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PubMed1981

[Roentgenologically wasted time in bronchial carcinoma -a review (author's transl)].

The importance of roentgenologically wasted time, its frequency, causes and relation to specific characteristics of bronchial carcinoma are discussed in details along the literature. A short casuistic will show the actuality of the problem. There may be gained some important conclusions from the literature, but the differences in methods and the missing security in some definitions don't allow reliable answers to some detailproblems. The following conclusion could be derived from literature: 1. The roentgenologically protracted rate amounts to more than 30% on average. It decreases with increasing in experience of the readers of fluorographies. But even among them in the part of protracted cases amounts up to 10%. 2. Late protracted roentgenologic roentgenologic diagnosis is caused by -overlooking minimal lesions, -false algorithm in diagnostic procedure, -false diagnosis, -inadequate techniques, -the misinterpretation of developing malign lesion on the basis of existing alterations aetiologically known, -the delay on the patient's part. 3. The most important cause of all protracted x-ray findings is misinterpreted obstructive pneumonitis; it is followed by parenchymal cloudy densities, by striped atelectasis, old tuberculous processes, peripheral coin lesions and hilus alterations. 4. The time roentgenologically wasted is differing in wide range up to some years. 5. With increasing wasted time the portion of central tumors is also rising. 6. Even in patients considered as radically resected there exists still a negative correlation between the roentgenologically wasted time and prognosis. 7. The average of wasted time in x-ray lesions is running parallel to the screening intervals. 8. There seem to exist some differences between the different histological types in view of the roentgenologically wasted time. 9. There are no correlations between the age of the patients and the roentgenologically wasted time.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1975

[Calcification in gliomas: first report with special reference to roentgenological calcification (author's transl)].

The mechanism and the clinical significance of calcium deposits in glioma have been still obscure. Excluding pinealomas, 221 histologically proven intracranial gliomas were studied. The presence of roentgenological calcification in 27 of the authers' series represented an incidence of 12 percent. The incidence of roentgenological calcification in various types of glioma were as follows: astrocytoma grades 1 & 2-15%, astrocytoma grades 3 & 4-7%, medulloblastoma-5%, ependymoma-17%, oligodendrogioma-60%, and choroid plexus papilloma-25%. There was no characteristic relationship between the incidence of calcification and the age distribution. One exception was noted that in astrocytoma grades 1 & 2 the incidence of roentgenological calcification tended to be higher in younger patients than in older patients. The percentage of calcified tumors in both sexes was the same. In astrocytoma and ependymoma the incidence of roentgenological calcification was far greater in the supratentorial tumor than in the infratentorial tumor. According to their roentgenological appearance, calcified tumors were separated into four groups, but any specific appearance could not be claimed for any particular type of glial tumors. Only in astrocytoma both the duration of symptoms and the postoperative survival time of the calcified cases were longer than those of the uncalcified. But in other types of glioma there were no significant differences in the postoperative survival time between the calcified cases and the uncalcified ones. In 5 cases of astrocytomas the calcium deposits did not exist on preoperative radiographs, which were found postoperatively after chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. In conclusion, it is not the histological type but the duration of the clinical course that plays more important role in calcification of gliomas.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Roentgen diagnostics with the emphasis on it's traditional roentgenological method is a major sourse to improve gastric cancer diagnosis].

The main idea of the article is presentation of todays problem of gastric cancer diagnosis. Authors, supported by long-term experience of gastric cancer diagnostics, demonstrate the necessity of the return of traditional roentgenological method for it's diagnostics, along with endoscopic technique. In the first place it is determined by the increase of sclerotic and mixed forms. In the second place, it is associated by the change of gastric cancer primary localizations, supporting the need of active use of roentgen diagnostics for it's diagnosis. One of the important parts of the article consists of the author's attempt to change general opinion about insignificancy role of traditional roentgenological method for diagnosis of gastric cancer. Authors demonstrate modern techniques of traditional stomach roentgenology and firstly, it's digital development with CR-systems for the improvement of diagnosis of the intramural forms of carcinomas. In the initial stages it is obligatory to engage classical roentgenology with double contrast study and endoscopy as main equally important methods. The unfavourable situaition in the diagnosis of gastric cancer can be changed only with conjoint use of these two approaches. It is chiefly depends with the difficulties of endoscopic study of diffuse (endophytic) forms of gastric carcinoma. Authors separately underline the necessity of including specialists in roentgen diagnostics in the national project of modernization of roentgenological equipment in medical institutions.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Roentgenological and histopathological studies of the hip joint in rheumatoid arthritis].

