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PubMed2000

A Quantum State-Resolved Insertion Reaction: O((1)D) + H(2)(J = 0) --> OH((2) product operator product operator product operator, v, N) + H((2)S).

The O((1)D) + H(2) --> OH + H reaction, which proceeds mainly as an insertion reaction at a collisional energy of 1.3 kilocalories per mole, has been investigated with the high-resolution H atom Rydberg "tagging" time-of-flight technique and the quasiclassical trajectory (QCT) method. Quantum state-resolved differential cross sections were measured for this prototype reaction. Different rotationally-vibrationally excited OH products have markedly different angular distributions, whereas the total reaction products are roughly forward and backward symmetric. Theoretical results obtained from QCT calculations indicate that this reaction is dominated by the insertion mechanism, with a small contribution from the collinear abstraction mechanism through quantum tunneling.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1984

Properties and requirements for production of a macrophage product which suppresses steroid production by adrenocortical cells.

Lipopolysaccharide-treated murine peritoneal exudate macrophages (PEM) release a factor or factors into the supernatant that suppress adrenocorticotropic hormone-induced steroidogenesis in explanted rabbit adrenocortical cells (J. C. Mathison et al., J. Immunol. 130:2757-2762, 1983). To determine the requirements for suppression, PEM supernatants (30 microliters) were added to explanted rabbit adrenocortical cells in a final volume of 120 microliters with 10 mU of adrenocorticotropic hormone per ml, and after 18 h at 37 degrees C, steroid concentrations were measured by a fluorometric assay. Supernatant from proteose peptone-elicited C3HeB/FeJ PEM (5 X 10(6) PEM per 3.5-cm well, 10 micrograms of Salmonella minnesota Re595 LPS per ml, 18 h) suppressed steroid production ca. 50%, and kinetic studies demonstrated that the appearance of suppressive activity in the supernatant was gradual over 4 to 18 h. Release of suppressive activity was not associated with decreased viability of the PEM (assessed by fluorescein diacetate staining and measurement of lactic dehydrogenase in the supernatant). Suppression was not observed when the PEM supernatant was diluted 10-fold before addition to the adrenocortical cells, whereas supernatant concentrated 20-fold (prepared with a 10,000-molecular-weight-cutoff filter) produced 75 to 80% suppression. The suppressive activity was stable at pH 4, pH 11, or 70 degrees C for 30 min but was inactivated at 100 degrees C (10 min). Suppressive activity was also induced in C3HeB/FeJ PEM by O111:B4 lipopolysaccharide or heat-killed Listeria monocytogenes. In contrast, PEM from C3H/HeJ mice did not produce detectable suppressive activity in response to Re595 lipopolysaccharide or heat-killed L. monocytogenes. Thus, these results provide additional support for the inducible, selective release of a macrophage product that could affect the host response to lipopolysaccharide by regulation of the adrenocortical response to adrenocorticotropic hormone.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed1992

Characterization, localization, and sequence of F transfer region products: the pilus assembly gene product TraW and a new product, TrbI.

The traW gene of the Escherichia coli K-12 sex factor, F, encodes one of the numerous proteins required for conjugative transfer of this plasmid. We have found that the nucleotide sequence of traW encodes a 210-amino-acid, 23,610-Da polypeptide with a characteristic amino-terminal signal peptide sequence; in DNA from the F lac traW546 amber mutant, the traW open reading frame is interrupted at codon 141. Studies of traW expression in maxicells in the presence and absence of ethanol demonstrate that the traW product does undergo signal sequence processing. Cell fractionation experiments additionally demonstrated that mature TraW is a periplasmic protein. Electron microscopy also showed that F lac traW546 hosts do not express F pili, confirming that TraW is required for F-pilus assembly. Our nucleotide sequence also revealed the existence of an additional gene, trbI, located between traC and traW. The trbI gene encodes a 128-amino-acid polypeptide which could be identified as a 14-kDa protein product. Fractionation experiments demonstrated that TrbI is an intrinsic inner-membrane protein. Hosts carrying the pOX38-trbI::kan insertion mutant plasmids that we constructed remained quite transfer proficient but exhibited increased resistance to F-pilus-specific phages. Mutant plasmids pOX38-trbI472 and pOX38-trbI473 expressed very long F pili, suggestive of a pilus retraction deficiency. Expression of an excess of TrbI in hosts carrying a wild-type pOX38 plasmid also caused F-pilus-specific phage resistance. The possibility that TrbI influences the kinetics of pilus outgrowth and/or retraction is discussed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Complexities in ETS-domain transcription factor function and regulation: lessons from the TCF (ternary complex factor) subfamily. The Colworth Medal Lecture.

