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At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Non-isotopic immunoassay drug tests in racing horses: a review of their application to pre- and post-race testing, drug quantitation, and human drug testing.

We have introduced large scale non-isotopic immunoassay testing into pre- and post-race drug testing in racehorses. The technologies utilized are Particle Concentration Fluorescence Immuno Assay (PCFIA) and the one-step Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA). These technologies are rapid, inexpensive, and highly effective. On introduction into post-race testing in the Western United States, these ELISA tests exposed several previously undetected patterns of drug abuse. The drugs detected were buprenorphine, oxymorphone, mazindol, sufentanil and cocaine. This led to the suspension of a large number of trainers and exposed the high false negative rate of thin layer chromatography (TLC) based testing. More recently, we have introduced both PCFIA and ELISA assays into pre- and post-race testing in Illinois. Within days, our pre-race PCFIA tests detected signs of acepromazine abuse. Directed searches of post-race urines from these horses showed evidence for acepromazine metabolites in the urine of these horses. Examination of frozen samples from associated horses yielded about 70 ELISA "positives" for acepromazine. To date, about 25 of these ELISA "positives" have been confirmed by mass spectrometry. We have also raised antibodies to phenylbutazone and furosemide to enable rapid and inexpensive quantitation of these permitted medications. Furosemide is a particular problem since its use requires a pre-race detention barn. For furosemide, we have developed a regulatory schedule based on our immunoassay test that allows elimination of the detention barn. For phenylbutazone, we have developed a similar immunoassay that allows rapid and inexpensive quantitation of this drug in blood. To enable racing authorities to test jockeys and other racetrack personnel, we have adapted PCFIA technology to human drug testing, and a full range of very sensitive tests for human drugs of abuse is available. These immunoassays are sufficiently sensitive to control abuse of the most potent drugs available to horsemen. In principle, an immunoassay can be raised to any drug within about six months, and made available worldwide at competitive rates. It appears clear that these non-isotopic immunoassays provide racing with the only technological basis that is sufficiently sensitive to detect the most potent abused drugs pre- and post-race, and has the flexibility to be readily adaptable to different drugs. Because of the high false negative rate generated by TLC, credible pre- and post-race testing programs cannot be based on TLC alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Acepromazine↗
PubMed2003

An encoding advantage for own-race versus other-race faces.

Studies have shown that individuals are better able to recognise the faces of people from their own race than the faces of people from other races. Although the so-called own-race effect has been generally regarded as an advantage in recognition memory, differences in the processing of the own-race versus other-race faces might also be found at the earlier stages of perceptual encoding. In this study, the perceptual basis of the own-race effect was investigated by generating a continuum of images by morphing an East Asian parent face with a Caucasian parent face. In a same/different discrimination task, East Asian and Caucasian participants judged whether the morph faces were physically identical to, or different from, their parent faces. The results revealed a significant race-of-participant by race-of-face interaction such that East Asian participants were better able to discriminate East Asian faces, whereas Caucasian participants were better able to discriminate Caucasian faces. These results indicate that an own-race advantage occurs at the encoding stage of face processing.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Non-reporting and inconsistent reporting of race and ethnicity in articles that claim associations among genotype, outcome, and race or ethnicity.

BACKGROUND: The use of race as a category in medical research is the focus of an intense debate, complicated by the inconsistency of presumed independent variables, race and ethnicity, on which analysis depends. Interpretation is made difficult by inconsistent methods for determining the race or ethnicity of a participant. The failure to specify how race or ethnicity was determined is common in the published literature. HYPOTHESIS: Criteria by which they assign a research participant to racial or ethnic categories are not reported by published articles. METHODS: Methods were reviewed for assigning race and ethnicity of research participants in 268 published reports reporting associations among race (or ethnicity), health outcome and genotype. RESULTS: Of the 268 published reports reviewed, it was found that 192 (72%) did not explain their methods for assigning race or ethnicity as an independent variable. This was despite the fact that 180 (67%) of those reports reached conclusions about associations among genetics, health outcome and race or ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS: More attention needs to be given to the definition of race and ethnicity in genetic studies, especially in those diseases where health disparities are known to exist.