In order to study the disease process of the hip joint in rheumatoid arthritis, roentgenological analysis was carried out along with histological studies on the resected femoral heads. For the roentgenological study, hip roentgenograms of seven patients with known natural course and sixty preoperative patients were used. For the histological study, sixteen resected femoral heads affected by various disease types were used. The histological findings were compared with the roentgenological findings. As specific roentgenological findings, there were osteoporosis, burrowing and inward protrusion of the acetabulum, and collapse and flattening of the femoral head. A sequential process of the femoral head destruction was demonstrated, starting from collapse, through flattening, and finally ending in disappearance. The collapse was divided into sclerotic collapse and porotic collapse, and their roentgenological and histological differences were discussed. In addition to the common destruction process, the presence of the following three uncommon types was suggested for a better understanding of clinical manifestations: stiff type (4.5%), synovial proliferation type (6.0%) and aseptic necrosis type (3.0%).

Adult↗
PubMed1985

[Teaching roentgenology in related departments of a medical institute].

The authors describe a continuity of study of roentgenology in the Omsk Medical Institute. The teaching process is divided into 4 stages: the initial level of knowledge to study general roentgenology (year I-III), general roentgenology (year III), applied roentgenology (clinical chairs, year IV-VI), clinical roentgenology (postdiploma training).

Radiology↗
PubMed1985

Correlation between manometric and roentgenologic findings of diseases of the esophagus in infants and children.

Roentgenologic and manometric findings in diseases of the esophagus in infants and children were compared. With both procedures combined it was possible to determine the exact localization of the lower esophageal sphincter. For the demonstration of gastroesophageal reflux the roentgenologic water siphon test was used. The excellent correspondence of the results of the water siphon test with manometric findings demonstrated the reliability of this roentgenologic method for detection of reflux. In borderline cases simultaneous manometric and roentgenologic studies were also of great use for demonstration of hiatus hernia.

Child↗
PubMed1976

[Diagnostic native roentgenology of operated pituitary adenomas (author's transl)].

Cases showing the value and limitations of diagnostic native roentgenology in recurrent pituitary adenomas were selected from a total of 217 patients. Recurrence is recognized by progressive intrasellar space occupation. Bone apposition at the contours of the sella turcica resulting in reduction of volume and calcifications of the sellar region permit exclusion of intrasellar recurrence. Marking the area of operation improves native roentgenology. Bone apposition of acromegaly may obscure recurrences. According to the literature, about 50% of recurrences can be diagnosed roentgenologically. On the contrary recurrences can be excluded in 10-20% of roentgenologically successfully operated patients.

Adenoma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Clinico-roentgenologic studies in toxoplasmosis patients with various endocrine diseases].

The authors present clinical and roentgenological characteristics of toxoplasmosis revealed in 46 of 128 patients with neuro-endocrine form of diencephalic syndrome, cerebro-hypophyseal nanism and hypogenitalism, examined for toxoplasmosis. Congenital toxoplasmosis was found in 29 and chronic acquired--in 17 cases. It was noted that the clinical picture of both the congenital and of the chronic acquired toxoplasmosis in patients with endocrine diseases was varied due to affection of different organs and systems of the organism. Of great significance in the complex clinico-laboratory diagnosis of congenital and chronic acquired toxoplasmosis was the roentgenological method of study. Roentgenological changes in the skull of the patients with endocrine diseases and toxoplasmosis were expressed in the presence of calcifications of various shape and size (from 2 mm to 2 cm), calcification of the dura mater in the frontal portion and the area of the sella turcica, and hyperostosis. Diagnosis of congenital and chronic acquired toxoplasmosis in patients with endocrine disturbances should be based on the results of complex clinico-roentgenological and laboratory studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Multivariate analysis of roentgenologic characteristics and risk factors for nonpalpable carcinoma of the breast.

Screening mammography improves carcinoma of the breast survival through early detection and treatment of nonpalpable, often noninvasive, carcinomas. Consideration of the roentgenologic characteristics of mammographic masses and calcifications in combination with risk factors of patients may improve the yield of spot localization breast biopsy. Risk factors solicited by questionnaire were correlated with the roentgenologic appearance and histopathologic factors of 482 specimens from spot localization breast biopsies (39 percent malignant). Masses with irregular contour (p < 0.001) and high density (p < 0.005) were associated with malignant tumors. Packed, coarse and round calcifications were associated with benignity (p < 0.001), whereas scattered, fine and mixed calcifications were associated with malignant tumors (p < 0.05). Malignant masses with smooth contour were significantly more likely to be associated with noninvasive histology. Patients found to have malignant tumors were significantly older than patients with benign lesions (58 versus 52 years, p < 0.001). Stepwise logistic regression was used to evaluate the relative usefulness of demographics and roentgenologic features in predicting benign and malignant pathology among masses and calcifications. Age and irregular contour were independent significant predictors of malignancy for masses. Age, round, coarse, packed or scattered calcifications were significant independent predictors of benignity among calcifications. The radiologist correctly predicted malignant pathology in 60 percent of the patients and benign pathology in 78 percent. Parity, age at menarche, age at first pregnancy, age at menopause, history of benign breast disease, history of carcinoma of the breast, family history of carcinoma of the breast, birth control pill exposure and smoking were not significantly associated with the diagnosis of malignant tumor. These results suggest that risk factors for carcinoma of the breast are insignificant for nonpalpable lesions because patients referred for needle localization are already selected for high risk. Roentgenologic patterns of masses are useful for predicting which lesions are invasive.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Correlating the efficacy of knee viscosupplementation with osteoarthritic changes on roentgenological examination.