The ETS-domain transcription factor family can be divided into a series of subfamilies. Elk-1 represents the founding member of the ternary complex factor (TCF) subfamily. By focusing on the TCF subfamily, we can demonstrate the complexities that exist in the function and regulation of ETS-domain transcription factors. This article focuses on Elk-1 in detail and summarizes the functions of other TCFs. The key themes covered include the domain structure of the TCFs, the mechanisms of complex formation with serum response factor, regulation of TCFs by mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades, and transcriptional regulatory properties of the TCFs. Finally, the emerging role of the TCFs in vivo is discussed. A picture is developing indicating that, while these proteins exhibit significant sequence and functional conservation, key differences in their structure and regulation are being identified which may relate to unique functions of these proteins in vivo.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1998

Enhanced prostaglandin E2 production by monocytes in atopic dermatitis (AD) is not accompanied by enhanced production of IL-6, IL-10 or IL-12.

AD is associated with a bias of the T helper cells to show increased IL-4 and reduced interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production. The production of IFN-gamma and IL-4 and the development of Th cells into either high IFN-gamma or high IL-4 producers is strongly influenced by factors produced by antigen-presenting cells (APC), like IL-12 and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). IL-12 selectively enhances IFN-gamma production and favours the development of IFN-gamma-producing Th cells, whereas PGE2 selectively inhibits IFN-gamma production by Th cells. The aim of this study was to test whether the increased IL-4/IFN-gamma production ratio by Th cells in AD can be explained by an increased PGE2/IL-12 production ratio by the APC. Monocytes were used as APC source. PGE2 and IL-12 production by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated monocytes from 12 AD patients and 12 non-atopic controls was determined using two complementary experimental systems, whole blood cultures and purified monocytes. In addition, we determined IL-6 production as a measure of monocyte activation, and IL-10 production because IL-12 production by monocytes is highly influenced by endogenously produced IL-10. The monocytes from AD patients showed normal production levels of IL-6 and IL-10, a two-fold, but non-significant decrease in IL-12 production, and a significantly (three-fold) higher PGE2 production than those from non-atopic controls. Here we show for the first time that enhanced PGE2 production by monocytes in AD is not accompanied by a general rise in cytokine production. We conclude that AD is indeed associated with an increased PGE2/IL-12 production ratio by monocytes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Relationship between production and days open at different levels of herd production.

Five production variables and days open were analyzed using 611,680 records from 348,243 cows in 5694 herds enrolled in the Wisconsin DHI program. Production variables included 305-d milk production and several production measures adjusted for combinations of mature equivalent, fat and protein content, and effects of days open. Herds were divided into four groups by herd production. Heritability estimates for production variables ranged from .27 for mature equivalent milk that was corrected for fat and protein content and adjusted for days open to .34 for mature equivalent milk and for mature equivalent milk that was adjusted for days open. Adjustment of production records for days open had little impact on heritability estimates of production traits. Heritability for days open was approximately .05. Heritability estimates were larger for all measures of production and for days open for the herds with higher mean production. The effects of parity and season were important for both adjusted and unadjusted measures of production. After production variables were adjusted for mature equivalent factors, large differences remained between REML estimates of fixed effects of parity and season. For days open, estimates were larger for later parity cows and were highest for cows calving during spring. For measures of production, estimates were largest between first and second parity cows and between winter and summer calvings. Within herd, days open were longer for cows with higher production. Regressions of days open on production records that were not adjusted for days open were significantly larger for the herds at lower production.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Biologics products; establishment registration and product listing for manufacturers of human blood and blood products; amendment to exempt certain transfusion services from registration--FDA. Final rule.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is amending the biologics regulations to exempt from FDA's requirements for establishment registration and product listing (and routine establishment inspection) certain transfusion services that routinely prepare red blood cells and that are approved for Medicare reimbursement by the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA). FDA is amending the regulations as a followup to a revision of a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between the Public Health Service (PHS), FDA, and HCFA. Under this revision of the MOU, FDA will not perform routine inspections of transfusion services that routinely prepare red blood cells, to avoid duplicative regulatory inspections of such facilities by both HCFA and FDA. The amended MOU is published with this final rule as Appendix A.

Blood Banks↗
PubMed2001

In vitro effect of advanced glycation end-products on human polymorphonuclear superoxide production.

