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PubMed1975

Biological screening in the U.S. Army antimalarial drug development program.

The methods of testing drugs in the United States Army Antimalarial Drug Development Program are described. To date over two hundred thousand compounds have been screened. For each 3,000 compounds evaluated in the primary screen, only 1 is assessed for efficacy in the final test system. Of those potential antimalarials assessed in this last system, only about half are deemed worthy of preclinical toxicological evaluation.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

The National Cancer Institute: cancer drug discovery and development program.

The discovery and development of novel therapeutic products for the treatment of malignancy is vitally important to those physicians responsible for the management of cancer patients. A description of the ongoing efforts at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) is intended to provide insight into those complex processes necessary to accomplish this mission. An update on the NCI's revised cancer screen is accompanied by a brief summary of those new agents scheduled to be entered into clinical investigation in the near future. The tremendous potential advantages and challenges associated with the use of a molecular approach to cancer drug design are discussed. Despite the differences of opinion that may exist regarding the optimal strategies for accomplishing the mission, there is no disagreement regarding the importance of the effort to find effective new therapies for cancer patients.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

An evaluation of the population and development program in Egypt.

Previous rural surveys analyzing the impact of the Egyptian Population and Development Program on KAP variables (knowledge, attitudes, and practices of contraception) have produced mixed results. In 1982 a survey specifically designed to measure program impact contained refinements in questionnaire measurement, sampling, and analysis. Each refinement intensified the apparent program impact. Fertility itself still appears unresponsive, and attitudes toward family size have changed little, but marked differences between program and nonprogram areas in contraceptive knowledge, attitudes, and practice suggest imminent fertility declines in program areas.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Professional education in a long-term-care facility: program development in diabetes.

To effect diabetes care in a 1000-bed chronic care institution, a program development approach to multidisciplinary staff education was implemented. Chart audit, staff interviews, and observations were used to evaluate care standards. Initial assessment revealed that none of the charts included a thorough evaluation of patients for skills, knowledge, and adherence related to care of diabetes. Additionally, it was found that the current diagnostic criteria for diabetes and urine testing procedures were not being used. An educational approach was implemented to teach current information about diabetes, to focus on multidisciplinary coordination of care, and to set goals for care on model care units. Postintervention assessments of the model care units were completed at 6 and 24 mo. There were substantial alterations in care, with more of the charts meeting the standard in each of the eight categories under investigation: diabetes diagnosis according to National Diabetes Data Group criteria, urine testing, capillary blood testing, rotation of insulin injection site, assessment of patients for adherence to regimen, assessment of patient skills and knowledge, and interdisciplinary coordination of care.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed1979

Nutrition component in a comprehensive child development program. I. The home visitor's role in the prenatal intervention phase.

Nutritional services were integrated in a comprehensive child development program for sixty-eight disadvantaged urban families in an attempt to promote maximum cognitive and psychosocial functioning in their children. Child development trainers made weekly home visits beginning in pregnancy, which combined data gathering, direct nutritional counseling, and early sensory excercises for infants. This paper describes the prenatal home visit program, the training of the home visitors, how the 24-hr. food recall method was adapted for their use, the nature of the home visits, and the complex role of the home visitor. The group whose families participated in the prenatal home visits and were also followed for six months after the infants' birth scored higher on six-month Cattell Scales than did a control group who entered the program at six months of age. There were no stillbirths or neonatal deaths. The incidence of low-birth-weight infants was lower than the national averages. Participation in the program was high.

Child Development↗
PubMed1985

Preformulation studies in a drug development program for tablet formulations.

Recently developed techniques were applied in a preformulation program to select a compound and a suitable salt for use in a one-month toxicological test. The program showed that valuable information can be obtained prior to the choice of a compound as a candidate for a solid-dosage form. Information about the physical and mechanical properties of the chosen compound can be obtained with a limited amount of substance, i.e., surface color and hygroscopicity (1-2 g), dissolution rate and solubility (1-2 g), powder properties (1-2 g), and compaction properties (5-7 g).

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of a school development program on self-concept.

School improvement programs are often assessed in terms of their effect on school climate and education outcomes. The School Development Program (SDP) of the Yale Child Study Center has been shown to have a positive influence on those two factors. We also recognize the importance of positively influencing students' affective, intra-personal, and motivational states, such as their self-evaluations. The present study examined the effects of the SDP on multiple dimensions of students' self-concepts. The Piers Harris Self-Concept Scale was administered to 174 fourth and sixth graders, half of whom attended SDP schools and half control schools. Significant positive changes in self-concept were observed among the SDP students but not among the control students. Program students also showed significantly higher self-concepts on post-test measures when compared to normative samples.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1986

Participation and sibship size in a skill-development program: a research note.

The behavior of interest in this study was participation or non-participation in a non-school skill-development program carried out in Ottawa, Ontario, for children living in a rent-to-income housing complex. Participant and non-participant children differed sharply only in sibship size; the larger the sibship from which a child came the greater the probability that he or she would participate. The basis for this relationship seems to have been a strong tendency for the probability of a child's participating to increase whenever a brother or sister in the same family participated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Industrial rehabilitation medicine. 4. Assessment of the outcome of treatment in industrial medicine, program development, documentation, and testimony.

This self-directed learning module highlights new advances in this topic area. It is part of the chapter on industrial rehabilitation medicine in the Self-Directed Medical Knowledge Program for practitioners and trainees in physical medicine and rehabilitation. This article contains sections comparing the results of surgical versus nonsurgical treatment of low back pain and discussing the efficacy of ergonomic changes in the treatment of low back pain and cumulative trauma disorder, the effectiveness of chronic pain programs, directions for future research and program development in occupational medicine, and physiatric testimony in workers' compensation cases.

