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PubMed2001

[Development of theme in radiochemistry].

The disintegration rates of 222Rn and its daughters in natural water were determined successfully by the use of the integral counting method with a liquid scintillation spectrometer. A significant advantage of this method is its freedom from the quenching effect. Moreover, when plural alpha-, and beta-emitters are present, their total amounts can be determined. The simple extrapolation of integral counting curve to zero pulse-height, however, do not give the true disintegration rate for the soft beta-emitters (Emax < 200 keV), because the liquid scintillator (LS) has a relatively high detection threshold. Therefore, the zero detection threshold of the liquid scintillation spectrometer was determined by measuring standard 3H samples, and a modified integral counting method which extrapolates the integral counting curve to the zero detection threshold was proposed. The method has been successfully applied to various beta-emitters, 222Rn samples, and coloured samples of beta-emitters, giving more accurate absolute disintegration rate than the conventional integral counting method and the efficiency tracing method. In the course of the study determining 222Rn by liquid scintillation counting, we observed unexpected phenomena; the air luminescence from gaseous space above LS, and the temperature dependence of pulse-height spectra. As for the former phenomenon, we proposed a method for correcting errors due to air luminescence, a method for determining alpha-emitters by the air luminescence, and a rapid calibration method for 222Rn detectors. As for the latter phenomenon, we observed that the pulse-height spectra for alpha, and beta-emitters in LS are shifted toward higher pulse-height with decreasing temperature. We found that the fluorescence intensities of the solvent of LS (toluene) is promoted at lower temperatures, and that not only toluene, but also the fluorescence intensity of a number of aromatic hydrocarbons and aliphatic hydrocarbons show the same effect as toluene. Other unexpected results are existence of metals in number of enzymes, and discrepancies between the experimental value for Kurie plot of allowed beta-emitters and the value which would be expected according to Fermi's theory, the results of which would affect the transmission probability of potential barrier for alpha-particles.

Fluorescence↗
PubMed1996

[Radiochemistry].

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History, 20th Century↗
PubMed2003

Development of dose-based release limits for unrestricted release of a radiochemistry laboratory.

Current regulations for unrestricted release are based on annual dose equivalent. Unless one desires to use very conservative "screening levels," dose modeling must be accomplished to derive an areal or volumetric limit or concentration value for release purposes. Such derived limits are referred to as "Derived Concentration Guideline Levels" (DCGL). This paper describes the process employed to derive DCGLs for building surfaces contaminated with uranium and its decay progeny based on annual dose equivalent and the innovative means employed during the derivation.

Decontamination↗
PubMed2005

Radiolabelled leukocytes for imaging inflammation: how radiochemistry affects clinical use.

Indium-111((111)In)-labelled leukocytes were introduced for imaging inflammation about 25 years ago. A few years later methods to label leukocytes with Technetium-99m ((99m)Tc) were developed, but the two radiolabels cannot be used interchangeably. The amount of radioactivity which can be administered with (111)In is low, because of its 67-h half-life and associated radiation dose. This results in low count density in images. However, (111)In labelling is very stable, with binding to intracellular macromolecules and particulates, and there is minimal urinary or faecal excretion. In contrast, (99m)Tc has a half-life of 6 h and can be administered in higher doses, resulting in improved image quality. However, (99m)Tc labelling is less stable because the trapped form is soluble and there is excretion of (99m)Tc through both the kidneys and intestine, which limits imaging of disease in the abdomen except at early times. There is interest in extending inflammation imaging to PET. Although leukocytes can be labelled with (18)F-FDG, its half-life and stability are not optimal and radiometals such as Copper-64 are being evaluated. Despite the laborious nature of leukocyte labelling, it has yet to be replaced by direct injection agents.

Animals↗