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PubMed2026

(Re)imagining the Future of Genetic Counseling: A Reflexive Qualitative Analysis of Sociopolitical Power, Cultural Safety, Systemic Racism, and Comparative Practice in the United Kingdom, Aotearoa New Zealand and, Australia.

Genetic counseling is undergoing a rapid transformation as genomic medicine becomes embedded within mainstream healthcare systems. At the same time, the profession is being challenged to respond to systemic racism, colonial legacies, technological change, and evolving expectations regarding equity and justice. Historically, genetic counseling emerged within twentieth-century medical genetics and was influenced by political, social, scientific, and medical forces that included eugenic ideology, values, and practices. The profession has since evolved substantially toward psychosocial, patient-centered, and non-directive models of care. Contemporary debates regarding "newgenics" or "neugenics" further demonstrate how concerns regarding equity, reproductive ethics, disability, and genomic stratification continue to shape genomic healthcare discourse. This qualitative reflexive practice paper explores how systemic racism, colonial legacy, cultural safety and structural power shape genetic counseling practice in the United Kingdom (UK), Aotearoa New Zealand and Australia, and how these forces continue to reshape the profession's future identity. A reflexive, narrative, and comparative qualitative approach was employed, grounded in the authors' lived professional experiences across UK and Australasian contexts and informed by purposively selected policy, professional and scholarly literature relating to cultural safety, dignity, anti-racism, and Human Rights-Based Decision-Making. Through iterative reflexive dialogue, comparative analysis, and thematic synthesis, four interrelated themes were developed examining sociopolitical context, systemic racism, cultural safety and technologization within contemporary genetic counseling practice. Comparative analysis identified substantial differences in how culturally responsive practice is conceptualized and operationalized across settings. In Aotearoa, cultural safety is strongly shaped by Te Tiriti o Waitangi, bicultural accountability, and Māori sovereignty frameworks. In Australia, culturally safer genomic care has increasingly developed through Indigenous-led initiatives and workforce reform, including the Australian Alliance for Indigenous Genomics (ALIGN). In contrast, UK practice remains largely situated within equality, diversity, and inclusion (EDI) frameworks that may insufficiently address systemic racism and structural power within increasingly diverse populations. Reflexive clinical examples demonstrated how inequities may emerge through undocumented patient values, standardized pathways, assumptions regarding autonomy, and misinterpretation of culturally specific communication styles. Re-imagining the future of genetic counseling requires more than just technological advancement. It requires reflexive engagement with dignity, inequity, and the sociopolitical realities of the populations served. These insights re-imagine a culturally grounded, socially responsive future for genetic counseling in an era shaped by genomic mainstreaming, digital transformation, artificial intelligence and workforce reform and one in which the profession remains ethically anchored, relationally attuned, and committed to justice-oriented practice.

Humans↗
PubMed1978

[Qualitative and quantitative investigations of the skin nerves of patients with psoriasis light- and electronmicroscopical study (author's transl)].

This study was aimed at investigating the role of the nerves in the pathomechanism of psoriasis. The structure of skin nerves of 10 patients with active psoriasis and of 6 healthy control persons has been studied by means of the microscope and the electron-microscope. Eight of the patients were subjected to punch biopsies of psoritatic plaques as well as clinically normal skin. No qualitative difference could be detected between the skin nerves from psoriatic patients and from healthy persons. Quantitative investigations showed that the density of myelinated and unmyelinated axons in psoriatic skin nerves did not differ from that in normal skin nerves in a statistically significant degree. This means that the ratio of myelinated to unmyelinated axons was alike in both normal and psoriatic skin nerves. Also the diameter distribution of myelinated and unmyelinated axons was similar. The difference in the degree of myelinisation and in the myelinperiodicity between psoriatic and control skin was not statistically significant. Neither qualitative nor quantitative morphologic alterations in the skin nerves of psoriatic persons could be detected.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

NADP-dependent dehydrogenases in rat liver parenchyma. II. Comparison of qualitative and quantitative G6PDH distribution patterns with particular reference to sex differences.

