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PubMed2000

Wrestling mats: are they a source of ringworm infections?

OBJECTIVE: To determine if the fungal molds (dermatophytes) responsible for causing ringworm could be isolated from a section of wrestling mat during the 1998-1999 season. DESIGN AND SETTING: A 2-part study was conducted. The first phase involved a culture evaluation of material taken from wrestling mats at 8 local high schools. The second phase was a bench laboratory study to determine if the fungus and molds could be grown from a wrestling mat in an optimal setting. SUBJECTS: We obtained material from areas of the practice mats of 8 high school wrestling teams at monthly intervals during the wrestling season. A 0.61-m (2-ft)x 0.31-m (1-ft) area of mat from 1 of the schools was used for the laboratory phase of the study. MEASUREMENTS: We cultured samples taken from each school's wrestling mats for growth of dermatophytes and used a questionnaire to determine the mat-washing habits and policies of each school. Also, wrestlers from the 8 schools were screened weekly by the designated team physician and certified athletic trainer. Any suspicious lesions were cultured for fungi. RESULTS: No dermatophytes were grown from the swab specimens taken at the 8 schools, and no dermatophytes were isolated from a section of mat evaluated in optimal laboratory conditions. CONCLUSIONS: It is unlikely that wrestling mats are a source of ringworm infections in wrestlers.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1988

[Survey of keratinophilic fungi from soils and mating behaviour of Microsporum canis from human ringworm cases in Hokkaido Prefecture in Japan].

From 383 (38.3%) of a total 1000 of soil samples, collected from Hokkaido prefecture, keratinophilic fungi have been isolated using hair baiting technique. The fungi isolated were as follows: 318 strains of Trichophyton ajelloi (including 90 strains of Arthroderma uncinatum), 59 of Microsporum cookei (including 13 of Nannizzia cajetani), 32 of Chrysosporium keratinophilum, 23 of C. tropicum, 15 of Chrysosporium anamorph of A. tuberculatum, 6 of T. terrestre (including 3 of A. insingulare and one of A. quadrifidum), 4 of Chrysosporium sp., 2 of M. canis (including one of N. otae), one of M. gypseum, and one of Ctenomyces serratus. This is the first isolation of N. otae from soil. Because of the successful isolation of N. otae (and its anamorph) from soil sample, (+) strain of M. canis was suggested to be popular in Hokkaido prefecture. The prevalence of (+) strain of M. canis was investigated using 279 isolates obtained from human ringworm cases. Among the 279 isolates, 257 were (-) mating type, 8 were (+) and 14 were nonreactive. Results of the present study indicate that the distribution of keratinophilic fungi from soils in Hokkaido prefecture is markedly different from that in the southern parts of Japan. The unexpected isolation of N. otae and its anamorph from soil samples as well as the significant population of N. otae(+) strain from human ringworms suggest the peculiar distribution pattern of N. otae (+) in Hokkaido prefecture.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

A study of skin diseases in dogs and cat. VII. Ringworm infection.

During 1973 through 1979 a total of 774 specimens from dogs and 227 specimens from cats were submitted for examination for ringworm infection. Ninety-six (12.4%) of the samples from dogs and 66 (29.1%) of the samples from cats were positive by culture (Tables I and II). Microsporum canis accounted for all infections in cats and for 95.8% of the infections in dogs. Four dogs (4.2%) were infected with Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Three fourths of the infections with M. canis were diagnosed during August through January (Fig. 1). Ringworm infections can be diagnosed by direct microscopy of hair and scrapings. Wood's lamp examination, skin biopsy, and culture. Of these, the latter method is the most reliable.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Effect of thiabendazole and tincture of iodine on cattle ringworm caused by Trichophyton verrucosum.

Clinical trials were carried out on 3 groups of 30 Friesian cattle naturally infected with Trichophyton verrucosum. One group was treated with 3.75% thiabendazole in glycerine, another with 5% tincture of iodine and the last served as the control group without any treatment. Both the preparations were applied locally on the ringworm lesions at 3 day intervals with a total of 4 applications. The percentage of animals cured was 86.7 by thiabendazole and 46.7 by tincture of iodine. No recrudescence was observed during the subsequent 4 months period.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Dermatophytes and other keratinophilic fungi causing ringworm of horses.