BACKGROUND: Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are elevated in the sera of diabetic patients. The latter are prone to severe bacterial infections. Advanced glycation end-products have been shown to modulate immune competent cell activities. In this study we examined the in vitro effect of advanced glycation end-products on superoxide anion generation by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Advanced glycation end-products were prepared by incubation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) with glucose for 90 days. Superoxide production was measured as the superoxide dismutase-inhibitable reduction of ferricytochrome c. The effect of advanced glycation end-products on superoxide production was evaluated in both baseline (nonstimulated) and stimulated (by either formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, or phorbol-myristate-acetate) polymorphonuclear leukocytes. RESULTS: The baseline superoxide production of polymorphonuclear leukocytes was significantly increased by advanced glycation end-products in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, in stimulated polymorphonuclear leukocytes advanced glycation end-products significantly inhibited superoxide production, again in a dose-dependent manner. This inhibitory effect of advanced glycation end-products was observed after dialyzing AGE-BSA, thereby eliminating the possible influence of reactive carbohydrates. No modification of superoxide production was seen with BSA and only a mild inhibitory effect of glucose at high concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: Advanced glycation end-products depress superoxide production by stimulated polymorphonuclear leukocytes. As superoxide plays an essential role in bactericidal activity, this polymorphonuclear leukocyte dysfunction may be a contributory factor to the increased prevalence and severity of bacterial infection seen in diabetic patients.

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug↗
PubMed2005

Productivity costs among patients with rheumatoid arthritis: the influence of methods and sources to value loss of productivity.

OBJECTIVE: To assess productivity costs incurred by rheumatoid arthritis, comprising paid as well as household productivity costs, from a societal perspective, using different methods. METHODS: A questionnaire on productivity, including items of the Health and Labour Questionnaire, was completed by 576 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (mean disease duration seven years). The friction cost (FC) method using the gross national wage per hour was applied to estimate paid productivity, and the market equivalent was used to value loss of household productivity. Sensitivity analyses to estimate paid productivity costs among patients of working age included the human capital (HC) method and an alternative source, namely the "added value", to value loss of paid productivity. RESULTS: In the total study population, mean (SD) annual costs from loss of paid productivity according to the FC method were estimated to be 278 (1,559) and mean annual household productivity costs were 2,045 (3,882). When using the HC method, mean annual costs increased to an average of 4,434 (9,957). When using the added value of production, average FC costs increased from 455 to 540 among patients of working age. CONCLUSIONS: Costs from loss of household productivity in rheumatoid arthritis were seven times higher than costs from loss of paid productivity, assessed by the FC method. The high paid productivity costs when using the HC method reflect the high work disability rate in rheumatoid arthritis. As the method of measuring and source of valuing productivity loss has an important influence on the costs, a consensus to standardise these issues is desirable.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in hamsters. An alveolar macrophage product increases fibroblast prostaglandin E2 and cyclic adenosine monophosphate and suppresses fibroblast proliferation and collagen production.

Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in hamsters is associated with collagen accumulation that results from increased lung collagen synthesis rates. However, 1-2 wk after intratracheal instillation of bleomycin, lung collagen synthesis rates decline toward control values. To evaluate the potential role of the bronchoalveolar macrophage in regulating lung collagen production, we studied the effects of macrophages from normal and bleomycin-treated hamsters upon fibroblasts in vitro. We observed: (a) Medium from macrophage cultures decreased fibroblast [3H]thymidine incorporation and nondialyzable [3H]hydroxyproline production in a dose-dependent manner. Fibroblast cell counts were decreased in exposed cultures, and fibroblast viability was unchanged. Procollagen prolyl hydroxylation and prolyl-transfer RNA-specific activity were not altered by macrophage medium; this indicates that [3H]hydroxyproline reflects collagen production rate under the experimental conditions. (b) The suppressive effect of macrophage medium was selective for collagen since collagen production decreased more than noncollagen protein production. (c) Medium from bleomycin-treated hamster macrophages suppressed fibroblast proliferation and collagen production to a greater degree than medium from normal hamster macrophages. (d) Fibroblast suppression by macrophage medium was associated with increased fibroblast endogenous prostaglandin E2 production and intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP). (e) Incubation of fibroblasts with indomethacin before exposure completely inhibited prostaglandin E2 production and increases in cAMP, and eliminated suppression of fibroblast proliferation and collagen production. The macrophage-derived suppressive factor has an apparent molecular weight of 20,000-30,000 and is heat stable. It does not appear to be species restricted since both hamster and human lung fibroblasts are similarly suppressed. It is at least in part preformed in macrophages obtained by lavage, but its production can also be stimulated in vitro. We concluded that alveolar macrophages release a product that stimulates endogenous fibroblast prostaglandin E2 production and cAMP formation with resultant suppression of fibroblast proliferation and collagen production. Enhanced release of suppressive factor by macrophages during a time when lung collagen production is declining in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis suggests that macrophages may limit collagen accumulation in pulmonary fibrosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[Plasma-derived products: therapeutic biological products].

