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At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Evaluation of mating systems involving five breeds for integrated beef production systems: I. Cow-calf segment.

Deterministic computer models were used to simulate the cow-calf segment of an integrated production system. Angus, Charolais, Hereford, Limousin, and Simmental breeds were included in three mating systems: pure-breeding (PB) or two- (2R) or three-breed (3R) rotational crossbreeding. Breed data were taken from the literature. Herds were evaluated over the production year. Sires represented breed averages and were available from sources outside their herds, and 100 replacement heifers were saved annually. Females in 3R had the highest average energy requirements (8,144 Mcal of ME.cow-1.yr-1) and production costs ($322.31.cow-1.yr-1), and PB females had the lowest average requirements (7,748 Mcal of ME.cow-1.yr-1) and costs ($313.2.cow-1.yr-1). Purebred systems were the least biologically and economically efficient (64.9 Mcal of ME/kg of steer equivalent, $2.35/kg of steer equivalent), respectively, and 3R systems were the most efficient (56.6 Mcal of ME/kg of steer equivalent, $1.95/kg of steer equivalent). On average, 3R systems were more efficient biologically and economically than 2R systems. However, some 2R systems were as efficient as some 3R systems. Crossbred combinations containing Angus and(or) Hereford ranked more biologically and economically efficient than other breed combinations. Conversely, British purebreds ranked more biologically efficient, whereas Continental purebreds ranked more economically efficient.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1992

A bioeconomic simulation model for a hierarchical swine breeding structure.

A stochastic computer model was developed to simulate individual pigs in a hierarchical breeding system. The bioeconomic model was designed as a tool to facilitate the evaluation of selection, culling, and management strategies for a three-tiered breeding structure. Events such as mating, farrowing, and selection occurred weekly. Variables included number of pigs born alive, survival rate from birth to weaning, average daily gain and backfat at 110 kg, number of pigs weaned, feed per gain, days from weaning to 110 kg, age at puberty, and growth rate and weight of sows and service boars. Also included were probabilities of conception, return to estrus by week, survival, involuntary culling, male infertility, and unacceptable conformation. Variables important for selection were determined by breeding value, individual and maternal heterosis, parity, size of birth litter, sex, age of dam, genetic and environmental relationships between variables, and common litter, permanent, and random environmental effects. Variables derived from selection variables were computed by regression using phenotypic relationships between all variables. Also, a random environmental effect was added to predicted performance. Means and variances of variables differed between genetic lines. Production costs included feed, non-feed operating, fixed, and replacement stock costs. Income included market animals, culls, and replacements sold to lower tiers. Effects of changes in backfat on market value and sow maintenance feed costs were not modeled. An example is given to illustrate model output.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1992

Genetic and economic analyses of female replacement rates in the dam-daughter pathway of a hierarchical swine breeding structure.

A stochastic life-cycle swine production model was used to study the effect of female replacement rates in the dam-daughter pathway for a tiered breeding structure on genetic change and returns to the breeder. Genetic, environmental, and economic parameters were used to simulate characteristics of individual pigs in a system producing F1 female replacements. Evaluated were maximum culling ages for nucleus and multiplier tier sows. System combinations included one- and five-parity alternatives for both levels and 10-parity options for the multiplier tier. Yearly changes and average phenotypic levels were computed for performance and economic measures. Generally, at the nucleus level, responses to 10 yr of selection for sow and pig performance in five-parity herds were 70 to 85% of response in one-parity herds. Similarly, the highest selection responses in multiplier herds were from systems with one-parity nucleus tiers. Responses in these were typically greater than 115% of the response for systems with the smallest yearly change, namely, the five-parity nucleus and five- and 10-parity multiplier levels. In contrast, the most profitable multiplier tiers (10-parity) had the lowest replacement costs. Within a multiplier culling strategy, rapid genetic change was desirable. Differences between systems that culled after five or 10 parities were smaller than differences between five- and one-parity multiplier options. To recover production costs, systems with the lowest returns required 140% of market hog value for gilts available to commercial tiers, whereas more economically efficient systems required no premium.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2026

Modified Plasmids and Inverted Terminal Repeats Enhance Adeno-Associated Virus Production and Performance.

Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) is a preferred vector in gene therapy, although high production costs inhibit widespread adoption. The most common approach for rAAV production involves transfection of HEK293 cells with three plasmids: pTransgene, pRep/Cap and pHelper. Producing sufficient amounts of these plasmids accounts for up to 40% of total batch costs. Initially, this work aimed to increase plasmid yields by replacing the backbones. While this approach increased pHelper yields, pRep/Cap and pTransgene yields were unaffected. A possible reason was identified: pTransgene contains inverted terminal repeat (ITR) sequences that are essential for rAAV production. ITRs have strong secondary structures (including hairpin loops termed B and C arms) that likely interfere with plasmid production. Therefore, targeted deletions were performed within the ITRs. Partial deletions in both the B and C arms of the ITR were most beneficial, as both plasmid yield and transgene expression increased. Importantly, partial deletions did not reduce rAAV yield, as had been previously observed when the B and C arms were fully deleted. In summary, we report a 140% increase in pHelper plasmid production, while the most successful ITR variant increased pTransgene plasmid yields by 57% and transgene expression by 28%, without reducing rAAV yields or transduction efficiency.