From 60 horses showing skin lesions, 42% were positive for fungal infection. Horses less than 2-year old were more susceptible to this infection. Fourteen species belonging to nine genera of keratinophilic and cycloheximide-resistant fungi were recovered from collected specimens. Trichophyton was the dominant genus of which T. equinum was the most common. This species proved to be the main causative agent of ringworm in horses. In addition to dermatophytes, many species of the isolated fungi were keratinophilic. The presence of such fungi on hairs and skin of horses may create an opportunity for them under special circumstances to become invasive to the skin or hair and thus cause primary or secondary infection of the animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Dermatophytes and other associated fungi isolated from ringworm lesions of camels.

Among 75 camels showing skin lesions, 48% were positive for fungal infection. The younger individuals were more susceptible to this infection. Sixteen species belonging to nine genera of keratinophilic and cycloheximide-resistant fungi were recovered from diseased camels. Trichophyton, Microsporum and Chrysosporium were the most common genera. T. verrucosum appeared to be the main cause of ringworm in small camels while T. mentagrophytes infected older ones. Camel skin presents a suitable habitat for the growth of some dermatophytes and other potentially pathogenic fungi.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

An inactivated vaccine against ringworm.

A new vaccine against ringworm, containing the inactivated Trichophyton verrucosum strain, was assessed on guinea pigs and calves under experimental conditions and on three herds of cattle under natural conditions. The vaccine elicited a distinct immune response of the cellular type. This type of immunity assessed by the migration inhibition test of leukocytes corresponded to the immunity evaluated by the challenge. In herds in which there were from 30 to 67% of naturally infected animals with T. verrucosum, two doses of the vaccine resulted in after 4 weeks a decrease of the number of animals with clinical changes from 40.5 to 100% depending on the group of animals under study.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

Molecular confirmation of a Trichophyton violaceum isolate from human black-dot ringworm.

A clinical isolate from a black-dot ringworm lesion of a 28-year-old female Japanese was investigated by morphological and biochemical analyses as well as molecular analyses. The isolate grew well on thiamine enriched agar and did not produce violet pigment, macro-conidia or micro-conidia on Sabouraud's dextrose agar. Approximately 620-bp genomic DNA fragments of the CHS1 gene were amplified from Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, T. tonsurans and T. violaceum by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced. The chitin synthase 1 (CHS1) nucleotide sequences of the clinical isolate showed more than 97% similarity to that of T. violaceum and less than 96% similarity to that of T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum and T. tonsurans. The phylogenetic analysis of their sequences revealed that the clinical isolate was genetically close to T. violaceum and distinct from T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum and T. tonsurans. Therefore, the isolate was confirmed as T. violaceum by mycological examination and molecular analyses.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Case report. First report on human ringworm caused by Arthroderma benhamiae in Japan transmitted from a rabbit.

Two human cases of tinea corporis due to Arthroderma benhamiae (teleomorph of Trichophyton mentagrophytes) were described. They acquired the infection from their cross-bred rabbit. The three clinical isolates from a human couple and a pet rabbit had been identified as A. benhamiae by chitin synthase 1 (CHS1) gene analysis as well as by mating experiments. There was no previous isolate of A. benhamiae from humans in Japan, although we had reported the first isolate of A. benhamiae from a rabbit in 1998. Therefore, this is the first report on human ringworm cases caused by A. benhamiae in Japan. It is anticipated that the human and animal cases of A. benhamiae infection could rise in number.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Animal ringworm in upper Egypt.

One thousand nine hundred and twenty animals (cattle, buffalo and sheep) and 60 humans suspected of ringworm were investigated in Egypt. Clinical and mycological aspects of the disease are described. Trichophyton verrucosum was the commonest dermatophyter on all species examined. Only T. mentagrophytes was isolated once from soil in the region of the clinical cases.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Nosocomial ringworm in a neonatal intensive care unit: a nurse and her cat.

