The search for male contraception. Men are different.
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OBJECTIVE: To determine the rates of ectopic pregnancy with the use of quinacrine sterilization (QS) compared to other methods and no method (non-users). METHODS: Four provinces were selected for their above average numbers of women who had undergone QS: Nam Dinh, Nam Ha, Hai Duong and Hung Yen. Case histories related to surgical treatment of all ectopic pregnancies in these 4 provinces from 1994 through 1996 were collected from all hospitals by researchers from the Ministry of Health in June 1997. Using a questionnaire designed for this study, 120 physicians interviewed every woman in her home who had had an ectopic pregnancy during this period. If deceased, a family member was consulted. All interviews were completed in September 1998. The numbers of users of each method and nonusers were calculated from service statistics and demographic data. RESULTS: Based on 2,551,355 woman-years of exposure, the rate of ectopic pregnancy among users per 1000 woman-years was calculated to be: 0.26 with QS; 0.42 with surgical sterilization (TL) and IUD; 0.45 with the Pill; 0.50 with condoms; 0.78 relying on withdrawal; and 1.18 among non-users. CONCLUSION: Ectopic pregnancy rates for QS, TL, IUD and the Pill were similar and much lower than the rate for non-users of contraception.
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The correlations between the thermal gradient of superficial breast cancer lesions (before and 15 days after starting treatment) and the end results of hormonal therapies with estrogen and antiestrogens were investigated. Forty-four women with a median age of over 70 with locally advanced breast cancer and/or metastases mainly located in soft tissues entered the study. Twenty-two patients were treated with diethylstilbestrol sodium diphosphate (20 mg/day i.m.) and the other 22 with tamoxifen (20 mg/day orally). The initial iperthermia was reduced after 15 days in more than 50% of the cases and remained stationary in the others. The cases with a thermal gradient more than 2 degrees C of the tumors did better, in terms of remission, following therapy (64.7% versus 37.0%. However, an early decrease of the same gradient in the course of therapy appears scantily related to the response. The therapeutic results in the 2 groups were very similar: 45.5% complete or partial regression, with a median duration of more than 8 months, in those treated with diethylstilbestrol and 50%, with a median duration of more than 11 month, in those treated with tamoxifen. Only in some cases of the first group of patients the treatment was discontinued due to severe side effects.
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The numerous trials that have been conducted in advanced breast cancer in premenopausal and postmenopausal women have increased the empiric basis for systemic cytotoxic and endocrine treatment. The treatment results have improved but are still very unsatisfactory, and with all the drugs now at our disposal many questions are still unanswered. For instant this applies to the optimal composition and scheduling of endocrine treatment, cytotoxic treatment, and combinations of these two treatments. During recent years the results of experimental studies have expanded our knowledge of the biology of breast cancer. Future clinical trials should be designed to test and use this information gained from basic research with the aim of improving the rational basis of treatment and obtaining better treatment results in advanced breast cancer.
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