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PubMed2002

In vitro myelotoxicity of propanil and 3,4-dichloroaniline on murine and human CFU-E/BFU-E progenitors.

Because of the wide use of pesticides for domestic and industrial purposes, the evaluation of their potential effects is of major concern for public health. The myelotoxicity of the herbicide propanil (3,4-dichloroproprioanilide) and its metabolite 3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA) is well documented in mice, but evidence that pesticides may severely compromise hematopoiesis in humans is lacking. In this study, an interspecies comparison of in vitro toxicity of these two compounds on murine and human burst- and colony-forming unit-erythrocyte (BFU-E, CFU-E) and colony-forming unit-granulocyte/macrophage (CFU-GM) progenitors, has been carried out. Murine bone marrow progenitors and human cord blood cells were exposed to propanil or DCA in doses ranging from 10 micro M to 1000 micro M, and the toxic effect was detected by a clonogenic assay with continuous exposure to the compounds. The results on murine cells indicate that the erythrocytic lineage is the most sensitive target for propanil and DCA. On the other hand, human progenitors seem to be less sensitive to the toxic effects of both compounds than murine progenitors at the same concentrations (IC(50) values are 305.2 +/- 22.6 micro M [total erythroid colonies] and >500 micro M [CFU-GM] for propanil). Propanil was significantly more toxic to human erythroid progenitors than to human CFU-GM progenitors, as was found for the murine cells, emphasizing the role of the heme pathway as the target for propanil. These data confirm the evidence that the compounds investigated interfere with erythroid colony formation at different stages of the differentiation pathway and have different effects according to the dose.

Aniline Compounds↗

PubMed2003

[Simultaneous determination of carbaryl and propanil in human serum and urine by on-line column-switching technique followed by automatic reversed-phase HPLC].

Carbaryl and propanil in human serum and urine were determined by automatic on-line column enrichment technique followed by reversed-phase HPLC with photometric detection. Human serum was filtered through a membrane filter (0.45 micron pore size) and an aliquot of 0.1 ml of the filtrate was diluted with water up to 1 ml. The solution of 0.8 ml was directly injected to automatic HPLC without any preparation. Urine was incubated with beta-glucuronidase/arylsulfate for 16 hours at 37 degrees C. The resultant solution was then filtered through a membrane filter and the filtrate was analyzed by the similar manner as serum. Carbaryl and propanil in the sample solution were concentrated on a pre-conditioned ODS mini-column. After washing the mini-column with 5% methanol, they were separated by an ODS analytical column (Cosmosil 5 C18-MS, 250 x 4.6 mm i.d.) with acetonitrile/water (30:70, v/v) eluent and detected with a UV detector. Carbaryl and propanil in serum were detected at 220 and 210 nm, respectively. On the other hand, in order to separate from blank peaks, carbaryl and propanil in urine were detected at 290 and 260 nm, respectively. The presented HPLC method requires neither manual procedure of solid-phase nor liquid-liquid extraction. Calibration curves for carbaryl and propanil were linear over the range of 5 ng/ml-2 micrograms/ml in both serum and urine. Real serum (ng/ml level) and urine (microgram/ml level) samples were analyzed by the presented HPLC method. Effect of seventeen pesticides on the determination of carbaryl and propanil were investigated. All pesticides did not interfere with the determination except for thiuram.

Carbaryl↗

PubMed1989

Effect of acute propanil exposure on the immune response of C57Bl/6 mice.

Propanil is a herbicide that is used extensively in rice farming to kill weeds without damaging the rice plant. The immunotoxic effects of acute exposure to propanil were determined in adult C57Bl/6 female mice exposed intraperitoneally to propanil at doses of 0, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, or 400 mg/kg body wt. One week following exposure, the immune competency of the animals was assessed. Contact hypersensitivity response (CHR), blastogenic response to T- and B-cell-specific mitogens, and mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) were significantly depressed only in propanil-treated animals at 400 mg/kg. However, the number of splenic antibody-producing cells was also significantly depressed in a dose-dependent manner at the lower doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg. In addition, a significant reduction in the thymus weight and an increase in absolute and relative spleen weight were also measured in animals treated with 200 and 400 mg/kg. The increase in spleen weight also showed a concomitant rise in spleen cellularity. These data indicate that propanil has a dose-dependent immunotoxic effect on the adult mouse that affects primarily the humoral response.