Qualitative histochemical G6PDH distribution patterns obtained in the liver acinus of adult male and female rats with an improved method (Rieder et al., 1978) served as a basis for the isolation by microdissection of tissue samples of defined zonal affiliation. G6PDH activity was assayed quantitatively in tissue samples of zones 1 and 3 by a microfluorometric method, using the oil well technique and enzymatic cycling (Burch et al., 1963; Lowry and Passonneau, 1972). With the use of a correlation system further evidence could be presented for the validity of the recently described qualitative distribution patterns. From a total of 50 analyzed tissue samples the following G6PDH activities were calculated: 4.25 +/- 1.56 U/g dry weight in zone 1 and 2.08 +/- 0.46 U/g dry weight in zone 3 of male and 7.21 +/- 1.03 U/g dry weight in zone 1 and 11.10 +/- 2.56 U/g dry weight in zone 3 of female rats. These data were corrected for interference from the G6PDH activity of the Kupffer cells within zone 1 samples (approximately 80 U/g dry weight), so that the actual relative values for the parenchymal activity could be estimated for the first time: 2 U/g dry weight in zones 1 and 3 of male animals, 5 U/g dry weight in zone 1 and 11 U/g dry weight in zone 3 of female animals. In female livers G6PDH activity in zone 1 is therefore 2.5 times higher, and in zone 3 5 times higher than in the male. These zonal as well as sex-differences are clearly indicative of a heterogeneous functional organization of the liver acinus in terms of capacity for NADPH production, mainly in connection with reductive reactions in fatty acid synthesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Polyacrylamide films as a tool for investigating qualitative and quanitative aspects of the staining of glycosaminoglycans with basic dyes.

With the introduction of model films of polyacrylamide gel into which purified glycosaminogly cans (GAGs) have been 'incorporated', the direct recording of metachromatic spectra with virtually no interference of the corresponding orthochromatic peaks has become possible. Because this model system yields situations comparable to those of stained sections under the microscope, it is well suited for investigating qualitative and quantitative aspects of histochemical staining procedures. Previous model experiments have shown that under aqueous conditions only minor differences can be observed between the metachromatic peaks of different GAGs complexed with a suitable dye (e.g. Toluidine Blue O, Thionin, Safranin O, Cresyl Violet, Cystal Violet). In non-aqueous media, such as glycerol and ethylene glycol, the complexes with Toluidine Blue O revealed a special pattern for heparin, having a metachromatic peak (517 nm) about 30 nm lower than that of all other GAGs. This observation has formed the basis of a method for the qualitative microspectrophotometric detection of heparin in situ which was worked out by combining model film experiments with microspectrophotometric data obtained from rat mast cells. Since only a limited number of cells in necessary for obtaining reliable data with this method, the presence of heparin in the cytoplasmic granules of normal human mast cells and basophilic granulocytes could thus be proved directly. Alcian Blue 8GX, another basic dye frequently use in GAG histochemistry, has also been investigated with polyacrylamide films. In contrast to the metachromatic dyes, the rate of staining with Alcian Blue depends to a large extent on the rate of penetration of the dye into the model films. The rate of penetration is also a phenomenon of great importance for dye binding in situ, where complex basic protein molecules may form a barrier for the Alcian Blue molecules. The model film studies performed so far have yielded conditions that provide maximal staining (up to an optimal level) and a linear relationship betweeen the concentration of GAG and the AB binding. The presence of basic protein, electrostatically bound to the GAG, was not found to influence either the rate of staining or the maximal amount of dye binding.

Acrylamides↗
PubMed1976

[Computer-oriented documentation of quantitative and qualitative data in gastroenterology (author's transl)].

Computer-oriented documentation of quantitative and qualitative data obtained from patients with gastroenterological diseases is described as an example of a method when considering a relatively small number of patients. All qualitative and quantitative features are entered uncoded in a data booklet and subsequently on port-a-punch cards. After extensive computerized error check - and correction, as need arises, - the data are transferred to a data base and stored on magnetic disk. The ISIS information system, in conjunction with special routines provides access to the data in any combination desired. Analysis of the data, both on an individual and a statistical basis is thus facilitated.

Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted↗
PubMed1979

Qualitative radionuclide angiocardiography in the diagnosis of corrected transposition.

Seven patients with corrected transposition were studied by qualitative radionuclide angiocardiography. In four patients with situs solitus with apex on the left, the pulmonary artery was in a medial and posterior position, to the right of the aorta, with its root attached to the morphological left ventricle positioned on the right. The aorta arose from the ventricle placed on the left and had an anterior position. The ventricle located on the right has a triangular shape. In the case of situs solitus with dextroversion, the pulmonary artery was to the right of the aorta and had a right-to-left direction. The ventricle placed on the right was ovoid. In one single case of situs inversus with levoversion, the pulmonary artery was on the left, emerging from the morphological left ventricle placed on the left, and was ovoid in shape, while the aorta was on the right arising from the morphological right ventricle. In one case of situs inversus with dextrocardia, atrioventricular relationships were the same as in levoversion but the apex was on the right and the morphological left ventricle was triangular. Qualitative radionuclide angiocardiography is a simple and non-invasive method for obtaining morphological data for the precise diagnosis of corrected transposition.

Aorta↗
PubMed1979

Twin azygotic test for the study of hereditary qualitative traits in twin populations.

Following previous formulations of a model of qualitative analysis of twin population data independent of zygosity, a new Bayesian approach has been developed. The present model can be applied to any qualitative genetic trait in twin population data, provided no specific source of variation be introduced by the twin condition, and allows not only estimation of the frequencies of mono- and dizygosity as well as the gene frequencies, but also verification of the trait's mode of inheritance.

Bayes Theorem↗
PubMed2026

IMPROVE kidney care: perspectives from marginalised people with CKD and risk factors for CKD on access to, and experience of, kidney care services: a cross-sector collaborative exploration, employing qualitative approaches.

BACKGROUND: Access to, and experience of, chronic kidney disease (CKD) care is inequitable-with barriers to accessing quality care for marginalised groups. We conducted an exploratory study employing qualitative approaches to understand the factors that influence access to, and experience of, healthcare services for marginalised people with CKD and at risk of CKD. METHODS: An exploratory study employing qualitative approaches was conducted as a cross-sector collaboration between kidney care services and an activist, antiracist community-based research and social justice organisation (Mabadiliko Community Interest Company (CIC)). Two groups were recruited: 1) those with risk factors for CKD or early-stage CKD, and 2) people who presented late to kidney care services. Semi-structured interviews were co-designed with people with lived experience and conducted by Mabadiliko CIC. Thematic analysis was undertaken, with themes refined by participants. RESULTS: Twenty interviews were undertaken with a diverse cohort of participants. Knowledge and awareness of CKD was limited, and compounded by a lack of delivery of accessible, culturally congruent information. Significant barriers to accessing kidney care exist for marginalised people, including people who are from global majority ethnic backgrounds, Disabled people, and/or people experiencing material hardship. These barriers are compounded by interpersonal discrimination and paternalistic power dynamics within healthcare interactions. CONCLUSION: This study captures the experiences of marginalised people at different stages of their journey with CKD, in accessing and engaging with kidney care services. Participants faced a complex array of challenges, highlighting opportunities for multi-level intervention. We outline recommendations to address these issues, co-developed with participants.

chronic kidney disease↗
PubMed1978

Some critical qualitative details of lorica construction in the type species of Calliacantha Leadbeater (Choanoflagellata).

Qualitative structural details, amplifying or correcting previous accounts in the literature on this species have been compiled by means of light and/or electron microscopy of dry whole mounts, prepared in situ from freshly gathered wild material mainly from temperate sources in Denmark, Britain and south Alaska. The more important findings are summarized diagrammatically. These include elaborate and constant details of assembly at the anterior end of the lorica, combined with much greater variability at the hind end. The absence of continuity between the three anterior spines and any of the six longitudinal costae present at the front end of the lorica chamber is confirmed, but a range of conditions involving numerical reduction in costal numbers at the hind end is illustrated. The overall size range encountered in the three temperate localities listed is illustrated photographically, but the large cells characteristic of arctic sources are represented, for a qualitative purpose only, by means of a single photograph recording a specimen collected beneath sea ice in N. Alaska, a source which will be considered more fully on a later occasion.