This study was designed to identify the roentgenological changes of the knee that correlated with an unfavourable outcome when treated with an intra-articular knee viscoelastic supplementation. A prospective cohort of 60 patients receiving a standard course of intra-articular knee viscoelastic supplementation with a commercial uncross-linked hyaluronic acid derivative of an intermediate molecular weight were studied. Follow up was for 12 weeks post-treatment with clinical improvement measured using the Western Ontario and McMasters Universities Osteoarthritis Index. X-Rays of the relevant knee were viewed and graded for the severity of joint space, osteophyte, tibial spine, sclerosis, cyst formation, alignment and general severity by an observer blinded to the outcome of the treatment. There were no appreciable differences noted in the age, sex, length of follow up, pre-treatment, the severity of symptoms before treatment and number of intra-articular injections given per course in each X-ray category identified. There was a significant amount of improvement in patients with a minor loss of medial and lateral joint space in all outcome measures. Minimal changes in tibial spine and global appearance also indicated a positive outcome in stiffness, pain and overall improvement. Thus, patients with moderate to severe osteoarthritic changes in joint space on roentgenological examination would not significantly benefit from intra-articular knee viscoelastic supplementation. In addition, we feel that changes in the tibial spine and global appearance are not reviewed consistently enough to be included as part of our recommendation. As such, we conclude that only patients with a minimal to mild loss in joint space on roentgenological examination should form part of the target group who are likely to benefit from intra-articular knee viscoelastic supplementation.

Cohort Studies↗
PubMed2003

Allergic bronchopulmonary and sinus aspergillosis: the roentgenologic spectrum.

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and allergic Aspergillus sinusitis (AAS) are the best recognized manifestations of Aspergillus-associated hypersensitivity respiratory disorders. These conditions occur predominantly in atopic individuals. Roentgenologic techniques play a pivotal role in the diagnosis of these two conditions. ABPA, on imaging, is characterized by fleeting pulmonary infiltrates often confused with pulmonary tuberculosis. However, central bronchiectasis on computed tomography (CT) is considered to be the hallmark of the disease. Though the diagnosis of AAS is primarily based on histopathology, roentgenology is essential for the diagnosis. Haziness of one or more paranasal sinuses is almost always seen on plain roentgenograms. However, CT proffers more reliable information with characteristic features that include heterogeneous densities and serpiginous areas of increased attenuation on non-contrast scans. Early diagnosis, with the help of roentgenologic techniques, and appropriate therapy could alter the natural history of these diseases.

Aspergillosis↗
PubMed1989

[Clinico-roentgenological characteristics of acute leukemia].

Combined clinico-roentgenological investigations of the thoracic organs, spleen, bone and lymphatic systems (using low lymphography) were conducted in 123 patients with acute leukemia. Clinico-roentgenological variants of acute leukemia have been distinguished, they differ in the organs and systems affected, in the process spreading by the lymphatic routes+, in the clinical course pattern and response to the treatment. Clinico-roentgenological variants of acute leukemia have shown that different pathogenetic mechanisms may act in the same cytomorphologic type of the disease. They should be taken into consideration in classification of acute leukemia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Cardiothoracic ratio and roentgenologic heart size as the indices of body fluid retention in uremics under hemodialysis].

We evaluated the cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) and the roentgenologic heart size (RHS) as the indices of body fluid retention in 31 of uremic patients under hemodialysis. The maximum changes of the roentgenologic thoracic diameter, measured monthly for one year in 31 patients, varied from 10 to 68 mm. The average differences of RHS and CTR between maximum inspiration and forced inspiration in 18 healthy people were 1 mm (RHS) and 2.5% (CTR), respectively, and the change of roentgenologic thoracic diameter was 12 mm. The error of repeated CTR measurements in a period of one year could be estimated more than 2%. In 22 patients the body weight reduction of 1 kg corresponded to a 4 mm decrease of RHS (p less than 0.005) and 1.5% of CTR (p less than 0.05), respectively. In relation to the change of body fluid balance assessed by the change of body weight, RHS showed a higher correlation than CTR. These results could be attributed that RHS was hardly influenced by the respiration, whereas CTR was surprisingly affected. It is concluded that the measurement of RHS is more useful as an index of control of body fluid balance than CTR.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

[Pages from the history of roentgenology and radiology in Latvia].