Anilides↗

PubMed2004

Ultra-sensitive fully automated immunoassay for detection of propanil in aqueous samples: steps of progress toward sub-nanogram per liter detection.

The widely-used pesticide propanil is a selective post-emergent general-use acetanilide herbicide registered for control of broadleaf and grass weeds in rice, small grain, and turf. Because broad application and quite heavy use of this herbicide lead to contaminated sites and, consequently, contaminated water, immunoanalytical methods with very low limits of detection (LOD) and low limits of quantification (LOQ) are becoming increasingly important for environmental analysis and, especially, for monitoring drinking-water quality. Environmental monitoring of pesticides, hormones, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, and antibiotics in aqueous samples (e.g. surface, ground, waste, or drinking water) with quite difficult matrices places large demands on chemical analysis. Biosensors have suitable characteristics such as efficiency in enabling very fast, sensitive, and cost-effective detection. Here we describe the steps of progress toward sub-nanogram per liter detection of propanil with a fully automated immunoassay. In contrast with common analytical methods such as GC-MS or HPLC-MS the biosensor used requires no sample pre-treatment and pre-concentration. The basis of our sensitive assay is an antibody with a high affinity constant toward propanil. During the optimization process, we compared different surface modifications (four different immobilized derivatives) and reduced the amount of antibody per sample. In fact, optimization of the assay resulted in an LOD of 0.6 ng L(-1) and an LOQ of 4.5 ng L(-1) without any sample pre-treatment and without pre-concentration. These results for propanil with the RIANA instrument, and its improved sensitivity for detection of a single pesticide at the low nanogram per liter range, show that biosensors can compete with common analytical methods in the field of water analysis.

Autoanalysis↗

PubMed1990

Metabolism of the arylamide herbicide propanil. I. Microsomal metabolism and in vitro methemoglobinemia.

Methemoglobinemia produced by exposure to the herbicide propanil (3,4-dichloropropionanilide) is thought to be mediated by toxic metabolites formed during the hepatic clearance of the parent compound. We examined the metabolism of propanil and 3,4-dichloroaniline in rat liver microsomes to identify metabolites that may be involved in propanil-induced methemoglobinemia. The major pathway of propanil metabolism in microsomal incubations was acylamidase-catalyzed hydrolysis to 3,4-dichloroaniline. The reaction did not require NADPH, and was inhibited by the acylamidase inhibitors paraoxon and sodium fluoride. Oxidized metabolites were isolated by high-performance liquid chromatography, and identified as 2'-hydroxypropanil and 6-hydroxypropanil by comparison of their mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra to those of synthetic standards. Major microsomal metabolites of 3,4-dichloroaniline were 6-hydroxy-3,4-dichloroaniline and N-hydroxy-3,4-dichloroaniline. Both N-hydroxy-3,4-dichloroaniline and 6-hydroxy-3,4-dichloroaniline directly oxidized hemoglobin in rat erythrocyte suspensions in a concentration-dependent manner; however, the potency of N-hydroxy-3,4-dichloroaniline was at least an order of magnitude greater than that of 6-hydroxy-3,4-dichloroaniline.

Anilides↗

PubMed2005

Growth rate effects, responses of antioxidant enzymes and metabolic fate of the herbicide Propanil in the aquatic plant Lemna minor.