Alaska↗
PubMed1977

Adrenergic modulation of growth hormone secretion in acromegaly: alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockade produce qualitatively normal responses but no effect on L-dopa suppresion.

The serum GH response to oral L-Dopa during the separate infusions of saline, phentolamine and propranolol was exmined in 12 acromegalic patients. In six L-Dopa responsive patients, serum GH concentrations rose during propranolol infusions (and fell during phentolamine infusions as previously reported). There was no effect of propranolol or phentolamine on the fall in serum GH following oral L-Dopa in this group of patients. Thus, beta-adrenergic, as well as alpha-adrenergic, mechanisms are involved to the regulation of GH secretion in a qualitatively normal fashion in some acromegalic patients. However, the qualitatively abnormal suppressive effect of L-Dopa on GH secretion seen in some acromegalic patients does not appear to be mediated through either alpha-adrenergic or beta-adrenergic mechanisms.

Acromegaly↗
PubMed1978

The osteogenic capacity of tubular and membranous bone periosteum. A qualitative and quantitative experimental study in growing rabbits.

A standardized model has been designed to qualitatively and quantitatively study new bone formation from isolated periosteum in situ. A total of 117 operations were performed on the tibia and skull of 92 growing rabbits. For qualitative studies ordinary histological methods were used. Already after two weeks tibial periosteum had formed woven bone. After eight weeks cortical bone and bone marrow of normal amount and almost normal structure had regenerated. The bone formation from the skull periosteum started later and seemed to be lesser in amount and without woven bone as an intermediate stage. After 15 weeks a structurally normal calvarial bone had developed, except for the inner theca. Thus it was found that isolated tibial and skull periosteum in situ give rise to tubular and membranous bone respectively, suggesting an environmental influence. For quantitative studies the newly formed periosteal bone was removed, dried, weighed and ashed. The ashes were dissolved in HCl for spectrophotometric determination of total Ca content and this was used as a quantitative measure of bone amount. After 6-7 weeks tibial periosteum had produced normal quantities of cortical bone and 7 times more bone than the same area of skull periosteum. Calvarial periosteum was not potent enough to restore a skull defect completely. Surgicel which has been used clinically in periosteal repair of maxillary clefts, quantitatively was found to diminish bone formation considerably. The supposed capacity of bone marrow to promote bone formation was not demonstrated in this study.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Osteogenic capacity of periosteal grafts. A qualitative and quantitative study of membranous and tubular bone periosteum in young rabbits.

A standardized model, permitting only periosteal bone formation, has been applied for qualitative and quantitative studies on the osteogeneses from periosteal grafts. The periosteum from the tibia was grafted to the skull and vice versa. The investigation also included the study of periosteal bone formation combined with other osteogenic factors. A total of 78 operations were performed on the tibias and skulls of 43 growing rabbits. For qualitative studies ordinary histological methods were used. Tibial periosteal grafts to skull defects started bone formation already after 2 weeks and, via a very small amount of woven bone, compact bone and bone marrow was formed after 8-10 weeks. Combined epidural and subperiosteal bone formation gave a calvarial bone. Skull periosteal grafts to tibial defects started bone formation somewhat later, but, after more woven bone as an intermediate stage, the defect had healed with thick compact bone and bone marrow after about the same period. For quantitative studies the newly formed periosteal bone was removed, dry-weighted and ashed. The ashes were dissolved in HCl for spectrophotometric determination of total Ca content, which was used as a quantitative measure of bone amount. Tibial periosteum grafted to a calvarial defect halved its bone forming capacity but compared to the in situ skull periosteal potential, the capacity was tripled. This meant that the defect was completely healed. Calvarial periosteum was much less potent than was the tibial periosteum, when both were grafted to skull defects. However, when transplanted to a long bone defect the former increased its bone forming capacity 5 times compared to its original one as an in situ flap. Environmental functional demands seem to influence the type of bone formation and the final structure of the new bone. On the other hand, there are differences between long and membranous bone periosteum regarding the amount of bone formed.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Methods of qualitative detection of proteinuria in mass surveys].