Bias↗
PubMed2002

Reliability of race assessment based on the race of the ascendants: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Race is commonly described in epidemiological surveys based on phenotypic characteristics. Training of interviewers to identify race is time-consuming and self identification of race might be difficult to interpret. The aim of this study was to determine the agreement between race definition based on the number of ascendants with black skin colour, with the self-assessment and observer's assessment of the skin colour. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study of 50 women aged 14 years or older, from an outpatient clinic of an University affiliated hospital, race was assessed through observation and the self-assignment of the colour of skin and by the number of black ascendants including parents and grandparents. Reliability was measured through Kappa coefficient. RESULTS: Agreement beyond chance between self-assigned and observed skin colour was excellent for white (0.75 95% CI 0.72-0.78) and black women (0.89 95% CI 0.71-0.79), but only good for participants with mixed colour (0.61 95% CI 0.58-0.64), resulting in a global kappa of 0.75 (95% CI 0.71-0.79). However, only a good agreement for mixed women was obtained. The presence of 3 or more black ascendants was highly associated with observed and self-assessed black skin colour. Most women self-assigned or observed as white had no black ascendants. CONCLUSIONS: The assessment of race based on the race of ascendants showed reasonable agreement with the ascertainment done by trained interviewers and with the self-report of race. This method may be considered for evaluation of race in epidemiological surveys, since it is less time-consuming than the evaluation by interviewers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Whip use and race progress are associated with horse falls in hurdle and steeplechase racing in the UK.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Falls during racing present a risk of injury to both horse and jockey and a risk of fatality to horses. OBJECTIVES: To use video recordings of races to describe the circumstances surrounding horse falls at hurdle and steeplechase fences and to identify and quantify within-race risk factors for horse falls in National Hunt racing in the UK. METHODS: A retrospective, matched, nested case-control study using video recordings of races was conducted on 6 UK racecourses. Cases and controls were matched on both race type and jump number at which the fall occurred. Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to examine the univariable and multivariable relationship between predictor variables and the risk of falling. RESULTS: The risk of falling was significantly associated with whip use and race progress. Horses which were being whipped and progressing through the race were at greater than 7 times the risk of falling compared to horses which were not being whipped and which had no change in position or lost position through the field. CONCLUSIONS: This study has identified whip use and the position of the horse with respect to others in the field as potential risk factors for horse falls. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: If these findings are confirmed by the use of intervention trials (e.g. with whip-free or restricted whip use races), modifications could be introduced which would reduce the frequency of horse falls, leading to improved equine welfare.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed1997

Racing-related factors and results of prerace physical inspection and their association with musculoskeletal injuries incurred in thoroughbreds during races.

OBJECTIVE: To describe and compare data from Thoroughbreds that sustained musculoskeletal injuries while racing with data from matched control horses. DESIGN: Matched case-control study. ANIMALS: 216 Thoroughbreds that sustained a musculoskeletal injury while racing and 532 horses from the same races that were not injured. PROCEDURE: Data regarding racing history, race-entrant characteristics, racing events determined by analysis of videotapes of races, and results of prerace physical inspections were determined for all horses. Injured horses were compared with control horses by using conditional logistic regression. RESULTS: Results of prerace inspection by regulatory veterinarians were significantly associated with injury. Odds of musculoskeletal injury, injury of the suspensory apparatus of the forelimb, and injury of the tendon of the superficial digital flexor muscle of the forelimb were 5.5 to 13.5 times greater among horses assessed to be at increased risk of injury by regulatory veterinarians on the basis of results of prerace inspection than for horses not considered to be at increased risk of injury. Odds of an abnormal finding in the suspensory ligament during prerace inspection were 3.4 times greater among horses that injured the suspensory apparatus than among control horses, and odds of an abnormal finding in the tendon of the superficial digital flexor muscle during prerace inspection were 15 times greater among horses that injured the tendon than among control horses. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Regulatory veterinarians can identify horses during prerace physical inspection that have an increased risk of injury during races. Prerace physical inspections could be used to reduce the risk of injury to Thoroughbreds during races.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of using "race of child" instead of "race of mother" on the black-white gap in infant mortality due to birth defects.