Back Pain↗
PubMed1988

A management development program for middle level nurse managers.

In an economic-oriented, competitive health care environment, middle level nurse managers must now perform their roles with a higher level of managerial and leadership skills than previously required. A systematic, consistent approach to the development of nurse managers will assist them in meeting role responsibilities. The authors describe a management development program for middle level nurse managers. An orientation curriculum plan is presented and a framework for advanced management enhancements is illustrated.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMed1985

Alterations in breast morphology consequent to a 21-day bust developer program.

Normal menstruating females, 19 to 32 years of age, were randomly assigned to either a control (C; N = 17) or an experimental (E; N = 17) group to determine alterations in breast size, shape, and volume consequent to a 21-day bust development program (BDP) using a commercial exercise device as specified by the manufacturer. E and C groups were evaluated on 2 consecutive d prior to initiating the BDP to establish reliability of the test procedures and again at the end of the BDP, 27 to 29 d following the initial measures. Anthropometric measures included the following girths: shoulder, chest, bust with and without brassiere, abdomen, deltoid, and flexed biceps. Breast photography included two 35-mm photographs each from the side and front views, in both full inspiration and full expiration, with the subject position carefully standardized. A total of 10 measurements, corrected for perspective error, were obtained from these photographs. Breast volume was measured using a water displacement technique, with three trials for each breast. Repeated measures analysis of variance procedures indicated no significant differences consequent to the BDP for any of the variables assessed, with the exception of a small decrease in shoulder girth in both E and C and a small decrease in left breast volume in E. It was concluded that the use of a commercial exercise device with a specific BDP does not result in changes in breast size, shape, or volume.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Primary care of adolescents. Issues in program development and implementation.

Recent reviews of adolescent primary care urge the development of a dynamic program evaluation strategy. An action research evaluation model that combines service, training, and research to foster the development and implementation of primary care services is presented. The strategy includes description of patient populations, determination of patient health care needs, specification of service objectives, assessment of health care resources, and evaluation of service procedures and outcomes. Elements of the action research strategy are applied to evaluate two current issues in adolescent primary care: family-oriented versus adolescent-limited services and "new morbidity".

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Antiepileptic drug development program: a cooperative effort of government and industry.

The most important step in antiepileptic drug discovery is the choice of an appropriate animal model for the initial screening as well as for the more complex procedures that elucidate mechanisms of action. The currently available models fall short in their inability to identify all drugs for all types of seizures in a mechanism-independent manner. Nevertheless, spontaneous models of epilepsy are the most commonly used, and chemically or electrically induced seizures in rodents can also identify potential anticonvulsants. In the latter models, the intensity of the seizure stimulus is of paramount importance. The Antiepileptic Drug Development Program evaluates approximately 800 compounds each year, using two models for preliminary screening. One model assesses the ability of a compound to prevent seizure spread; the other weighs the ability to raise seizure threshold. In vivo tests, featuring amygdala- and corneal-kindled seizures, and in vitro assays, employing gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors and synaptosomal uptake of adenosine, define drug-drug interactions and elucidate the pharmacological profiles of potential anticonvulsants.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Random assignment in clinical trials: issues in planning (Infant Health and Development Program).

Various options available for the randomization of subjects into groups in a clinical trial are discussed, emphasizing the issues of logistics given less focus in more mathematical treatments. We discuss advantages and disadvantages of total randomization, of Zelen-type randomization procedures, of Efron-type procedures vs more classical blocking procedures to control the balance between groups, and of Simon-Pocock-type procedures vs more classical stratification for controlling possible biases in prognostic factors. Finally, we discuss issues related to choice and implementation of randomization procedures. The discussion is illustrated with the processes of decision-making in a national collaborative randomized clinical trial, the Infant Health and Development Program.

Bias↗
PubMed1985

Perinatal coaching: program development.

Perinatal Coaching is a training/educational program introduced to new parents in the first days following the birth of their baby. This program provides support while teaching new parents skills to communicate and interact with their newborn following birth. The article gives an overview of the content of the Perinatal Coaching Program, a review of the newborn's capabilities and their relationship to perinatal coaching, important features of some ongoing programs, early identification and selection of parents, and speculation for future development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Computerized evaluation of the effectiveness of subgingival scaling in jaw models. An introduction to the program developed at the School of Dentistry, University of Bergen.

The purpose of the present study was to improve the quality and the effectiveness of subgingival scaling managed by dental students. A training program was developed and the scaling was performed in jaw models. The teeth of these models were modified in order to ensure a quick inspection of the scaled root surfaces. Artificial "calculus", consisting of a mixture of shellac, umbra, pumice and plaster dissolved in ethanol, was painted on the root surfaces. Following the completion of the scaling test, remaining "calculus" was evaluated by adoption of a grading system. This system had scores from 0 to 3 and was defined by illustrated and described criteria. A menu-directed computer program was developed in order to ensure a rapid transformation of surface scores into clinically-related variables. The output from this program gave valuable information about the proficiency of individual students, as well as about the whole class of students as one body. Other advantages and potentials of this system are described.

Computers↗
PubMed1989

Occupational therapy program development for medical-psychiatry units: a cognitive model.

Occupational therapy programs form an essential component of the overall treatment program on medical psychiatry units for patients with depression, physical debilitation, and cognitive dysfunction. This article outlines theoretical and practical aspects of developing an occupational therapy program for medical-psychiatric inpatients. Emphasis is placed on accurate assessment of cognitive and physical functioning to facilitate stratification of patients into appropriate therapeutic activities that are commensurate with their level of functioning. The theoretical basis and orientation of occupational therapy is also discussed vis-à-vis its relevance to the treatment of patients with concurrent medical and psychiatric illness.

Adolescent↗