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PubMed1985

The DST in psychiatric outpatients with generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, or primary affective disorder.

The authors administered the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) to outpatients, who were free from psychoactive drugs for at least 10 days before the test, with primary affective disorder (N = 60), generalized anxiety disorder (N = 26), panic disorder (N = 22), and agoraphobia with panic attacks (N = 13). With a cortisol value of 5 micrograms/dl considered nonsuppression, there were no significant differences in dexamethasone nonsuppression rates among the diagnostic groups. Scores on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and a melancholia subscale were significantly higher in the depressed group than in the anxiety disorder group. The findings raise questions concerning the specificity of the DST for primary affective disorder in relationship to anxiety disorders.

Adult↗

PubMed1970

Reduced catechol-O-methyltransferase activity in red blood cells of women with primary affective disorder.

Red blood cell catechol-O-methyltransferase, histamine-N-methyltransferase, and a methanol-forming enzyme were examined in a number of subjects with mental diseases. Catechol-O-methyltransferase activity was significantly reduced in female subjects with primary affective disorder (depression) as compared to normal women and men, men with primary affective disorder, and schizophrenic men and women. In depressed women, histamine-N-methyltransferase activity was elevated and the methanol-forming enzyme was unchanged.

Catechols↗

PubMed1979

Temporal disorganization and primary affective disorder.

The authors used a self-rating scale of thinking process disorganization to measure degree of temporal disorganization in a group of 38 rigorously categorized psychiatric inpatients. Patients diagnosed as having primary affective disorder, depressed type, were significantly different from those with either a character disorder or schizophrenic diagnosis; both schizophrenic and character disorder groups showed variable temporal disorganization scores, and the primary affective disorder group showed consistently high levels of temporal disorganization. Diagnosis was more important than symptom measures in relationship to temporal disorganization scores.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

The relationship of family history of alcoholism to primary affective disorder.

One hundred sixty-eight patients with primary affective disorder were studied regarding history of alcohol-related problems. Alcohol-related problems were identified in 19 patients. We found that the morbid risk for alcoholism was significantly increased among relatives of male patients with drinking problems as compared to relatives of male patients without drinking problems. Our data suggest that psychiatric illness in relatives of probands with severe bipolar illness tends to be affective disorder tends to include alcoholism plus affective disorder.

Alcoholism↗

PubMed1979

Personality features of patients with primary affective disorder.

Personality variables were assessed in outpatients with primary affective disorder by use of the Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI) and the Marke Nyman Temperament Scale (MNTS). Significant differences between diagnostic groups were initially noted for the extraversion and neuroticism scales of the MPI. However, when mood was more rigorously controlled for, these differences largely disappeared, while interdiagnostic differences for the solidity scale of the MNTS emerged. The findings suggest that these measured aspects of personality may be quite state (mood) dependent even when patients are given test instructions previously reported to minimize mood effects. This was born out in a follow-up study for the N scale, but not the E scale, of the MPI. These data indicate that assessment of neuroticism in affectively ill patients will be contaminated by the presence of even mild depressive symptoms, a finding that has important implications for studies of personality in affective disorder.

Adult↗

PubMed1976

Assortative mating in primary affective disorder.

Psychiatric illness in spouses of patients with primary affective disorder was determined and compared to psychiatric illness in spouses of a nonpsychiatrically ill control group. An increase in affective illness in wives of bipolar male patients with affective disorder was found. There was no increase in affective illness among husbands of female patients. Marital status of these patients was evaluated and the percentages of patients who had never married or who had married but had ever been divorced or separated were similar to control data. Several of the marriages were quite stable over long time periods in spite of the severe recurrent affective illness experienced by these patients.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1985

Recurrent course of primary affective disorders: explanation by the theory of biorhythms.

The authors present the classification of biorhythms from the cybernetic aspects. They utilize this approach in describing and explaining the clinical course of periodic diseases in general, and of primary affective disorders in particular. In more complex organisms there exists a great number of single subsystems and their interactions, and therefore more possibilities arise for the development of natural biorhythms. If the number of single subsystems is 'n', the number of possible interactions may reach the maximum value of 'n!'. In more simple organisms the pseudobiorhythms may develop. This study focuses on the relationship of proper biorhythms to the recurrent course of illness, especially to that of primary affective disorders (PAD). Based on Fourier's decomposition of the periodical course into single ones, the authors hypothetically explain the peculiarity of the periodic course of PAD. In addition to sine form courses, the recurrences may originate from superimpositions of courses which originate from nonlinearity of single subsystems and are not harmonic. In real biosystems, such courses are undoubtedly more frequent than purely harmonic courses. This observation does not contradict the applied mathematical model, because each of these nonharmonic periodical courses may be decomposed into the harmonic ones. The proposed hypothesis presents an alternative or a supplementary model to the prevailing hypothesis which explains the course of PAD by the desynchronization of circadian rhythms controlled by special biooscillators.

Affect↗

PubMed1977

Tardive dyskinesia: relationship with a primary affective disorder.

We reviewed all Mayo Clinic case histories in which a diagnosis of tardive dyskinesia or dyskinesia might have been recorded during the years 1965 through 1973 and interviewed 18 consecutive patients in the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology. Among the histories and patients, we found a high incidence of primary affective disorders. Four of the five men had a history of chronic alcohol abuse and symptoms of depression. We recommend that people who have primary affective disorders and chronic alcohol abuse with depression should be given antipsychotic medication, stimulants, or diazepam only after extremely careful consideration.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

The relationship between agoraphobia and primary affective disorders.