In a survey of the qualitative methods of research into proteinuria, the Authors recall, apart from later modifications, the old techniques based on the occurrence of turbidity from precipitation of proteins obtained with heat and/or by the use of various anionic reagents. Particular attention is given to the rapid tests with paper strip based on the phenomenon of error made by indicators in the presence of protein solutions. Their sensitivity, their specificity and above all the fact that their use is unbeatably practical are discussed, both on the basis of data derived from other studies and on the basis of various personal observations. From the latter, the Authors deduce and demonstrate the substantial constancy in the behaviour of various types of paper strip test, even those produced in different periods and by different manufacturers; how the data obtained with these various papers can be compared with the best modern methods of measuring turbidity; and the different sensitivities of the papers with various types of proteins such as albumins, globulins and in particular immunoglobulinic micromolecular fragments. Finally, they show that falsely positive reactions in alkaline urines because of ammoniacal fermentation cannot be ascribed to the increase of pH, but rather directly to an excess of ammonium ions. After having remarked that tests with paper strip have to a large extent taken the place of classical methods, more for obvious reasons of expediency than for any real qualitative superiority, the Authors maintain that it is advisable, though only in border-line cases, to make a routine check with one of the traditional methods in order to screen genuine cases of proteinuria.

Albuminuria↗
PubMed1977

Direct plating versus dilution plating in qualitatively determining the mold flora of dried beans and soybeans.

Two methods presently used for examining whole foods and feeds for viable molds were evaluated for their relative effectiveness in the qualitative determination of the total number of mold species present in soybeans and dried beans: the direct plating method and the serial dilution method. Sixty-nine soybean samples and 40 dried bean samples were examined. Although the quantitative results of this study were inconclusive, the qualitative results show that the direct plating method was substantially more effective in detecting individual mold species. An average of 12.9 and 10.9 species was detected by the direct plating method in whole soybean and dried bean samples, respectively. An average of 4.4 and 2.8 species was detected by the dilution method in ground soybean and dried bean samples, respectively. A total of at least 37 mold species were found in the study, including 10 toxicogenic species. With few exceptions, detection rates of the 37 individual species were substantially greater among the samples examined by direct plating than those examined by serial dilution.

Food Microbiology↗
PubMed1977

[Qualitative and quantitative changes in liver glycoproteins in tetrachloromethane poisoning].

Qualitative and quantitative changes in hepatic tissue glycoproteins and glucosamine glycans are studied after tetrachlormethane intoxication. The experiment is conducted on 40 control and 40 laboratory male white rats, poisoned twice weekly per os with 0.1 ml CP CCI4 per 100 g of body weight, in the form of 50 per cent oil solution. Followed in dynamics (at 14, 30, 45 and 90 days), the newly formed connective tissue appears to be characterized by a reduction of glicoproteins and increase in glucosamine glycans. Qualitative changes are established in the character of polycarbohydrate components - upset stability of their complex with proteins - and in the normal correlation of the various glucosin glycans.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Qualitative and quantitative toxicity of single and sequential sublethal doses of 5-fluorouracil in BDF mice.

Qualitative and quantitative toxicity studies were conducted in BDF mice after ip injection of 33, 66, 134, and 200 mg/kg of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in daily doses for 1, 2, 3, or 4 consecutive days. Groups of five mice from each schedule and dose level provided blood and selected visceral organs for hematologic and histologic evaluation on posttreatment Days 1, 3, 6, 10, 14, and 21. Comparable groups of five mice were blood donors for biochemical evaluation of pooled plasma samples. The results indicated the onset, severity, and duration of injury to target organs and characterized the relationship of sublethal toxicity to drug dose and frequency of administration. Marrow suppression was reflected in peripheral erythropenia, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia and also in medullary erythropenia and granulocytopenia. A transient elevation of plasma LDH, loss of body weight, and appearance of microscopic lesions of the gastrointestinal mucosae were additional indices of toxicity. The BDF mouse appears to provide a good qualitative and quantitative prediction of 5-FU toxicity, although the mouse apparently is quantitatively more sensitive than man.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

"It was good because they have a relationship with us": A qualitative study on low-threshold buprenorphine treatment at syringe services programs.