Propanil (3,4-dichloropropionanilide) is a selective contact pesticide, recommended for post-emergence use in rice. This herbicide may end up in surface waters and present potential risk for aquatic vascular plants. Therefore, its toxicity was evaluated on Lemna minor L., an aquatic plant regularly used for toxicological studies, during time- and concentration-dependent exposure. Toxicity assessments were based on inhibition of growth of L. minor cultures after 24 days. The obtained results showed that the growth of Lemna was affected by the herbicide. The responses of the guaiacol peroxidase (G-POD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) involved in the xenobiotic metabolism and antioxidative system were also investigated following Propanil exposure. Our results showed that Propanil has not induced enzymatic antioxidative defenses of L. minor. Both 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA) and 3,4-dichloroacetanilide are the major metabolites in this plant. On the contrary, only 3,4-DCA was found in culture media after 4 days. Probably, the enzymatic hydrolysis by acyl acylamidase and the acetylation by acetyl-CoA are the major pathways for these transformation products, respectively. The results of this study showed that the selected aquatic plant has the potential to accumulate and metabolize rice herbicide, like Propanil. Based on these toxicity data this herbicide should impair the establishment of non-target aquatic plants.

Antioxidants↗

PubMed1995

Enhancement of tissue lipoperoxidation in propanil-treated rats.

The i.p. injection of the herbicide propanil to male Sprague-Dawley rats increased the susceptibility to lipoperoxidation of liver and brain rat microsomes. A liver damage produced by propanil treatment was demonstrated by decreased serum levels of cholesterol and triglycerides as compared to serum levels of the lipids in control rats. The cellular damage of rat liver was also confirmed by the increased serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities observed in propanil-treated rats as compared to their activities in control rats.

Alanine Transaminase↗

PubMed2004

Adsorption of bentazon and propanil from aqueous solutions at the high area activated carbon-cloth.

Removal of the pesticides bentazon and propanil from single and bisolute solutions by adsorption at the high area activated carbon-cloth was investigated. Kinetics of adsorption was followed and adsorption isotherms of the two pesticides were determined. A special V-shaped cell with an UV cuvette attached to it was used for adsorption studies. With this cell it was possible to follow the concentration of pesticide molecule by in situ UV spectroscopy as it is adsorbed at the carbon-cloth. It was found that concentration of pesticides decreased from the same initial concentration of 4.5 x 10(-5) to 1.1 x 10(-5) for bentazon and to 9.5 x 10(-6) for propanil in about 2 h. The fits of experimental adsorption isotherm data to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm equations were almost equally successful. Monolayer capacities determined from Langmuir isotherms of pesticides showed that bentazon has greater monolayer capacity than propanil. This conclusion was also confirmed through the 1/n parameter of Freundlich equation.

Adsorption↗

PubMed2003

Electrochemical and spectroscopic studies of the oxidation mechanism of the herbicide propanil.

Electrochemical oxidation of propanil in deuterated solutions was studied by cyclic, differential pulse, and square wave voltammetry using a glassy carbon microelectrode. The oxidation of propanil in deuterated acid solutions occurs at the nitrogen atom of the amide at a potential of +1.15 V vs Ag/AgCl. It was also found that, under the experimental conditions used, protonation at the oxygen atom of propanil occurs, leading to the appearance of another species in solution which oxidizes at +0.60 V. The anodic peak found at +0.79 V vs Ag/AgCl in deuterated basic solutions is related to the presence of an anionic species in which a negative charge is on the nitrogen atom. The electrochemical data were confirmed by the identification of all the species formed in acidic and basic deuterated solutions by means of NMR spectroscopy. The results are supported by electrochemical and spectroscopic studies of acetanilide in deuterated solutions.

Deuterium↗

PubMed2003

The effect of propanil co-application on 2,4-D sorption by soil.

