Surveillance of Environmental Aspects Related to Cancer in Humans (SEARCH) programme of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) to evaluate, inter alia, the risk in relation to characteristics of the index pregnancy and birth, and maternal reproductive history. Subjects comprised 1218 cases aged 0-19 years and 2223 controls. Risk estimates were calculated by unconditional logistic regression, adjusted for age, sex, centre and mother's years of schooling, for all types of CBT combined as well as for four groups defined by histopathology (astrologlial tumours, primitive neuroectodermal tumours of the brain, 'other glial' tumours and 'other histological types') and for five age groups (0-1, 0-4, 5-9, 10-14, 15-19 years). Use of anaesthetic 'gas' was associated with an increased risk of CBT (OR = 1.5, 95% CI [1.1, 2.0]), apparent in children aged 0-4 years (OR = 2.4, 95% CI [1.4, 4.1]) and for astroglial tumours (OR = 1.6, 95% CI [1.1, 2.2]) with non-significantly increased relative risks for each of the other histological groups. However, not all centre-specific relative risks were elevated. No other aspect of the index pregnancy, delivery and early neonatal period or of the mother's previous reproductive history was associated with risk for CBT.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

A reproductive history of mothers with spina bifida offspring--a new look at old issues.

BACKGROUND: Spina bifida is a disorder of the cerebrospinal fluid system associated with failure of neural tube closure in the fetus. Reproductive history studies of mothers with spina bifida offspring have often been conducted shortly after the affected child's birth. In this study, a large group of community-based mothers were studied after most had completed their families. The aims were to present a more comprehensive reproductive history and to test several hypotheses regarding the nature of spina bifida. METHODS: Data from 271 mothers was collected by interview 18.3 mean years after the affected child's birth. Data analysis was by chi-square, Fisher exact test and t test with a p value less than 0.05 considered significant. RESULTS: Females made up 56.5% of affected offspring (probands) and 53.1% of unaffected offspring. The spina bifida and anencephaly recurrence rate was 4.0%. The twinning rate was 8.6/1000 live births. 24.4% of mothers had a history of spontaneous abortion and the rate varied by pregnancy order from 87 to 185/1000 live births. Duration of pregnancies subsequent to probands was shorter for female than male probands. Mean birth weight of probands with high lesions exceeded those with low lesions. A spontaneous abortion preceded female probands more often than males as compared to live births. Affected males with high lesions conceived by white mothers were at greater risk to be spontaneously aborted. Previous inter-gestational interval for mothers with no history of spontaneous abortion was longer for probands than unaffected offspring but not for mothers with a history of spontaneous abortion. CONCLUSION: Overall, and for every major subgroup of these mothers, more affected and unaffected female than male offspring were born. Differences by gender and lesion level among probands and between probands and unaffected offspring were consistent with an etiology of unknown genetic factors, hormonal and/or immune system factors.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

[Reproductive history of Chilean puerperal women hospitalized in a public hospital of the metropolitan region].

BACKGROUND: Maternal and infantile morbidity is closely related to the features of women's reproductive history. AIM: To study the reproductive behavior of women hospitalized due to labor or abortion in a public maternity of Metropolitan Santiago. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: One thousand women were interviewed about their reproductive behavior, 24 to 72 hours after pregnancy resolution. RESULTS: Ages of interviewed women ranged from 13 to 47 years old. Eighty seven percent had three children or less. The proportion of single women with a first pregnancy was 62% and decreased to 9.3% in those with a second pregnancy. At the first pregnancy, 1.3% of women were using contraceptives, notwithstanding that 27% did not want to become pregnant. Most women had a birth spacing of 24 to 59 months. There was a low number of stillbirths in this sample. CONCLUSIONS: This work shows that studied women have pregnancies at low risk ages and an adequate parity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Effects of birth rank, maternal age, birth interval, and sibship size on infant and child mortality: evidence from 18th and 19th century reproductive histories.

