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PubMed1995

Kinetics of nitric oxide synthase induction by Propionibacterium avidum and lipopolysaccharide.

Conditions for the induction of rat liver Ca2(+)-independent nitric oxide synthase were determined with killed Propionibacterium avidum, and compared with lipopolysaccharide endotoxin. Similar maximal induction was obtained intraperitoneally with the two types of inducers but killed Propionibacterium avidum gave a long-lasting induction while lipopolysaccharide displayed a rapid and short response. Moreover, the induction resulting from an intravenous administration of killed Propionibacterium avidum reached 60 times that of the control whereas lipopolysaccharide treatment induced a 24-fold stimulation only. It is noteworthy that with the first inducer the nitric oxide activity was stable with time whereas with the second one it dropped after 8 h. Whatever the route of administration of killed Propionibacterium avidum, some huge vacuolated Kupffer cells were found in the liver whose parenchyma was almost normal. Numerous monocytes, and unaltered Kupffer cells, were observed. Kupffer cells were identified to be responsible for the uptake of killed Propionibacterium avidum.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Infections caused by Propionibacterium species.

Eight hundred and sixteen isolates of Propionibacterium species (725 of which were Propionibacterium acnes) were isolated from 3,971 specimens submitted for the identification of anaerobic bacteria over the course of 10 years. A total of 94 Propionibacterium isolates (12%) identified in 92 patients were considered to cause infection. The rest of the isolates were determined to be contaminants or of uncertain pathogenic significance. Significant infections caused by Propionibacterium species were associated with the blood in 15 patients, central nervous system in 11, lymph glands in 10, abscesses in eight, joints in seven, wounds in seven, cysts in six, and sinuses in five. Predisposing or underlying conditions were noted in 66 patients (70%). The most common conditions were the presence of foreign bodies (29 patients), diabetes (12), previous surgery (10), trauma (seven), malignancy (seven), immunodeficiency (seven), and steroid therapy (four). Antimicrobial therapy was administered to 83 patients; for 47 patients this therapy was given in conjunction with surgical drainage or correction. Surgical drainage alone was performed in nine patients. Five patients (5%) died. These data illustrate that although Propionibacterium species are rarely associated with infections, these organisms can occasionally cause serious infections.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Biochemical and genetic characterization of propionicin T1, a new bacteriocin from Propionibacterium thoenii.

A collection of propionibacteria was screened for bacteriocin production. A new bacteriocin named propionicin T1 was isolated from two strains of Propionibacterium thoenii. This bacteriocin shows no sequence similarity to other bacteriocins. Propionicin T1 was active against all strains of Propionibacterium acidipropionici, Propionibacterium thoenii, and Propionibacterium jensenii tested and also against Lactobacillus sake NCDO 2714 but showed no activity against Propionibacterium freudenreichii. The bacteriocin was purified, and the N-terminal part of the peptide was determined with amino acid sequencing. The corresponding gene pctA was sequenced, and this revealed that propionicin T1 is produced as a prebacteriocin of 96 amino acids with a typical sec leader, which is processed to give a mature bacteriocin of 65 amino acids. An open reading frame encoding a protein of 424 amino acids was found 68 nucleotides downstream the stop codon of pctA. The N-terminal part of this putative protein shows strong similarity with the ATP-binding cassette of prokaryotic and eukaryotic ABC transporters, and this protein may be involved in self-protection against propionicin T1. Propionicin T1 is the first bacteriocin from propionibacteria that has been isolated and further characterized at the molecular level.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1998

Effect of FK506 on the activation state of hepatic macrophages in Propionibacterium acnes-treated rats.

