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PubMed1995

Are rape memories different? A comparison of rape, other unpleasant, and pleasant memories among employed women.

The study examined empirically-measured memory characteristics, compared pleasant and unpleasant intense memories as well as rape and other unpleasant memories, and determined whether rape memories exhibited significantly more "flashbulb" characteristics. Data consisted of responses to a mailed survey of women employees of a medical center (N = 1,037) and a university (N = 2,142). Pleasant and unpleasant memories were differentiated by feelings, consequences, and level of unexpectedness. The most powerful discriminator of rape from other unpleasant memories was the degree to which they were less clear and vivid, contained a less meaningful order, were less well-remembered, and were less thought and talked about. Few "flashbulb" characteristics discriminated among memory types. Implications for clinical work with rape survivors were discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Long-term psychological effects of rape in 35 rape victims.

Thirty-five rape victims who had been assaulted from 2 to 46 years earlier were interviewed to determine the long-term effects of sexual assault. Victims were compared to 110 nonabused matched control subjects on their scores on the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the modified Fear Survey Interview. An analysis was also conducted to determine which of the factors characterizing the rape situation had an influence on the victims' scores. Rape victims were found to be significantly more depressed, generally anxious, and fearful than control subjects. Only one rape situation variable, the survivor having been a prior victim of sexual assault, was found to be related to a higher degree of depression and anxiety.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2002

Avoiding rape: the effects of protective actions and situational factors on rape outcome.

While protective actions are consistently found to be important in rape avoidance, research is less clear on what forms of protective action are most effective. There is also little research on whether the effectiveness of particular protective actions varies depending upon the context of the assault. This study employs multivariate logistic regression to examine the situational effectiveness of physical, forceful verbal, and non-forceful verbal protective strategies using data from the National Crime Victimization Survey. It is predicted that failure to use physical and forceful verbal strategies will result in increased risk of rape as situational danger increases, while non-forceful verbal resistance will become less effective in more dangerous situations. Contrary to predictions, results indicate that the effectiveness of protective actions does not vary across most situations. Instead, among women who perform self-protective actions physical resistance is generally predictive of rape avoidance, forceful verbal resistance is ineffective, and non-forceful verbal resistance is predictive of rape completion.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Perceptions of stranger and acquaintance rape: the role of benevolent and hostile sexism in victim blame and rape proclivity.

In Studies 1 and 2, after reading an acquaintance-rape but not a stranger-rape scenario, higher benevolent sexist but not hostile sexist participants blamed the victim significantly more. In Study 2, higher hostile sexist but not benevolent sexist male participants showed significantly greater proclivity to commit acquaintance (but not stranger) rape. Studies 3 and 4 supported the hypothesis that the effects of benevolent sexism and hostile sexism are mediated by different perceptions of the victim, as behaving inappropriately and as really wanting sex with the rapist. These findings show that benevolent sexism and hostile sexism underpin different assumptions about women that generate sexist reactions toward rape victims.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Research note: parallel reactions in rape victims and rape researchers.

In a recent study, several nurse researchers assisted in a case record review on 1,215 rape crisis center records to determine demographic predicators of sexual abuse. Despite the relatively impersonal nature of the method used in collection of data, researchers experienced highly subjective responses to the often sketchy case records both during and after the study. Some of the reactions reported by data collectors included: anger, dreams, fear of physical injury, and sleep disorders. These responses closely parallel those reported in the literature on rape victims. This research note (1) describes the reactions of the five different data collectors, (2) compares these reactions to those reported for rape victims, (3) suggests some implications for those engaged in research on potentially distressing topics, and (4) offers suggestions on how to best prepare data collectors and others for research in emotionally charged areas.

Crisis Intervention↗
PubMed1989

[Forensic examination in cases of rape and attempted rape reported to the police. A study of a new procedure used in the municipality of Copenhagen].

Increasing recognition of the late psychological sequelae of rape has resulted in alteration in the practice of medico-legal investigation in the Municipality of Copenhagen with the offer of psychological treatment free of charge. During a period of two years, 100 women were examined and 20% of these accepted psychological treatment. The percentage of women seeking psychological treatment was greatest among those who were examined in the new premises attached to the psychiatric clinic of the University Hospital. These premises satisfy a number of needs but are not optimal. A recent committee publication proposes a special clinic for victims of sexual assaults not only the women who have reported the case to the police but also those who have not reported it. A department such as this must be considered to be the optimal solution for solution of the requirements of victims of rape. The 20 women who received psychological treatment presented psychological symptoms of the same type and degree as described in other investigations, and these symptoms were not found to have any definite relation to the nature of the rape, its violence or defensive actions made by the women. As compared with the frequency of psychological sequelae described in the literature, only few women sought psychological aid. The explanation of this may be problems in organization at the commencement of the new arrangement.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Nucleotide sequence of Chinese rape mosaic virus (oilseed rape mosaic virus), a crucifer tobamovirus infectious on Arabidopsis thaliana.

