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The authors describe, from a single female caught in Madagascar, a new species of sandfly: Sergentomyia berentiensis. They give mensurations and specific features (spermatheca, cibarium, pharynx). They note some similitudes with American species.
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A new form of Leishmania is described from the Venezuelan Andes region. L. garnhami n.sp. is proposed for this parasite with amastigote stages showing a peculiar and unique organelle seen with light and electron microscope. It produces cutaneous lesions in people living at a height of between 800 and 1,8000 m. in urban and rural areas; the disease is associated with Lutzomyia townsendi, the main anthropophilic sandfly in the region. The parasite is easily inoculable into hamsters and grows slowly in vitro in blood-agar media with glucose, but more prolifically without glucose.
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The Pantanal biome harbors exceptional biodiversity but has been increasingly impacted by climate change and human activities. This region is considered a high-risk zone for zoonotic spillover, making viral studies in sylvatic mosquitoes and other invertebrates indispensable, as these vectors are involved in the transmission of pathogens of public health concern. This study aimed to describe viral genomes identified in Aedes spp., Ochlerotatus sp., Mansonia sp., Phlebotomus sp., Psorophora spp., and Anopheles spp. dipterans collected in March and June 2019, in Pirizal and Porto São Luiz, Alto Pantanal, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Diptera specimens were pooled by genera, and nucleic acids were extracted, followed by library preparation and sequencing on the Illumina NextSeq 500/550 platform. A total of 39 putative viral sequences were recovered, including 23 potentially novel viruses. Coding-complete genomes were identified from Virgaviridae (n=1), Rhabdoviridae (n=1), and Metaviridae (n=1), as well as seven coding-complete segments from Partitiviridae (n=4) and Solemoviridae (n=3). Additionally, 29 partial genomes were recovered from Partitiviridae (n=7), Metaviridae (n=6), Chuviridae (n=2), Sedoreoviridae (n=1), Nodaviridae (n=3), Tombusviridae (n=2), Phasmaviridae (n=2), Flaviviridae (n=3), Virgaviridae (n=1), and Solemoviridae (n=2). Viral characterization in Diptera specimens has gained increasing importance with the advancement of metagenomic approaches, which contribute to global One Health initiatives by providing data that may support the prediction and prevention of future viral spillover events.
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Of the diseases caused by protozoal parasites, leishmaniasis is probably second in importance only to malaria. Chemotherapeutic drugs are toxic, expensive and not 100% effective. This, and the absence of any non-living vaccine against the disease, means that control depends on eliminating either reservoirs or insect vectors, or both. Recently, a greatly increased knowledge of the Leishmania species involved, and of their natural hosts, has helped to define the nature and extent of the problem.
Immature stages of S. bedfordi firmatus and S. bedfordi medius have been obtained in laboratory culture. The morphological characters of egg, larva and pupa are studied, the duration of post-embryonic development and the conditions of colonization are specified.
The authors indicate the presence in People's Republic of Congo of the five following sandflies: Sergentomyia decipiens Theodor, 1931; Sergentomyia dissimillima Abonnenc, 1972; Sergentomyia tauffliebi Abonnenc and Cornet, 1971; Sergentomyia wansoni Parrot, 1938 and Sergentomyia squamipleuris Newstead, 1912. They give the check-list of sandflies of Congo on the 31st may 1976 and a map of their geographical distribution.
Preliminary results show cutaneous leishmaniasis in Libya to be, sometimes at least, a rural zoonotic infection. The parasites are transmitted, probably by Phlebotomus papatasi, between the rodents Psammomys obesus and Meriones libycus. The banks and 'islands' in the main channel of seasonal wadis provide the right combination of vegetation and permanence for the maintenance of an intense focus.
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Dermal leishmaniasis is prevalent in the predominantly settled agricultural areas in the Rio Doce Valley in the eastern part of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The disease has been recorded almost equally in both sexes. Cases have been confirmed in all age groups but youths aged ten to 14 years form the population segment at greatest risk to infection. Cases of single cutaneous lesions, multiple cutaneous lesions and muco-cutaneous lesions have been recorded in the area. Isolates of parasites include representatives of the Leishmania mexicana and L. braziliensis complexes and at least one parasite that does not fit into either category. Infections have not been detected in small mammals (mainly rodents) but about 3% of dogs are infected. The phlebotomine fauna includes no species (or close relatives of species) previously incriminated as vectors of mexicana and braziliensis infections in Brazil. In the complex and confusing epidemiological situation in the Rio Doce Valley it seems unwise to apply traditional specific names to Leishmania of the area.
Five strains of Leishmania hertigi hertigi isolated in Panama and three strains of L. hertigi deanei isolated in Brazil were studied. Ultrastructural examination of promastigotes grown in culture showed virus-like particles (VLPs), 55--60 nm diameter, in the cytoplasm of all strains. The VLPs were normally either organized in paracrystalline clusters or associated with induced tubules. In some cases the VLPs were associated with dense vesicular bodies. Mitochondria with which the VLPs were associated had enlarged elongate or circular cristae. Elongate 'microbodies' containing rod-like structures were observed in promastigotes grown in culture. Poor infections of promastigotes developed in the midguts of 10% of laboratory-bred Lu. longipalpis following experimental feeding on cultures of L. h. hertigi. VLPs were seen in a promastigote in the midgut of a sandfly five days after feeding. Laboratory mammals proved poor hosts for L. hertigi. Cryptic infections in the visceral organs of immunosuppressed hamsters and immunodeficient 'nude' mice were detectable only by culture. Infections of DS cell and mouse peritoneal macrophage cultures showed amastigotes with a high ribosomal density and deep invaginations of the pellicular layer. VLPs were rarely seen in these amastigotes.