Activated hepatic macrophages can provoke massive liver necrosis following endotoxin stimulation through microcirculatory disturbances due to sinusoidal fibrin deposition in rats pretreated with heat-killed Propionibacterium acnes. In these rats, FK506 (tachlorinus) administered 24 h before and at the time of endotoxin injection, significantly attenuated liver injury compared with the rats given no FK506. The effect of FK506 on hepatic macrophage activation and its action sites were studied in Propionibacterium acnes-treated rats. When rats received Propionibacterium acnes intravenously, hepatic-mRNA expression of interferon-gamma-inducing factor and interleukin-2 and splenic-mRNA expression of interferon-gamma were significantly increased compared with normal rats. Hepatic-mRNA expression of CD14, a receptor for lipopolysaccharide and its binding protein complex, was also increased preceding the expressions of the three cytokines in the liver and spleen. FK506 administration attenuated hepatic-mRNA expression of interleukin-2 and both superoxide anions as well as tumour necrosis factor-alpha production by hepatic macrophages, but did not change CD14-mRNA expression in Propionibacterium acnes-treated rats. It is suggested that a cytokine network through interferon-gamma-inducing factor, interferon-gamma and interleukin-2 may operate during activation of hepatic macrophages in rats treated with heat-killed Propionibacterium acnes, while CD14 expression on the cells may increase independently of this network. FK506 seems to attenuate such activation by suppressing hepatic interleukin-2 expression, without affecting CD14 expression on the cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1963

VALIDITY OF PROPIONIBACTERIUM ACNES (GILCHRIST) DOUGLAS AND GUNTER COMB. NOV.

Moore, W. E. C. (Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg) and Elizabeth P. Cato. Validity of Propionibacterium acnes (Gilchrist) Douglas and Gunter comb. nov. J. Bacteriol. 85:870-874. 1963.-ATCC strains of Corynebacterium acnes 11827, 6921, and 6922 were tested and consistently found to ferment lactate with the production of propionate, acetate, and succinate under strictly anaerobic conditions. ATCC strains of eight species of Propionibacterium fermented lactate under strictly anaerobic or under deep broth aerobic culture conditions. The ratios of fermentation products of each of the organisms were essentially identical, indicating that C. acnes should properly be classified in the genus Propionibacterium as suggested by Douglas and Gunter. Serological tests demonstrated that this organism shares antigens in common with several of the other species of Propionibacterium.

Classification↗
PubMed1999

The immunology of Propionibacterium acnes and acne.

The majority of recent publications on the immunology of Propionibacterium acnes relate to the potential use of the bacterium as an adjuvant or its use in rodent models of human inflammatory disease. These studies have increased the understanding of the potential effects of Propionibacterium acnes on cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system. Research into the immunology of acne and the role that Propionibacterium acnes plays in inflammatory acne has been limited, with efforts being focussed on the problems of Propionibacterium acnes resistance to antibiotics. Recent studies have indicated that inflammatory acne is a T cell-mediated disease, but whether Propionibacterium acnes is the initial stimulus for either the specific or non-specific recruitment of T cells in acne lesions is still a matter for conjecture.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Construction of an expression vector for propionibacteria and its use in production of 5-aminolevulinic acid by Propionibacterium freudenreichii.

Several promoters from Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii were isolated using a promoter probe vector, pCVE1, containing the Streptomyces cholesterol oxidase gene (choA) as a reporter gene. Three of four promoters isolated exhibiting a strong activity in Escherichia coli also expressed a strong activity in P. freudenreichii subsp. shermanii IFO12426. Using two promoters with a strong activity and a previously constructed shuttle vector, pPK705, shuttling between E. coli and Propionibacterium. we constructed expression vectors for propionibacteria. To overproduce 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), which is the first intermediate in the synthesis of porphyrins, the ALA synthase gene (hemA) from Rhodobacter sphaeroides was recombined with the expression vectors. The activity of ALA synthase in the recombinant P freudenreichii subsp. shermanii increased about 70-fold that in the strain without a vector. The recombinant Propionibacterium produced ALA at a maximum concentration of 8.6 mM in the absence of levulinic acid, an inhibitor of ALA dehydratase, with 1% glucose as a carbon source. The recombinant P. freudenreichii accumulated 18.8 mmol/g cells ALA in the presence of 1 mM levulinic acid and 30 mM glycine. The construction of an efficient expression vector will facilitate genetic studies of a vitamin B12 producer, Propionibacterium.

Aminolevulinic Acid↗
PubMed2005

Propionibacterium acnes wound contamination at the time of spinal surgery.