Humans↗
PubMed1992

Constipation: proposed natural laxative mixtures.

The treatment of constipation in the elderly is one of the most common problems encountered by the geriatric nurse practitioner (Aman, 1990; Brocklehurst, 1983; Shefts, 1984). Management of bowel habits with this age group is difficult, often resulting in mismanagement and the need for invasive measures, such as suppositories and enemas. Yet, it is possible bowel habits for these patients might be regulated by maintaining their dietary, dentition, and mobility requirements so that the use of invasive measures as well as associated product costs are minimized. A review of the literature revealed normal defecation ranges in frequency from three times a day to three times a week (Connel, 1965). As reported by Wright and Staats (1986), however, the "interval between bowel movements generally lengthens in debilitated older people."

Aged↗
PubMed1976

Practice habits in a group of eight internists.

A method was devised to offer a group of internists a system by which to analyze their practices, allowing them to identify areas where a change in practice habits might be beneficial. More than 3000 encounters between patients and internists in an eight-man group were analyzed for a number of variables. Significant differences existed between physicians as to the percentage of encounters that were physician-initiated rather than patient-initiated. Disposition of the encounters also varied significantly. The effect that the recycling of patients has on productivity, cost, and use of hospital facilities is discussed. In addition to geographic and specialty maldistribution, the maldistribution of physician time is a significant barrier to meeting the demands for medical care.

Efficiency↗
PubMed1976

Selenium-75-19-selenocholesterol-a new adrenal scanning agent with high concentration in the adrenal medulla.

A tissue distribution study with 75Se-19-selenocholesterol in rats, rabbits, and dogs showed high adrenal concentrations and good adrenal images. In the dog, higher concentrations were obtained in the adrenal medulla than in the cortex at Days 1 and 7 after dosing. Extraction and thin-layer chromatography of the adrenal lipid in dogs given this compound showed that 75Se in the adrenal is still attached to the steroid moiety. A reduction in production costs is expected from its longer shelf life. Selenium-75-19-selenocholesterol is being evaluated in humans not only for routine use as a adrenal cortex scanning agent, but also for the detection of pheochromocytomas and other sympathetic tissue tumors, especially neuroblastomas.

Adrenal Gland Diseases↗
PubMed1992

[A rapid method for the determination of the anti-interferon activity of bacteria].

Methods for the rapid and immediate determination of the anti-interferon activity of bacteria have been developed. The use of these methods makes it possible to reduce the time of determination from 48 hours to 24 and 7 hours. The proposed methods require no additional production costs, while their sensitivity and specificity are not inferior to those ensured by the classical method. These methods are recommended for the etiological diagnosis of diseases caused by opportunistic enterobacteria.

Bacteria↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Supply of medical equipment in Mexico].

This article covers the report on Supply of Medical Equipment in Mexico, presented during the Second National Congress of Public Health. The results are part of an investigation that dealt with the general conditions that currently prevail in the production and distribution of medical equipment. The information was obtained by means of a survey applied to 208 companies that comprised the sample study. The facts indicate that of the companies that correspond to this industrial sector in Mexico, 3.8 per cent are manufacturers, 69.7 per cent distributors, 19.2 per cent manufacturer-distributors, and the remaining 7.2 per cent correspond to corrective and preventive maintenance. Also, these companies pose serious problems of external dependence with regard to production costs and the commercialization of products. Furthermore, it became evident that there is a substantial need for financial support to optimally satisfy the demands of various institutions in the country's health sector.

Equipment and Supplies↗
PubMed1991

The use of intravenous immune globulin in organ transplantation.

There are no comparative clinical data to differentiate the available IVIG products. Cost, pharmaceutical considerations, and CMV titers are criteria for selecting these products. CMV-IGIV has higher titers of CMV antibodies but is more costly. The potential for CMV infection in transplant patients is great, but the clinical significance may vary. Likewise CMV morbidity and mortality is variable and dependent on the type of transplant, the donor, and immunosuppressive regimens used. IVIG has a role in decreasing CMV infections in transplant patients, but further study and cost-benefit analysis is necessary to determine optimal regimens.

Cytomegalovirus Infections↗
PubMed1977

A new parallel plate dialyser. II. Description of design and in vitro performance.

Using a high efficiency membrane support pattern, described in the previous paper, a prototype of a new parallel plate dialyser has been developed. The new dialyser is designed in such a way that the number of components is reduced to one item per blood layer and the membrane is folded as a continuum. This permits a semiautomatic assembly of the unit, which reduces production costs. Furthermore this technique facilitates aseptic handling of the item. The in vitro performance has been tested and it compares favorably with commercially available disposable parallel plate dialysers.