An outbreak of nosocomial ringworm involved five infants in a neonatal intensive care unit. The index case was a nurse infected with Microsporum canis by her cat. After standard infection control measures were initiated, the outbreak was resolved successfully by an interdisciplinary professional collaboration of physician and veterinary dermatologists and infection control personnel.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Ringworm infection among agricultural workers.

This paper describes a study of the occurrence of T. mentagrophytes var. gran (ringworm) infection in small mammals living in nature and the possibility of the transmission of the aetiological agent from the natural focus of infection to man. The epizootological importance of small mammals is considered from the point of view of their ecological valency, an essential factor in the process of inter-species spread of infection. The concentration of small mammals during winter months in the proximity of human dwellings is due to their search for food and shelter. The barns--the main work place of agricultural workers in winter--were found to contain the highest concentration of small mammals, of the most diverse species and biotopes. They are considered to be the main link in the process of transmission of T. mentagrophytes infection from natural foci to man.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗
PubMed1988

Mortality after radiotherapy for ringworm of the scalp.

The mortality experience of 10,834 children treated with x-rays for ringworm of the scalp between 1948 and 1960, 10,834 matched comparison subjects, and 5,392 siblings was evaluated over an average follow-up period of 26 years. Mortality was ascertained by linking unique personal identification numbers of study subjects with the national death registry. Radiotherapy in childhood was associated with an increased risk of death due to tumors of the head and neck (relative risk (RR) = 3) and leukemia (RR = 2.3). No other causes of death were significantly elevated after irradiation. The excess of brain tumors (average intracranial dose = 150 rads) confirms that the central nervous system of the child is sensitive to the induction of cancers by radiation. The bone marrow dose averaged over the entire body was approximately 30 rad, and the estimated risk coefficient of 0.9 excess leukemias per million per year per rad is consistent with other studies of whole-body exposure. A significant excess of bone and soft tissue sarcomas (RR = 9) was also observed. The pattern of cancer risk over time was bimodal; an early peak due to excess leukemias occurred within a few years of exposure, whereas excesses of solid tumors were most apparent after about 15 years. Despite the excess of cancers among exposed persons, over 50% of the deaths in the entire study population were from external events, mainly accidents or events related to military service. An estimate of the total impact of radiogenic cancer after childhood irradiation will require additional years of observation since the population irradiated is just now entering the age ranges normally associated with high cancer risk.

Brain Neoplasms↗
PubMed2003

Tumors and other diseases following childhood x-ray treatment for ringworm of the scalp (Tinea capitis).

The objective of the study is to characterize the risk of tumors from radiation exposure to the head and neck. A cohort of 2,224 children given x-ray treatment and 1,380 given only topical medications for ringworm of the scalp (tinea capitis) during 1940-1959 have been followed up for a median of 39 y to determine tumor incidence. Follow-ups were by mail/telephone questionnaire, with 84-88% of the original cohort followed and with medical verification of diseases of interest. Sixteen intracranial tumors [7 brain cancers, 4 meningiomas, and 5 acoustic neuromas (vestibular schwannomas)] occurred in the x-irradiated group following an average brain dose of about 1.4 Gy, compared to 1 acoustic neuroma in the control group. The standardized incidence ratio (SIR) for brain cancer was 3.0 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.3, 5.9]. Even though the dose to the thyroid gland was only about 60 mGy, 2 thyroid cancers were found in the irradiated group vs. none among controls, and 11 vs. 1 thyroid adenomas were found in the respective groups. Following an average dose of about 4 Gy to cranial marrow, 8 cases of leukemia (SIR = 3.2, CI: 1.5, 6.1) were observed in the irradiated group and 1 in the control group. There was also a suggestive excess of blood dyscrasias. There was no difference between the groups in the frequency of other cancers of the head and neck (excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) or in total mortality.

Brain Neoplasms↗
PubMed1983

Ringworm resulting from swimming with a polyurethane cast.

A case of ringworm of the arm is described in a 6-year-old child, after swimming with a polyurethane cast. This report illustrates a potential problem when these casts are inadequately dried and worn for prolonged periods in warm climates. Accurate diagnosis depends on demonstration of fungus in the lesion by smear and culture. Topical antifungal therapy led to rapid resolution.

Casts, Surgical↗