UNLABELLED: Bacteria of the normal skin microbiota such as Propionibacterium acnes and coagulase-negative staphylococci often are dismissed as contaminants when detected in clinical samples. Propionibacterium acnes is described as a cause of spinal infection and more recently has been linked to sciatica. To date no researchers formally have examined the incidence of bacterial wound contamination during spinal surgery. Surgical specimens were removed from 79 patients having spinal surgery for analysis using agar culture detection, broth enrichment, and immunofluorescence microscopy. Bacteria were identified in 29.1% of skin samples, 21.5% of tissue samples and 16.5% of washings retrieved from operative wounds. Propionibacterium acnes was identified more frequently than Staphylococcus spp in each of the three sample types. Bacteria were detected using enrichment in 9 (11%) patients and using fluorescence microscopy in 15 (19%). The results of immunofluorescence microscopy suggest that Propionibacterium acnes detected in wounds originates from patient skin. Bacteria from contaminated wounds appeared as single cells using fluorescence microscopy; however previous work shows that bacteria from infected hip prosthesis are observed as large aggregates. Therefore, it is suggested that immunofluorescence microscopy is a useful tool to help discriminate between surgical contamination and infection. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Diagnostic study, Level I (prospective study). See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Colony Count, Microbial↗
PubMed1994

Transfer of Propionibacterium innocuum Pitcher and Collins 1991 to Propioniferax gen. nov. as Propioniferax innocua comb. nov.

16S ribosomal DNA analysis indicates that Propionibacterium innocuum is a phylogenetic neighbor of Luteococcus japonicus and that this pair of organisms branches intermediately between the genus Propionibacterium on the one side and the genera Aeromicrobium and Nocardioides on the other side. Phenotypically, strains of P. innocuum differ from species of Propionibacterium by exhibiting aerobic growth and possessing arabinose in the cell wall, they differ from species of Aeromicrobium and Nocardioides by the formation of propionic acid, and they differ from species of Luteococcus in morphology. Consequently, P. innocuum should not be classified with authentic Propionibacterium species, and the transfer of P. innocuum Pitcher and Collins 1991 to a new genus, Propioniferax, as Propioniferax innocua gen. nov., comb. nov. is proposed.

DNA, Bacterial↗
PubMed2006

Endocarditis caused by Propionibacterium species: a report of three cases and a review of clinical features and diagnostic difficulties.

Propionibacterium species are members of the normal flora of skin and the mouth but their pathogenic potential is often overlooked. Three fatal cases of endocarditis caused by Propionibacterium species over an 8-year period are reported, and a review is presented of a further 33 cases from the world literature. In most cases, infection was protracted, with minimal signs in the early stages. Fourteen cases (42.4%) involved native valves, 16 (48.5%) involved prosthetic valves and three (9.1%) were associated with other intracardiac prosthetic material. Intracardiac abscesses were commonly encountered, with Propionibacterium endocarditis occurring in 28.6% of native valve infections and 52.9% of prosthetic valve infections. A very high proportion of all of the cases (70.6%) required surgical intervention. Several factors appeared to delay institution of appropriate therapy and may have contributed to abscess formation, including an indolent clinical course, negative or delayed culture results, and the tendency to consider this organism as a blood-culture contaminant. The authors recommend careful clinical evaluation before disregarding a blood-culture isolate of Propionibacterium spp. as a skin contaminant, and consideration of this bacterium as a potential cause of apparently culture-negative endocarditis.

Abscess↗
PubMed1983

Mode of protection of mice against herpes simplex virus type 2 infection by Propionibacterium.

We compared various strains of Propionibacterium with regard to protection of young adult mice against lethal infection with herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). Propionibacterium acnes, P. granulosum, and P. avidum were protective, while P. acidi-propionici and P. lymphophilum were ineffective. The protective effect proved to be in the cell wall fraction. Attempts were made to elucidate possible mechanisms of the protection using both effective and ineffective strains. The results strongly suggest that induction of interferon rather than activation of macrophages and natural killer cells by Propionibacterium pretreatment plays a crucial role, directly or indirectly, in protection against infection by herpes simplex virus. Propionibacterium only moderately protected newborn mice against HSV-2 infection.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2005

The presence of Propionibacterium spp. in the vitreous fluid of uveitis patients with sarcoidosis.