INTRODUCTION: Syringe service programs (SSPs) reach people who inject drugs with opioid use disorder (OUD) and are novel "low-threshold" venues to initiate buprenorphine treatment. The study investigated patients' experiences with SSP-initiated buprenorphine treatment, which could aid in improving buprenorphine treatment delivery at SSPs. METHODS: The study included 12 participants who completed qualitative exit interviews after a randomized controlled trial of buprenorphine treatment at SSPs. In the parent study, participants received buprenorphine treatment through an onsite model at an SSP or enhanced referral to a community health center based on the randomization sequence. Most participants started taking buprenorphine at home. Exit interviews included participants from both study arms, and the semi-structured interview guide focused on their experiences with clinicians, experiences initiating buprenorphine, prior experiences with OUD treatment, and perceptions about continuing buprenorphine treatment. Four researchers iteratively read, coded, and discussed each transcript, then they derived recurring themes using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Participants were mostly male, middle-aged, and 50% identified as Latino. Four main themes related to buprenorphine treatment initiation: 1) Onsite treatment facilitated buprenorphine prescription, but some participants also expressed a need for additional support; 2) Precipitated withdrawal complicated participants' buprenorphine initiation in both arms; 3) Participants largely experienced the SSPs as affirming and welcoming; and 4) Developing strong relationships with healthcare providers was critical to successful buprenorphine treatment initiation. CONCLUSIONS: The SSP-based model provided rapid access to buprenorphine prescriptions, but precipitated withdrawal was a common complication. Some participants desired additional support and guidance when they started taking buprenorphine at home. The findings point to a "low-threshold, high-touch" approach where participants receive expedited access to buprenorphine providers at SSPs but also additional support throughout the initiation process to avoid and/or manage precipitated withdrawal. Despite some challenges, SSP-based buprenorphine treatment was highly valued by study participants.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Factors associated with successful integration of pharmacists into residential aged care teams: A qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Australia's Aged Care Onsite Pharmacist program aims to support quality use of medicines in residential aged care homes. This is a novel role introduced into existing teams in a complex environment. Factors associated with successful integration since implementation are currently unknown. AIM: This study aims to explore the perspectives of pharmacists and other stakeholders within aged care homes regarding successful integration of the novel aged care pharmacist service into healthcare teams. METHODS: A qualitative approach, using interpretive descriptive methodology, was used to explore perspectives. Semi-structured focus groups and interviews with pharmacists, nursing and care staff, allied health professionals, general practitioners, residents, and family members were undertaken. Data were collected via Zoom™, audio- and video-recorded, and transcribed verbatim. Two researchers undertook inductive thematic analysis to identify key themes. RESULTS: 30 participants across focus groups, focus-group interviews, interviews, and member-checking processes contributed. An overarching theme of proactivity and showing a genuine interest in others underpinned three key themes. Theme 1: Pharmacists needed to be seen, through physical presence and availability, as well as developing a distinct identity. Theme 2: Pharmacists needed to build trust, through collaboration in real time and demonstrating value. Theme 3: Pharmacists needed to develop an understanding of the aged care home environment, including social and contextual norms, as well as procedures, routines and roles. DISCUSSION: This research complements existing understandings of interprofessional collaboration and teamwork amongst healthcare professionals. Themes were interlinked; we used a sensitising framework, social cognitive theory, to present and explain the findings and interactions that can support pharmacist integration into existing teams. Aged care services should structure onboarding to prioritise early visibility, clarify roles and organisational needs, and foster in-person collaboration. Pharmacists should demonstrate proactivity and an authentic interest in all staff, residents and families.

Humans↗