The status of proprietary medicinal product has been conferred upon plasma derived products (PDP) by the European Community in its directive issued on the 14 of June 1989. This directive requires each Member State to comply with the current regulations applicable to medicinal products related to production, control and registration of PDP. A different evolution characterized the American regulation in which PDP have been classified as biological products, submitted to a particular regulation since 1992. These different conceptions led the authors to systematically review the specificities of PDP in comparison to classical medicinal products: plasmatic raw material, production of active ingredients and manufacturing of products in the same facility, divergent production of several products from a single starting material, infection risks and variability characterizing biological products, registration and distribution. The analysis of complementary regulation issued to adapt the pharmaceutical principles to the PDP shows that it does not provide all the expected answers to the specificities of the PDP. This shows the advantages that could be expected by giving a status of biological therapeutic product to the PDP. This could above all allow to federate qualified people and data in order to take into account more accurate and more immediate information about risks which may arise in very dispersed fields. This could also serve as a reminder of the ethical principles attached to the preparation of products coming from a human source.

Biological Products↗
PubMed2005

Characterization of gene therapy products and the impact of manufacturing changes on product comparability.

Gene therapy products represent a novel and complex class of products. Ensuring product safety, identity, purity and potency following a manufacturing change extends not only to assessing the final formulated product but also all the components used during product manufacturing. CBER has implemented a stepwise approach to product characterization and compliance with cGMPs, which increases as the study moves from phase 1 toward phase 3 and licensing. It is important that product characterization be performed early in product development because without full product characterization it will be difficult to determine the impact of the manufacturing process on the product as well as the impact any manufacturing change will have on the product. To demonstrate product comparability a thorough understanding of the manufacturing process, including product characterization, is necessary, so that the impact of a manufacturing change can be accurately assessed.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Inhibition of interleukin-2 production by tumor cell products and by CKS-17, a synthetic retroviral envelope peptide.

Tumor cells of all types and species tested have been found to produce, in culture, substances that depress the expression of cell-mediated immunity, in the form of delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions in mouse feet. The factors responsible appear related immunologically to the retroviral envelope protein p15E. We have measured the effects of tumor products and conjugates of a p15E-related peptide, CKS-17, on interleukin-2 (IL-2) production by cultured, mitogen-stimulated EL4 cells; in this system IL-2 production is independent of IL-1. Supernatants of cultures of mouse, human and guinea-pig tumor cells inhibited IL-2 production in a dose-dependent fashion. CKS-17 conjugates, but not control conjugates, also inhibited IL-2 production. Responses to IL-2 of the CTLL line used were less inhibited by tumor products and very slightly inhibited by CKS-17 conjugates. IL-2 receptor density, assayed by flow cytometry, was not inhibited. IL-2 production was inhibited whether the tumor products or CKS-17 conjugates were added early or late in the course of culture of stimulated EL4 cells. Inhibition by CKS-17 conjugates was selective in that IL-2 production was inhibited to a greater degree than general protein synthesis in EL4 cells, and general protein synthesis by fibroblasts was unaffected. Measurement of IL-2 mRNA suggested that inhibition of IL-2 production was mediated post-transcriptionally. Fractionation of six different tumor supernatants on Sephacryl S-300 revealed a single peak of activity with an apparent molecular mass of 18 kDa. Antibodies to CKS-17 conjugates neutralized the inhibitory effect of native tumor products on IL-2 production. Inhibition of IL-2 production, by factors related to p15E, provides a strategically effective means of subversion of host defenses by tumors, and abrogation of this inhibition by means of antibodies might promote host resistance to tumor growth.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Production of fructosyl transferase by Aspergillus oryzae CFR 202 in solid-state fermentation using agricultural by-products.