There has been long-standing interest in the effects of maternal age, birth rank, and birth spacing on infant and child mortality. Contradictory inferences about the role of these factors have arisen on occasion because of the absence of adequate controls, the use of cross-sectional or incomplete reproductive histories, and inattention to the effect of family size goals and birth limitation practices. This study analyzes completed reproductive histories for German village populations in the 18th and 19th centuries, a period when deliberate fertility control was largely absent. Our results confirm previous studies of the association of infant mortality with maternal age, although in the present data these differentials are largely limited to neonatal mortality. They also confirm the importance of birth interval as a factor in infant mortality. Sibship size is positively related to infant mortality even when birth rank is controlled. However, once sibship size is controlled, there are no systematic differences in infant and child mortality by birth order. The mechanisms relating sibship size and mortality are explored.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Menopause, menstrual and reproductive history, and bone density in northern Italy.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To analyse the relationship between menstrual and reproductive factors and the risk of low bone mineral density (BMD). DESIGN: This was a population based screening programme carried out between 1991 and 1993 among 1373 perimenopausal women in northern Italy by means of dual photon absorptiometry at the lumbar spine. MAIN RESULTS: BMD was strongly related to the age at menopause. In comparison with women reporting menopause below 45 years of age, the odds ratios (OR) of being in the lowest compared with the highest BMD tertile were 0.7 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.3,1.5) and 0.3 (95% CI 0.1,0.8), respectively, in those with menopause at age 45-49 and above 50 years: the trend in risk was significant. Likewise, the risk of being in the lowest tertile increased with years since the menopause. Compared with women who reported they had undergone the menopause less than two years before interview, the OR of being in the lowest BMD tertile were 2.1 (95% CI 1.1,4.3), 2.3 (95% CI 1.1, 5.0), and 5.7 (95% CI 2.5,12.9) respectively in women who reported menopause 2-5, 6-9, and > or = 10 years earlier. The protective effect on bone density of late age at menopause was observed in different strata of years since menopause. Likewise, the increasing risk of a low BMD with increasing years since the menopause was evident in strata of different age at menopause. No relationships were observed between BMD and the age at menarche, characteristics of menstrual cycles, and the duration of menses. Likewise, no association emerged between reproductive history, including parity and age at first pregnancy, and BMD. CONCLUSIONS: In this Italian population the risk of being in the lowest BMD tertile decreased with increasing age at menopause and increased with years since menopause. No relationships emerged between BMD and other menstrual characteristics or reproductive factors.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Reproductive history and cancer of the biliary tract in women.

Although reproductive factors have been shown to be related to the composition of bile and functioning of the biliary system, their relationship with biliary tract cancer has not been studied in detail. Between 1984 and 1987 we conducted a case-control study of 75 women with cancer of the biliary tract and 252 controls from the general population. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect information on reproductive history. The information was obtained from the responders themselves (direct response) or from relatives (indirect response). Our results indicate that younger age at menarche, early age at first pregnancy, higher number of pregnancies and prolonged fertility may enhance the risk of cancer of the biliary tract. Overall, increased exposure to endogenous oestrogens and progesterone constitutes a higher risk.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Reproductive history in mothers of children with neural tube defects.

The reproductive history of 100 women with at least 1 child with a neural tube defect (NTD) has been studied. The data analyzed correspond to the period previous to their first visit to a genetic counseling service. A total of 204 pregnancies resulted in 205 outcomes. Of the 100 sibships, 14 (14%) had more than 1 affected member. The pregnancy was shorter than 28 weeks in 56/205 (27%) of the total outcomes. Of 104 evaluable previous outcomes, 34 corresponded to short pregnancies, positioned before an affected (23/60, 38%), a healthy (2/18, 11%), or an undiagnosed product (9/26, 35%). Short pregnancies subsequent to affected outcomes were also increased. The inter-gestational interval varied according to diagnosis: it was longer in the affected group than in the healthy one (0.1 > p > 0.05) and the subsequent intervals were shorter for the affected group (p < 0.05). An increased number of abortions adjacent to affected offspring and a changing fertility pattern, depending on the product diagnosis, point to an environmental etiological component in this high-risk NTD group of mothers.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