Biomedical Engineering↗
PubMed1977

Educating patients with Osteoarthritis.

An education program was developed for geriatric patients with osteoarthritis utilizing adult learner methods. The format used was slide/tape with accompanying booklets. Sixty-seven patients were tested before, immediately after, and three weeks after viewing the programs. A change in knowledge was noted for all objectives and was statistically significant (P .05) in five of six objectives. Although initial production costs are substantial, duplication costs are minimal. These results suggest that geriatric patients with osteoarthritis are able to learn and the method used is a cost-effective one.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed1979

Helping staff to manage conflict well.

A hospital that trains its staff to deal assertively with conflict can become more effective in terms of productivity, cost effectiveness, and patient satisfaction. A training model for handling conflict in the work setting is described.

Aggression↗
PubMed1979

Developing drug-use profiles from drug-charge records.

The potential for developing a drug-use profile from drug-charge records was studied at an 830-bed community hospital. Patient drug charges were reviewed retrospectively for one year (1975) to identify: (1) which key drugs accounted for a high percentage of cost and usage; (2) where key drugs were used within the hospital; (3) how they were used; and (4) who were the chief prescribers. Of the drugs used, 8% accounted for 80% of total drug product costs. Seven drug groups (10% of the total drug groups) appeared in the top 10 of both drug cost and quantity categories. Six individual drugs also appeared in the top 10 of both categories. According to cost, cephalosporin antibiotics were ranked first among drug groups but were sixth according to quantity. Analgesics-antipyretics were ranked first among drug groups by quantity and second by cost. Cephalothin was ranked first among individual drugs by cost and was not in the top 10 in quantity. Diazepam was ranked first among individual drugs by quantity and third by cost. Patients' drug-charge records can be used effectively to generate drug-use profiles for ongoing drug use review, quality assurance and cost containment programs.

California↗
PubMed1979

The need for integrated control programs for zoonoses affecting livestock.

Prior to recognition of etiologic agents of zoonoses (infections transmitted between animals and man), physicians encountered these illnesses in man and veterinarians observed them in animals. As the agents were identified, interspecies relationships (and spread) became evident and control programs evolved without consideration of cost-effectiveness. Today, the public demands efficient use of financial resources. Human health as well as economic losses are concerns of animal health agencies. Zoonoses affecting livestock, though not major priorities among public health agencies, cannot be ignored. It seems economical, therefore, to combine the efforts of these agencies in zoonoses control. This would benefit human health by reducing the animal reservoirs and the livestock industry will benefit by lowered production costs.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Combined vaccines in veterinary medicine in the developing countries].

It is in the interest of developing countries to have combined vaccines in veterinary medicine, not so much because they reduce production costs, but rather because they increase convenience and efficacy concerning the logistics of prophylactic projects in the field, thus lowering the cost of these projects. Their drawbacks are basically due to the biological compatibility of immunogens (possible immunosuppression by some viruses) and to the interaction of the various components when mixed, or when lyophilization is carried out. Some examples of such associations of vaccines are: (1) cattle plague + pleuropneumonia and possibly anthrax, (2) anthrax + blackleg, (3) sheeppox + anthrax, (4) pleuropneumonia + blackleg, (5) Newcastle disease + fowlpox + fowl typhoid, (6) fowl typhoid + chicken pasteurellosis. Practical results have been most positive and include the eradication of cattle plague - a major scourge of almost all of the African continent - and control over peripneumonia as a first step towards its eradication.

Africa↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Karyology: vaccine manufacturers' views.

Chromosomal analyses and life span studies of WI-38 cell cultures used for vaccine production at the Connaught Laboratories Ltd will be described. Twenty cultures derived from the same seed lot and 25 cultures derived from different starter cultures were analyzed. Karyology tests at population doublings 31 and higher were within acceptable limits. The WI-38 cells reached a finite lifespan of approximately 65 population doublings. Normal growth characteristics were observed within 2/3 of the finite lifespan, i.e. until population doubling 40. The finite lifespan of MRC-5 was found to be 75 population doublings, with normal growth pattern until passage 50. The karyology test results, cell yields and the finite lifespans indicated that these cells could be used as substrates for vaccine production at higher passage levels than previously suggested. Using serially subcultivated cells at higher passage levels would make possible an increase in the volume of vaccine from existing cell seed and would also result in significant reduction in production costs.

Cell Survival↗
PubMed1977

C.A.B.: a practical contact lens option?

The rigid contact lens continues to offer many prescription features which are difficult to match in the flexible lens realm, e.g.,: readily measured parameters, predictable optics, low production cost and minimum patient care requirements for reasonable hygienic safety. But poor tear pump efficiency remains a challenge in many conventional (i.e., PMMA) cases, even today. Oxygen permeable rigid materials represent the obvious solution to this problem, but how adequately do they perform? Two such materials are examined in this report in relation to the oxygen needs of the cornea.

Cellulose↗