The herbicide 2,4-D is often applied as a tank mixture in combination with other herbicide products. However, current information on 2,4-D sorption by soil is largely based on batch-equilibrium experiments without considering the competition of other herbicides for sorption sites by soil. This study quantified the effect of the herbicide propanil on the sorption of 2,4-D in soil. Results indicated that propanil competed with 2,4-D for sorption sites, particularly in soils with an organic carbon content greater than 3.6%. The decrease in 2,4-D sorption by soil, as a result of propanil competition, was most notably for herbicide concentrations that are typical of recommended field rates. We conclude that herbicide co-applications on agricultural fields have the potential to increase the mobility of herbicides in soil.

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid↗

PubMed1979

Propanil-chloracne and methomyl toxicity in workers of a pesticide manufacturing plant.

In a survey of occupationally acquired disease in workers at a pesticide plant, we found that 11 (11%) of 102 workers had been hospitalized for illness related to chemical exposures; highest hospitalization rates occurred in packaging (27%), production (22%), and maintenance (9%) workers. Commonest causes of hospitalization were intoxication by the carbamate pesticide methomyl [1-(methylthio)ethylideneamino methyl carbamate], a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor, and methemoglobinemia following exposure to 3,4-dichloroaniline. On clinical evaluation, five (46%) of 11 packaging workers, the group with the highest exposure to methomyl, had experienced blurred vision or pupillary constriction. Seventeen (61%) of 28 production workers with exposure to dichloroaniline and propanil (3'4'-dichloropropionanilide) had chloracne, an acne-form dermatosis caused by the contaminant tetrachlorazobenzene in propanil and dichloroaniline. The chloracnegenic potentials of propanil and dichloroaniline were verified by rabbit ear tests. These findings reemphasize the hazards inherent in the the manufacture and formulation of pesticides and herbicides.

Acne Vulgaris↗

PubMed1980

Residual concentrations of propanil, TCAB, and other pesticides in rice-growing of soils in the United States, 1972.

Ninety-nine soil samples from the rice-growing states of Arkansas, California, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas were collected, primarily to monitor the herbicide propanil. No residual concentrations of propanil were detected in any of these samples, but TCAB, a propanil transformation product, was detected in six samples at concentrations ranging from 0.01 ppm to 0.05 ppm. Organochlorine and organphosphorus pesticide determinations were also performed. The compounds dieldrin, aldrin, and DDT and its metabolites were found more frequently; endrin and chlordane were found less frequently. The organophosphorus pesticides diazinon and parathion were detected occasionally.

Anilides↗

PubMed1997

Propanil poisoning.

OBJECTIVE: To document clinical features of propanil poisoning and discuss treatment. DESIGN, SETTING AND PATIENTS: Five patients treated in the University medical unit at the Karapitiya teaching hospital over the past two years. INTERVENTIONS AND MEASUREMENTS: Relevant laboratory investigations were done. The patients were treated on accepted lines. RESULTS: All had methaemoglobinaemia. The first patient died after severe poisoning in spite of intensive treatment. The second had severe poisoning requiring exchange transfusion and treatment with methylene blue. The third, fourth and fifth patients had mild poisoning which responded readily to oral methylene blue. The last patient had taken a combination of propanil and oxydiazone. The first and second patients had features of haemolysis and the second patient had acute hepatitis. CONCLUSIONS: Propanil poisoning is uncommon. Lower levels of methaemoglobin than were previously thought may be associated with a fetal outcome. Methylene blue is used in the treatment as it reduces blood methaemoglobin but in severe poisoning exchange transfusion may be necessary as a life saving measure.

Adult↗

PubMed1968

Propanil hydrolysis: inhibition in rice plants by insecticides.

Hydrolysis of the herbicide propanil (3', 4'-dichloropropionanilide) by rice plants is inhibited by insecticides. The inhibitory activity of an organophosphate such as paraoxon in vivo and in vitro is significantly stronger than that of an organothiophosphate such as parathion. The injury to rice plants by insecticides sprayed on them with propanil seems to be caused by the inhibition of the propanil detoxifying enzyme.

Anilides↗

PubMed1979

Toxicity of the herbicides 2,4-D, DEF, propanil and trifluralin to the Dungeness crab, Cancer magister.