Fructosyl transferase (FTase) production by Aspergillus oryzae CFR 202 was carried out by solid-state fermentation (SSF), using various agricultural by-products like cereal bran, corn products, sugarcane bagasse,cassava bagasse (tippi) and by-products of coffee and tea processing. The FTase produced was used for the production of fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), using 60% sucrose as substrate. Among the cereal bran used, rice bran and wheat bran were good substrates for FTase production by A. oryzae CFR 202. Among the various corn products used, corn germ supported maximum FTase production, whereas among the by-products of coffee and tea processing used, spent coffee and spent tea were good substrates, with supplementation of yeast extract and complete synthetic media. FTase had maximum activity at 60 degrees C and pH 6.0. FTase was stable up to 40 degrees C and in the pH range 5.0-7.0. Maximum FOS production was obtained with FTase after 8 h of reaction with 60% sucrose. FTase produced by SSF using wheat bran was purified 107-fold by ammonium sulphate precipitation (30-80%), DEAE cellulose chromatography and Sephadex G-200 chromatography. The molecular mass of the purified FTase was 116.3 kDa by SDS-PAGE. This study indicates the potential for the use of agricultural by-products for the efficient production of FTase enzyme by A. oryzae CFR 202 in SSF, thereby resulting in value addition of those by-products.

Ammonium Sulfate↗
PubMed2004

Requirements for the admission of medical products made of NiTinol according to the German Medical Products Act (MPG).

This paper describes the procedure in placing a medical product on the market. Since June 1998, medical products must have the CE label according to the directive 93/42 EEC. This means that all medical products must fulfill the essential requirements according to Annex I of this directive. Assessments and certifications are made by so-called Notified Bodies. Medical products are classified into four classes: Classes I, IIa, IIb, and III. There exist 18 classification rules. Biocompatibility of a product must be demonstrated. The standard EN ISO 10993-1 Biological Assessment of Medical Products informs about the type and scope of the tests. The place of application and body contact time are criteria for the tests to be performed. Biocompatibility of NiTinol may be assessed on the basis of clinical data/literature. Clinical suitability of a medical product must also be demonstrated. This can be done by assessing scientific literature or performing clinical tests or by combining both methods. The prerequisites for a clinical test of medical products are outlined among others by Article 20, MPG (General Prerequisites for Clinical Testing). MEDDEV 2.7.1, Evaluation of Clinical Data, represents the guideline for the processing of clinical data. Custom-made products are products intended for a specific patient and manufactured especially for this patient according to a given specification. Custom-made products may be used without a CE label and, hence, are not subjected to assessing by a Notified Body but have to fulfill the essential requirements and must also be documented accordingly. According to the directive 93/42 EEC, the person responsible for placing the product on the market under its own name and CE-label is deemed the manufacturer, even if the product has been manufactured completely by another company.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1988

Human hybridoma suppressor factor (HSF) inhibits IL2 production in addition to suppressing immunoglobulin production.

The human thymus cell hybridoma, 8E-24, secretes a potent immunosuppressive factor(s), HSF, which inhibits polyclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) production. Our current studies reveal that this suppression is monocyte dependent in that its suppressive activity for Ig production was not observed in monocyte-depleted lymphocyte cultures but was restored by addition of monocytes. The requirement for monocytes was equally satisfied by autologous or allogeneic monocytes or monocyte conditioned media. Although the suppression mediated by HSF required the presence of monocytes, the mechanism for monocyte participation appears to be different from that reported for suppression mediated by soluble immune response suppressor (SIRS) in that general oxygen free radical scavengers did not inhibit this activity. Further information on the mechanism of action of HSF was obtained from studies on its suppressive effect on the phytohemagglutinin(PHA)-induced proliferative response. In this system HSF significantly suppressed PHA induced interleukin 2(IL2) production of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in a dose dependent fashion without inhibiting the proliferative response of CTLL-20 target cells to IL2. Interleukin 1 (IL1) production by monocyte cultures was also not suppressed by HSF. These results indicate that HSF interferes with IL2 production and not its induction by IL1 or its interaction with the IL2 receptor. To investigate the role of HSF-induced IL2 suppression in the pokeweed mitogen (PWM) antibody synthesis assay, the time course of IgG, IgM, IL1, and IL2 production of PWM stimulated PBMC cultures was examined. Results showed that the peak of IL2 production occurred on the second day of culture and was significantly suppressed by HSF while IL1 production was not affected during the seven day culture period. Similar suppression of IL2 and IgM production was observed in cultures of B cells and T4+ cells. Reconstitution of the IL2 levels in these cultures with recombinant IL2 completely restored antibody production. These results suggest that HSF in the presence of monocytes modulates the function of T4+ cells by inhibiting IL2 production. The inhibition of IL2 production by HSF appears to be responsible for the suppression of antibody production.