OBJECTIVE: For at least 20 years, birth defects have been the leading cause of infant mortality in the United States. Some studies have reported higher rates for black infants than white infants of mortality due to birth defects, while other studies have reported no black-white differences. The authors analyzed the effect on these rates of a change in the way the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) tabulates "race" for newborns. METHODS: The authors calculated infant mortality rates due to birth defects for 1980-1993 using two standard methods of assigning newborns to "racial" categories: a "race of child" algorithm and the "race of mother" approach currently used by NCHS. RESULTS: From 1980 through 1993, birth defect-specific infant mortality rates (BD-IMRs) were significantly higher for black infants than white infants 12 of the 14 years by "race of mother" and only 5 of 14 years by "race of child." Calculation of BD-IMRs by "race of mother" reduced the rate for white infants and increased the rate for black infants in each of the 14 years. The choice of method for assigning newborns to "racial" categories had a progressively greater effect over time on the black-white gap in BD-IMRs. CONCLUSIONS: Calculations of trends in "race"-specific BD-IMRs by may vary substantially by whether "race of mother" or "race of child" is used. Identifying the method of tabulation is imperative for appropriate comparisons and interpretations.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Analysis of horse race videos to identify intra-race risk factors for fatal distal limb fracture.

The objective of this study was to identify risk factors, during racing, associated with imminent fatal distal limb fracture in Thoroughbreds. One hundred and nine cases of fatal distal limb fracture were identified from all 59 UK racecourses over a 2-year period (February 1999-January 2001). Three uninjured control horses were randomly selected from the same race as the case horse. Videos of races in which fractures occurred were viewed using a defined protocol. Fractures in flat races occurred at any time during the race, whereas 74% (45/61) of cases in national hunt type races occurred in the second half of races. More than 75% (79/103) of cases were spontaneous, i.e. there was no obvious external influence such as a fall at a fence or collision with another horse. Sixty-six percent (44/67) of horses, sustaining a forelimb fracture, fractured the forelimb they were using as lead leg at the time of fracture. When case and control horses were compared, horses that were: (a) making good progress through the race, (b) reluctant to start and (c) received encouragement in the final 10s before the time of fracture, were more likely to sustain a fracture.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Recognition of own-race and other-race caricatures: implications for models of face recognition.

Valentine's (Valentine T. Q J Exp Psychol 1991;43A:161-204) face recognition framework supports both a norm-based coding (NBC) and an exemplar-only, absolute coding, model (ABC). According to NBC; (1) faces are represented in terms of deviations from a prototype or norm; (2) caricatures are effective because they exaggerate this norm deviation information; and (3) other-race faces are coded relative to the (only available) own-race norm. Therefore NBC predicts that, for European subjects, caricatures of Chinese faces made by distorting differences from the European norm would be more effective than caricatures made relative to the Chinese norm. According to ABC; (1) faces are encoded as absolute values on a set of shared dimensions with the norm playing no role in recognition; (2) caricatures are effective because they minimise exemplar density and (3) the dimensions of face-space are inappropriate for other-race faces leaving them relatively densely clustered. ABC predicts that all faces would be recognised more accurately when caricatured against their own-race norm. We tested European subjects' identification of European and Chinese faces, caricatured against both race norms. The ABC model's prediction was supported. European faces were also rated as more distinctive and recognised more easily than Chinese faces. However, the own-race recognition bias held even when the races were equated for distinctiveness which suggests that the ABC model may not provide a complete account of race effects in recognition.