Lethal and sublethal responses to the herbicides 2,4-D, DEF, propanil, and trifluralin of various life history stages of the Dungeness crab, Cancer magister, were examined to estimate maximum acceptable toxicant concentrations (MATC) of each compound for this species. Zoeae were found, in long term tests, to be the most sensitive stage. Based on the experiments with this stage, MATCs were concluded to be greater than 0.95, less than 6.9 microgram/L for DEF, greater than or equal to 26, less than 220 microgram/L for trifluralin, greater than or equal to 1,700 microgram/L for propanil, and less than 1,000 microgram/L for the free acid form of 2,4-D.

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid↗

PubMed2004

Effects of propanil, tebufenozide and mefenacet on growth of four freshwater species of phytoplankton: a microplate bioassay.

The Albufera Natural Park situated in Valencia (Spain), with a very rich flora and fauna is surrounded by rice fields in which pesticide spraying is a regular practice. With this in mind, the sensitivity of four algal species, Scenedesmus acutus, Scenedesmus subspicatus, Chlorella vulgaris and Chlorella saccharophila to pesticides propanil, tebufenozide and mefenacet was studied using single species toxicity tests. Organisms were exposed to different concentrations of these herbicides and the algal growth was measured in a microplate reader at 410 nm, at 0, 24, 48 and 72 h. Tebufenozide appeared to be the most inhibitory to Scenedesmus and Chlorella species growth. 72 h EC50 of propanil, tebufenozide and mefenacet ranged from 0.29 to 5.98 mg/l, 0.12 to 0.15 mg/l and from 0.25 to 0.67 mg/l, respectively for the four algal species. The two species of Chlorella were more tolerant than the two species of Scenedesmus.

Acetamides↗

PubMed2006

Short- and long-term responses of Daphnia spp. to propanil exposures in distinct food supply scenarios.

The widespread increase of pesticides application in crops frequently leads to the contamination of vicinal freshwater lentic ecosystems. Herbicides such as propanil may impair cladoceran fitness, which is per se strongly influenced by the food availability and/or its acquisition efficiency. This work intended to evaluate the responses of Daphnia magna and three clonal lineages belonging to the Daphnia longispina complex to acute and chronic exposures of the herbicide propanil, as well as to assess whether food availability features these responses. Results showed that the agrochemical was acutely and chronically toxic to both D. magna and the D. cf. longispina clones at the same range of low concentrations, while relevant differences were depicted between the three distinct genotypes belonging to the D. longispina complex. Food-level conditioned the general fitness of the daphnids in the tests but evidences suggest that it does not interfere specifically with the toxicant mode of action.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Distribution and elimination of the herbicide propanil in the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus).

1. The uptake, elimination and tissue distribution of total radioactivity derived from the herbicide, [14C]propanil (3,4-dichloropropionanilide) and its metabolites were examined in individual farm-raised Channel Catfish which were exposed for 24 h to water containing 1 ppm of 14C-propanil under static conditions. Uptake and elimination of total radioactivity was monitored in individual animals over time in respective exposure (24 h) and depurating (144 h) aquaria. 2. Maximal uptake was reached between 8 and 12 h with approx. 38% of the absorbed radioactivity remaining in the animal after 144 h of depuration. Whole body depuration of radioactivity was biphasic with alpha and beta half-lives of 20 and 444 h, respectively. 3. Tissue distribution of total radioactivity was monitored at various time points in 12 tissues and bile over 48 h. Intestine, abdominal fat and liver possessed the greatest levels of radioactivity per gram of tissue over time. Radiolabel was shown to slowly increase in bile and intestine indicating biliary excretion as a possible pathway of metabolite elimination. 4. Bile possessed approx. 104 nmol (23%) of the remaining radioactivity in fish after 48 h. Other whole tissues possessing > 10% of radiolabel after 48 h were blood (83.5 nmol, 19% of the administered dose) and muscle (190 nmol, 43%).

Animals↗