The author discusses the history of roentgenology in Latvia singling out 3 periods in its development: 1) from the discovery of x-rays up to the Great October Socialist Revolution and the establishment of Soviet power in Latvia; 2) the bourgeois period in Latvia (1920-1940); 3) from the beginning of the Great Patriotic War to the present period. The paper is devoted to an analysis of the main historical events and facts pertaining to the formation and further development of roentgenology and radiology in Latvia. The role and importance of the roentgenology and radiology chair and the Republican roentgenoradiological center in the development of roentgenoradiology as independent clinical branches, training of specialists, the development and clinical application of present-day methods of radiation therapy are considered. The chief advances of Latvian radiologists and their contacts with leading specialists are marked.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed1987

[Determination of length, width and height of the human skull by critical use of roentgenologic craniometry methods].

X-ray craniometry has gained in importance for scientific and clinical examination. It enables accurate measurement of shape and structure of the human skull, its characterisation and an accurate description of the type and cause of changes of its shape and components. Roentgenological craniometry is closely related to craniometry of anatomists and anthropologists, but in a few essential points it does differ from it--rather fundamentally, in fact. On using the roentgenological method, the general laws of x-ray imaging must be strictly observed and measurements must be effected only if they are conducted from such points which are roentgenologically clearly defined. Measurements must be definite, repeatable at any time and suitable for comparative purposes. The influence exercised by these conditions becomes noticeable already on determining the three principal dimensions of the cranium. Whereas the x-ray determination of the length and breadth of the cranium is easy to perform and does not present any problem, determination of the "height" of the cranium causes considerable difficulties that are mainly based on the statement of suitable points of measurement. Detailed studies and deliberations have shown that the distance between the vault and the base of the skull can supply a suitable measure for assessing the height of the skull. On lateral x-ray film the distance between the "endobregma" and the "bony floor of the hypophyseal cavity" is a suitable criterion, whereas on the sagittal x-ray films of the skull the criterion is the distance between "bregma" and "hypophyseal basis". The "lateral hypophyseal height of the skull" and the "sagittal hypophyseal height" are largely equal, clearly defined and always repeatable.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[Possibilities of early roentgenologic diagnosis of surgical infection of soft tissues].

Findings of clinico-roentgenological examinations of 23 patients with an early stage of the surgical infection of soft tissues (necrotic cellulitis, fasciitis) developing without gas formation are described. Typical roentgenological symptoms were found. It was established that roentgenological symptoms often leave behind the wide clinical picture. It helps to begin timely curative measures.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Roentgenologic aspects of malignant fibrous histiocytomas of soft tissues and of bone (author's transl)].

The histiocyte, macrophage or tissue monocyte is a cell of the mononuclear system. The histiocytes have the abilities to phagocytose by utilizing hydrolytic enzymes they have synthesized, and which can synthesize specific proteins to enhance immune responses. The malignant fibrous histiocytoma is a relatively common neoplasm of the mesenchymal tissues derived from histiocytes capables of wide latitude in the expression of differentiation and pleomorphic appearance. This tumor arises as à primary tumor of soft tissue as well as of bone. Four of ten cases of malignant fibrous histiocytomas are documented. This report adds to the understanding of the entity of the tumor in that the diagnosis of malignance was made using roentgenologic criteria and confirmed by biopsy and by autopsy. The most commun locations were of the extremities and extensive local recurrence and metastases are the characteristics. The purpose of this study is to analyse the usefulness the roentgenologic methods in the diagnosis of the malignant histiocytoma: conventional radiography, radionuclide scanning, computed tomography, sonography, xeroradiography, angiography. The differential diagnosis is reported. An algorithmic roentgenologic approach for the evaluation of the malignant fibrous histiocytoma is proposed.

Aged↗
PubMed1984

[Teaching roentgenology to students at a medical institute].

The system of teaching roentgenology at the I.M. Sechenov First Moscow Medical Institute is described. The authors point to several reasons for which some rearrangement of teaching roentgenology in medical institutes is required. This type of rearrangement seems possible at the expense of intensive and skilled teaching without adding extra lessons in the curricula. The authors provide various forms of the presentation of lectures describe organizational stages in the optimization of practical studies and consider in detail the system of teaching roentgenology with the help of special programs based on the principle of programmed teaching. They also outline the prospects of further studies in the pedagogical process and possible ways of its improvement.

Curriculum↗