Facies↗
PubMed1998

Variability in energy cost and walking gait during race walking in competitive race walkers.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to examine the variability of energy cost (Cw) and race walking gait after a 3-h walk at the competition pace in race walkers of the same performance level. METHODS: Nine competitive race walkers were studied. In the same week, after a first test of VO2max determination, each subject completed two submaximal treadmill walks (6 min length, 0% grade, 12 km X h(-1) speed) before and after a 3-h overground test completed at the individual competition speed of the race walker. During the two submaximal tests, subjects were filmed between the 2nd and the 4th min, and physiological parameters were recorded between the 4th and the 6th min. RESULTS: Results showed two trends. On the one hand, we observed a significant and systematic increase in energy cost of walking (mean deltaCw = 8.4%), whereas no variation in the gait kinematics prescribed by the rules of race walking was recorded. On the other hand, this increase in metabolic energy demand was accompanied by variations of different magnitude and direction of stride length, of the excursion of the heel and of the maximal ankle flexion at toe-off among the race walkers. CONCLUSION: These results indicated that competitive race walkers are able to maintain their walking gait with exercise duration apart from a systematic increase in energy cost. Moreover, in this form of locomotion the effect of fatigue on the gait variability seems to be an individual function of the race walk constraints and the constraints of the performer.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Development of race profiles for the performance of a simulated 2000-m rowing race.

The purpose of this study was to determine the race profile for a 2000-m simulated rowing race as well as the effect of training and gender on the race profile. Nineteen men and 19 women undertook a 2000-m simulated rowing race before and after 10 weeks of a typical off-season training program for rowing. Velocity was calculated every 200 m and the deviation in velocities from the mean race velocity (MRV) was plotted every 200 m to produce race profiles for each gender before and after training. The three fastest male rowers varied approximately 0.02 m.s from the MRV after training and displayed a constant-pace model. The fastest female rowers displayed an all-out strategy after training, producing large deviations from MRV. Average squared deviations from the mean (SDM) determined that all groups except the fastest females had a reduction in MRV deviation after training. These results suggest that the optimal race profile for a simulated 2000-m rowing race may be different between genders. Training reduces SDM and influences both male and female pacing patterns such that both exhibit a pacing strategy that is more similar to that of elite athletes in other events of similar and shorter duration.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Why we should continue to study race...but do a better job: an essay on race, racism and health.

For at least a century, American medical and public health researchers have used race as a marker for biology, and have documented race-associated differences in health and illness behavior. The research has often been inappropriate and has led to abuses and erroneous conclusions about the role played by race in the production of disparities in health status. Consequently, some researchers have begun to advocate the abolition of medical and public health research using race. In this essay, I argue that, although the arguments against continuing to study race have some merit, more rather than fewer studies of race are needed. Researchers should be more careful in the use of race and more conscious of the limitations of the race concept.

Culture↗
PubMed2005

Fractures sustained by racehorses in Japan during flat racing with special reference to track condition and racing time.

The purpose of this report is to describe the results of epidemiological surveys of racing-related fractures in Thoroughbred horses in Japan. In the period 1987-2000, a total of 10,203 fractures were diagnosed in 556,705 runners, resulting in an overall incidence of 1.83%. The annual incidence of fractures in flat racing during the 14-year period fluctuated between 1.44% and 2.19%. The majority of fractures affected the forelimbs. We found significant effects of track condition on injury incidence. The incidence of fractures decreased as track conditions on turf became softer and increased as track conditions on dirt became muddier. Because of the general trend for the incidence of fractures to vary with track condition, we examined the relationship between track conditions and racing times for winning horses in 4117 races and for 50,564 overall runners for the period 1990-1994 on two tracks. For turf courses, racing times became longer as track conditions became softer. In contrast, for dirt courses, racing time tended to become shorter in muddier conditions. The variation in the incidence of fracture with track condition might be due to the corresponding difference in racing time.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Individual differences in race schematicity as predictors of African American and white children's race-relevant memories and peer preferences.