PURPOSE: An immunological reaction to a bacterial antigen, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Propionibacterium spp., is suspected to be an initial mechanism in the disorder known as sarcoidosis. We investigated whether or not P. acnes, P. granulosum or M. tuberculosis are present in the vitreous fluid of eyes suffering from uveitis with sarcoidosis. METHODS: Using polymerase chain reaction, we analysed the presence of P. acnes, P. granulosum and/or M. tuberculosis DNA in vitreous samples taken from six eyes with sarcoidosis and six control eyes. RESULTS: Among the six uveitis eyes with sarcoidosis, we detected P. acnes DNA in two eyes, P. granulosum DNA in four eyes, and both P. acnes and P. granulosum DNA in one eye, but no Propionibacterium spp. in the control eyes. M. tuberculosis DNA was not present in any of the patient or control eyes. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report indicating the presence of Propionibacterium spp. and/or its DNA in the vitreous fluid of sarcoidic eyes with uveitis. This, therefore, supports the idea that Propionibacterium spp. are involved in the aetiology of uveitis in sarcoidosis.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Novel Propionibacterium infection in cattle.

OBJECTIVE: To describe four cases of infection in cattle, from geographically different places, with a presumptive new species of Propionibacterium, which causes granulomatous lesions in the head, thorax, abdomen, pelvic area and skin. PROCEDURE: Gross lesions, ranging from 0.5 to 15 cm and detected during routine carcase inspection at the abattoir, were submitted to the laboratory for routine testing in the National Granuloma Submission Program. The bacterium isolated was identified using morphological characteristics, biochemical reactions, cell wall components, products of fermentation and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. RESULTS: Gross lesions submitted for examination consisted of a fibrous outer capsule enclosing thick yellow pus-like material. A Gram-Glynn stain of the histological sections revealed colonies of Gram-positive, filamentous, branching bacteria. Bacteriological culture, cell wall analysis, biochemical reactions and 16S rRNA sequencing identified the organism as a Propionibacterium sp closely related to P cyclohexanicum and the P freudenreichii cluster. CONCLUSION: This is the first report of a Propionibacterium sp closely related to P cyclohexanicum and the P freudenreichii cluster associated with extensive granulomatous lesions in cattle in Queensland. Sequencing data are suggestive of a previously undescribed species of the Propionibacterium genus.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Use of DNA quantification to measure growth and autolysis of Lactococcus and Propionibacterium spp. in mixed populations.

Autolysis is self-degradation of the bacterial cell wall that results in the release of enzymes and DNA. Autolysis of starter bacteria, such as lactococci and propionibacteria, is essential for cheese ripening, but our understanding of this important process is limited. This is mainly because the current tools for measuring autolysis cannot readily be used for analysis of bacteria in mixed populations. We have now addressed this problem by species-specific detection and quantification of free DNA released during autolysis. This was done by use of 16S rRNA gene single-nucleotide extension probes in combination with competitive PCR. We analyzed pure and mixed populations of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis and three different species of Propionibacterium. Results showed that L. lactis subsp. lactis INF L2 autolyzed first, followed by Propionibacterium acidipropionici ATCC 4965, Propionibacterium freudenreichii ISU P59, and then Propionibacterium jensenii INF P303. We also investigated the autolytic effect of rennet (commonly used in cheese production). We found that the effect was highly strain specific, with all the strains responding differently. Finally, autolysis of L. lactis subsp. lactis INF L2 and P. freudenreichii ISU P59 was analyzed in a liquid cheese model. Autolysis was detected later in this cheese model system than in broth media. A challenge with DNA, however, is DNA degradation. We addressed this challenge by using a DNA degradation marker. We obtained a good correlation between the degradation of the marker and the target in a model experiment. We conclude that our DNA approach will be a valuable tool for use in future analyses and for understanding autolysis in mixed bacterial populations.

Autolysis↗
PubMed2001

Efficient transformation system for Propionibacterium freudenreichii based on a novel vector.