The complete nucleotide sequence of Chinese rape mosaic virus has been determined. The virus is a member of the tobamovirus genus of plant virus and is able to infect Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh systemically. The analysis of the sequence shows a gene array that seems to be characteristic of crucifer tobamoviruses and which is slightly different from the one most frequently found in tobamoviruses. Based on gene organization and on comparisons of sequence homologies between members of the tobamoviruses, a clustering of crucifer tobamoviruses is proposed that groups the presently known crucifer tobamovirus into two viruses with two strains each. A name change of Chinese rape mosaic virus to oilseed rape mosaic virus is proposed.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed1983

Rape and rape-murder: one offender and twelve victims.

This study analyzes data pertaining to 12 rapes and rape-murders committed by one male adolescent offender over a 4-year period. All offenses except the first were committed while the offender was under psychiatric and probationary supervision. The use or relinquishment of violence by the offender was found to be dependent on subtle interpersonal factors. The authors stress the importance of the use of crime scene data and interviews of patients who have committed sex crimes, the role of psychological profiles in apprehension of suspects, and the contribution of law enforcement as a data resource.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Rape survivors' experiences with the legal and medical systems: do rape victim advocates make a difference?

This study used a naturalistic quasi-experimental design to examine whether rape survivors who had the assistance of rape victim advocates had more positive experiences with the legal and medical systems compared to those who did not work with advocates. Eighty-one survivors were interviewed in two urban hospitals about what services they received from legal and medical system personnel and how they were treated during these interactions. Survivors who had the assistance of an advocate were significantly more likely to have police reports taken and were less likely to be treated negatively by police officers. These women also reported less distress after their contact with the legal system. Similarly, survivors who worked with an advocate during their emergency department care received more medical services, including emergency contraception and sexually transmitted disease prophylaxis, reported significantly fewer negative interpersonal interactions with medical system personnel, and reported less distress from their medical contact experiences.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Rape death and resurrection: male reaction after disclosure of the secret of being a rape victim.

Males are also rape victims. The scant information we have on this phenomenon can be explained by its rarity or by the reluctance of male victims to disclose their past victimization. In this study, 23.8% of 235 prisoners that were interviewed disclosed their past sexual abuse. Eleven suffered an acute reaction (for example, attempted suicide). 77.7% of the prisoners who did not have an acute reaction after this disclosure were sex offenders. Sexual abuse has a special meaning for the male victim. Their gender identity and gender image are tarnished by the use which another male had with their body. It seems that sex offenders come to terms with this fact by acting out or by proving their sexual virility in a strange and cruel way. This article describes male prisoners' reactions after their disclosure of having been a rape victim, and suggests a tentative explanation, based on theory and therapeutic experience.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

The epidemiology of female rape victims who seek immediate medical care: temporal trends in the incidence of sexual assault and acquaintance rape.

Women who seek medical care following sexual assault are usually evaluated and treated in an emergency department (ED). Therefore, EDs can be an important source of sexual assault surveillance data. The authors compared the incidence of sexual assault presenting for emergency care in a single county during July to November of 1974 and 1991. Participants included all female sexual assault victims aged 14 and older who presented for ED evaluation. Treating physicians prospectively collected data using standardized forms. The z statistic was used to compare sexual assault incidence. There was a 60% increase in the incidence of sexual assault victims presenting for emergency care in 1991 compared to 1974, primarily due to an increase in the incidence of women presenting to the ED after rapes by known assailants. In contrast, the annual incidence of reported stranger assaults was similar in the two study years.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Medical and legal aspects of rape. Referrals to a team for care of rape victims at the regional hospital in Trondheim during the period 1989-1992].

Since 1989 a special team of nurses and gynaecologist have taken care of rape victims at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital of Trondheim. Information on cases during the period 1989-92 was recorded retrospectively in a preformulated system. During this period, 141 persons were examined. In 23% of the cases the victim did not want to press charges. Most of the victims were young, 38% were below 20 years of age. A considerable proportion (40%) reported alcohol intake. 78% of the sexual assaults involved penile-vaginal contact. Severe physical violence, more severe assaults than physical restraint, were reported by 24%. Signs of non-genital injuries were documented in 35% of all the victims. 13% showed genital injury. Presence of sperm was documented in 16% of all the examinations. In 67 of the cases there was an identified assailant and a victim who had pressed charges. The conviction rate was 48%. Characteristics of the assault and findings at the examination were related to judicial outcome. Reporting of severe violence (OR (odds ratio) = 5.3), documented genital injuries (OR = 6.5) and the presence of sperms (OR = 5.6) were associated with conviction. These associations were statistically significant. Reported alcohol intake by the victim was negatively associated with conviction (OR = 0.3). Adjusted for lapse of time between the event and the examination and the victim's age, the only factor that still showed a statistically significant association with conviction was the report of severe violence.

Adolescent↗