Race schematicity, memories for racially stereotyped portrayals, and race-based peer preferences of 70 young children (32 African American, 38 White) were assessed. Consistent with schema-based models of stereotyping, race schematicity was positively and significantly associated with memory distortions of racial stereotype-inconsistent drawings into stereotype-consistent ones. Conversely, race schematicity was negatively and significantly associated with accurate memories for racial stereotype-inconsistent content, and with memory distortions of racial stereotype-consistent portrayals into stereotype-inconsistent ones. As predicted, race schematicity was positively and significantly associated with same-race peer preference bias, as was children's age in months. Results support application of the schematicity construct and relevant social psychological research with adults to the study of young African American and White children's racial stereotyping and processing of race-relevant information.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2004

Talking about race using critical race theory: recent trends in the Journal of Marital and Family Therapy.

This study uses critical race theory as an interpretive lens to critique recent race related articles in the Journal of Marital and Family Therapy (JMFT). Our primary goal is to contribute to and inspire dialogue about the perspectives marriage and family therapists (MFTs) are taking in relationship to race. We situate our exploration within the broader context of continuing professional education. We describe the main themes of critical race theory and use them as the conceptual framework. Analyzing 127 articles, we found that only topics related to couples and divorce occurred more frequently than race and social justice. Within the articles on race, evidence suggests that issues of race and racism are emerging as key informants of MFT practice. We point to areas for consideration in future MFT research and practice.

Cultural Diversity↗
PubMed2001

Effects of racing and training on serum thyroid hormone concentrations in racing Greyhounds.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of racing and training on serum thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations in Greyhounds. ANIMALS: 9 adult racing Greyhounds. PROCEDURE: Serum thyroid hormone concentrations were measured before and 5 minutes after a race in dogs trained to race 500 m twice weekly for 6 months. Resting concentrations were measured again when these dogs had been neutered and had not raced for 3 months. Postrace concentrations were adjusted relative to albumin concentration to allow for effects of hemoconcentration. Thyroid hormone concentrations were then compared with those of clinically normal dogs of non-Greyhound breeds. RESULTS: When adjusted for hemoconcentration, total T4 concentrations increased significantly after racing and TSH concentrations decreased; however, there was no evidence of a change in free T4 or total or free T3 concentrations. Resting total T4 concentrations increased significantly when dogs had been neutered and were not in training. There was no evidence that training and neutering affected resting TSH, total or free T3, or free T4 concentrations. Resting concentrations of T3, TSH, and autoantibodies against T4, T3, and thyroglobulin were similar to those found in other breeds; however, resting free and total T4 concentrations were lower than those found in other breeds. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Except for total T4, thyroid hormone concentrations in Greyhounds are affected little by sprint racing and training. Greyhounds with low resting total and free T4 concentrations may not be hypothyroid.

Animals↗
PubMed2007

Race-based judgments, race-neutral justifications: experimental examination of peremptory use and the Batson challenge procedure.

Practically speaking, the peremptory challenge remained an inviolate jury selection tool in the United States until the Supreme Court's decision in Batson v. Kentucky. 476 U.S. 79 (1986). Batson's prohibition against race-based peremptories was based on two assumptions: (1) a prospective juror's race can bias jury selection judgments; (2) requiring attorneys to justify suspicious peremptories enables judges to determine whether a challenge is, indeed, race-neutral. The present investigation examines these assumptions through an experimental design using three participant populations: college students, advanced law students, and practicing attorneys. Results demonstrate that race does influence peremptory use, but these judgments are typically justified in race-neutral terms that effectively mask the biasing effects of race. The psychological processes underlying these tendencies are discussed, as are practical implications for the legal system.

Adult↗