A 3.6-kb endogenous plasmid was isolated from a Propionibacterium freudenreichii strain and sequenced completely. Based on homologies with plasmids from other bacteria, notably a plasmid from Mycobacterium, a region harboring putative replicative functions was defined. Outside this region two restriction enzyme recognition sites were used for insertion of an Escherichia coli-specific replicon and an erythromycin resistance gene for selection in Propionibacterium. Hybrid vectors obtained in this way replicated in both E. coli and P. freudenreichii. Whereas electroporation of P. freudenreichii with vector DNA isolated from an E. coli transformant yielded 10 to 30 colonies per microg of DNA, use of vector DNA reisolated from a Propionibacterium transformant dramatically increased the efficiency of transformation (> or =10(8) colonies per microg of DNA). It could be shown that restriction-modification was responsible for this effect. The high efficiency of the system described here permitted successful transformation of Propionibacterium with DNA ligation mixtures.

DNA Restriction-Modification Enzymes↗
PubMed1973

Identification of Actinomyces, Arachnia, Bacterionema, Rothia, and Propionibacterium species by defined immunofluorescence.

Fractionated fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated immunoglobulin G (dye-to-protein ratio <10), produced against whole cells of Actinomyces spp., Arachnia, Bacterionena, Rothia, and Propionibacterium spp., give species-specific conjugates with controlled nonspecific staining reactions when appropriately diluted on the basis of their antibody content (10 mg/ml). Using this standardization in immunofluorescence, serotype-specific conjugates are also available after dilution for all serotypes of these organisms except for Actinomyces viscosus type 2, and Propionibacterium acnes type 1. Adequately adsorbed conjugates could be used to differentiate these serotypes from A. viscosus type 1 and P. acnes type 2, respectively. A serological classification in defined immunofluorescence corresponded to species and serotype designation proposed on the basis of other serological analysis and biochemical characteristics. This includes a separation in immunofluorescence of two serotypes of Propionibacterium acnes. The detection of certain actinomycetes of the family Actinomycetaceae and Propionibacterium species by the defined immunofluorescence in direct smears prepared from clinical specimens agreed to 88% with parallel culturing when including a prereduced (PRAS) medium technique for isolation. Qualitative studies revealed that single cells of these organisms could be specifically identified by immunofluorescence when admixed with morphologically similar bacteria and a large number of other contaminants.

Actinomyces↗
PubMed2005

Propionibacterium infection associated with bovine pericardium dural allograft. Case report.

Propionibacteria are known to play a part in postneurosurgical infections, primarily those involving ventricular shunts. Nevertheless, little is known about the association between dural allografts and propionibacterium infections. Two patients underwent craniotomy for supratentorial meningiomas and each received a dural allograft. Both patients subsequently presented with delayed epidural fluid collections several weeks after surgery. Propionibacterium species was cultured in samples from both patients. The allografts were removed and the patients were treated with appropriate antibiotic agents; one patient underwent an interval craniectomy. Both patients demonstrated neuroimaging and clinical improvement after surgery and antiobiotic therapy. These cases demonstrate the association of propionibacterium infections with dural allografts. Furthermore, in patients with latent and indolent infections, Propionibacterium spp. should be suspected and treated appropriately.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Response of cultures of Propionibacterium to acid and low pH: tolerance and inhibition.

Seventeen Propionibacterium strains were tested for acid production and final pH achieved on glucose, fructose, or maltose as the primary carbon source. On average, strains of Propionibacterium acidipropionici produced more acid and reached lower final pH values than did strains of the other species. Three strains of P. acidipropionici, one Propionibacterium jensenii, and two Propionibacterium thoenii strains were tested further for the ability to survive and/or grow at low pH with lactic, hydrochloric, or propionic acid as acidulant. The organic acids were more inhibitory than hydrochloric acid; propionic acid was most inhibitory. In all cases, the P. jensenii and P. thoenii strains initiated growth and survived at lower pH values than did the p. acidipropionici stains. The ability to produce large amounts of acid or achieve low final pH values did not coincide with the ability to initiate growth or survive in low-pH conditions. Strains could not initiate growth below pH 5.0, but cultures started at neutral pH reached final pH values of less than 4.4. At neutral pH, strains could grow in the presence of increased lactate concentrations (up to 180 mM) or propionate concentrations (150 mM) that were inhibitory at acid pH. attempts to isolate variants able to initiate growth below pH 5.0 were unsuccessful.

Colony Count, Microbial↗