Biological Factors↗
PubMed1992

Role of Ly-6A/E and T cell receptor-zeta for IL-2 production. Phosphatidylinositol-anchored Ly-6A/E antagonizes T cell receptor-mediated IL-2 production by a zeta-independent pathway.

Ly-6A/E molecules were originally implicated in regulation of T cell activation because anti-Ly-6A/E mAb induce IL-2 production. More recently we have shown that anti-Ly-6A/E also inhibits IL-2 production induced by anti-CD3. In the present study we used mutant and transfected cell lines that varied in expression of Ly-6A/E or TCR-zeta to test whether the positive and negative modulations of IL-2 production by anti-Ly-6A/E occur by distinct mechanisms. Anti-Ly-6A/E inhibited anti-CD3-induced IL-2 production for Ly-6E.1-transfected EL4J cells, but did not affect IL-2 production of the parental Ly-6A/E-negative EL4J cells. These results indicate that TCR-mediated IL-2 production can occur in the absence of Ly-6A/E expression and establish that anti-Ly-6A/E-induced inhibition of IL-2 production was the result of antibody binding to Ly-6A/E. As expected, MA5.8 (zeta-negative) or CT108 (zeta-truncated) variants of the 2B4.11 T cell hybridoma did not produce IL-2 when stimulated with anti-Thy-1 or anti-Ly-6A/E mAb. In contrast, anti-Ly-6A/E inhibited anti-CD3-induced IL-2 production by MA5.8 and CT108. Furthermore, anti-Ly-6A/E-induced IL-2 production was restored for zeta-transfected MA5.8. Thus, although induction of IL-2 by anti-Ly-6A/E depends on zeta expression, inhibition of IL-2 by anti-Ly-6A/E occurs by a zeta-independent mechanism. Interestingly, anti-Ly-6A/E, but not anti-Thy-1, inhibited anti-CD3-induced IL-2 production by MA5.8 and Ly-6E.1-transfected EL4J. Therefore, inhibition of IL-2 production by anti-Ly-6A/E was not a general property of a mAb binding to a phosphatidylinositol-linked molecule, as has been suggested for induction of IL-2 production. Taken together these data suggest that the molecular mechanisms of induction and inhibition of IL-2 production by anti-Ly-6A/E are separable and expression of TCR-zeta is one variable that distinguishes these two pathways.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Occurrence and typing of Listeria monocytogenes strains in retail vacuum-packed fish products and in a production plant.

One hundred and ten samples of ready-to-eat, vacuum-packed, smoked and cold-salted fish products were collected from retail outlets in southern Finland during 1996 for examination of the occurrence and level of Listeria monocytogenes. The samples originated from 12 producers. Positive samples with levels exceeding 100 CFU/g were encountered mainly in one of the producers (no. 8). Therefore, 200 samples from the plant and the products of this producer were studied during August-September 1996 and May-September 1997, as well as 55 samples from the six fish farms providing raw material fish to this plant, during September 1997-January 1998. The isolates were characterised by serotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). L. monocytogenes was isolated in 20% (22/110) of the samples from the retail market, originating from 6 producers. Ten of these positive samples contained L. monocytogenes at > 100 CFU/g (maximum 1.37 X 10(4) CFU/g). Seventeen percent (5/30) of cold-smoked and 50% (16/32) of cold-salted rainbow trout samples were contaminated. Only one hot-smoked fish product (2%) was found to be positive by enrichment. Nineteen (86%) of the strains isolated from the retail samples belonged to serovar 1/2a and three (14%) to serovar 4b. In further studies the production line of plant no. 8 was found to be contaminated. All of isolates from up until autumn, 1997 both the products and the production plant were serovar 1/2a; thereafter one strain of 4b and one of 1/2 (H-antigen untypeable) were isolated from the plant. The samples from raw material fish were all negative for L. monocytogenes. The samples from retail market fell into seven PFGE types. Five and nine PFGE types, respectively, were found from the products and the plant of producer no. 8. PFGE type A was detected from the retail products of four producers and was also dominant among the isolates from production plant no. 8. PFGE type A was the only one found repeatedly from skinning, salting and slicing units as well as from products throughout the whole period. PFGE proved to be a powerful tool for studying contamination points and routes in the production plant. The measures based on hazard analysis critical control points (HACCP) program resulted in L. monocytogenes negative samples at production plant no. 8 from the beginning of January 1998.

Agglutination Tests↗