Detailed clinical records were kept on a series of 55 agoraphobic patients who presented to a general hospital psychiatric practice over a 3 year period. A review of the records revealed that 91% of these patients were diagnosed as suffering from a unipolar or bipolar primary affective disorder. The anxiety and phobic symptoms tended to mask the presence of the affective disorder. This observation is consistent with most of the published data on the agoraphobic syndrome. It could also explain the inconsistent effects of treatment of agoraphobia compared with simple phobias. The possible biological and psychological connections between primary affective disorders and the agoraphobic syndrome are discussed.

Adjustment Disorders↗

PubMed1987

Neuropsychological aspects of primary affective depression.

This study compared the neuropsychological functioning of 50 primary affective depressives and a like number of normals on the complete Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery. Psychiatric diagnosis was based on Research Diagnostic Criteria. Comparison of the Wechsler subtests seen to measure right and left hemispheric functioning revealed a relative deficit for depressives on those tasks shown to be most sensitive to right hemispheric functioning. Profile similarities (rp) between groups on the combined Wechsler and Halstead-Reitan variables indicated normal similarity on left hemispheric tests and a significant dissimilarity on right hemispheric measures. Impairment ratings for each Halstead-Reitan measure indicated that depressives were significantly impaired when compared to normals on right hemispheric tasks, while they were within normal limits and did not differ from normals on left hemisphere impairment ratings. The potential of neuropsychological measures as diagnostic markers of psychiatric illness was examined.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

Assortative mating among in-patients with primary affective disorder.

Assortative mating among 56 married in-patients with primary affective disorders and their spouses was studied by determining the prevalence of psychiatric illness among the spouses by means of direct interviews and standardized diagnostic criteria. A high degree of assortative mating among both male and female patients was observed for total psychiatric illness, broad spectrum affective illness and major depression. A significantly higher prevalence of psychiatric and affective illness was found among the first-degree relatives of the ill spouses when compared with the first-degree relatives of the well spouses. There was a high degree of diagnostic concordance between the patients and spouses for both affective illness and alcoholism, with a higher degree of assortative mating among bipolar patients than among unipolar patients. The finding in this study of an increased prevalence of psychiatric disorder in the first-degree relatives of the ill spouses would support the hypothesis that there is a tendency for individuals with a predisposition to psychiatric illness to marry, rather than the existence of a marital interaction which causes an increased concordance for psychiatric illness.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1978

Primary affective disorders and HLA antigens.

In 125 patients with various types of primary affective disorders, 27 HLA antigens of the A, B and C loci were examined. Bw40 occurred more frequently in the primarly form (20.83% against 7.64% in controls) and Cw4 in the unipolar form (25%) and, in disease in general, 16%, against 9.58% in controls. Following correction, however, these differences are statistically insignificant.

Affective Symptoms↗

PubMed1977

Plasma MAO activity unrelated to genetic vulnerability to primary affective illness.

Plasma monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity was studied in 37 patients with primary affective illness, 105 relatives and spouses, and 37 normal controls, using carbon 14-labeled benzylamine as substrate. No differences between patients and controls were found, and there was no association of altered enzyme activity with the ill or well persons within families. Plasma MAO activity is heritable, and there are no effects of sex or of age in the observed age range (18 to 82 years).

Adolescent↗

PubMed1976

Marital therapy when one spouse has a primary affective disorder.

The authors explain why marital disharmony when one spouse has a primary affective disorder is difficult to treat but suggest that such couples can be treated successfully if the therapist is flexible and sets realistic goals. Because of the variability of the disease and the many unsubstantiated etiologies associated with it, the authors recommend a modified general system theory approach to treatment that includes a combination of psychotherapy and somatotherapy.

Bipolar Disorder↗

PubMed1985

Neuroendocrine and psychopathological measures in anorexia nervosa: resemblances to primary affective disorders.

Clinical and biochemical data suggest a link between anorexia nervosa (AN) and primary affective disorders (PAD). In 14 female patients, aged 15-40 years, with 7-month to 11-year histories of AN, we studied circadian cortisol periodicity, response to the dexamethasone suppression test (DST), and plasma levels of beta-endorphin and beta-lipotropin before and after desimipramine therapy. Possible correlations were sought among neuroendocrine impairments, weight loss, and depressive symptomatology. Impaired circadian cortisol periodicity, blunted DST response, and increased beta-endorphin plasma levels, observed in a subgroup of patients, could not be related to weight loss, either before or after therapy. Instead, a trend toward a relationship between neuroendocrine impairments and depressive symptoms was observed before and after treatment.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1977

Prostaglandin F in patients with primary affective disorder.

Two aspects of prostaglandin F (PGF) metabolism were assessed in patients with primary affective disorder. For a group of hospitalized patients cerebrospinal fluid PGF was measured by radioimmunoassay and the effects of probenecid and L-tryptophan were determined. For outpatients attending our Lithium Clinic, plasma PGF was measured and the acute and chronic effects of lithium were determined. The results of the studies reveal apparently normal concentrations of PGF in cerebrospinal fluid. These concentrations increase twofold after probenecid, indicating that PGF is transported out of the central nervous system by a probenecid-sensitive active transport system. Evidence for inhibition of PGF synthesis during L-tryptophan treatment was found. The results for outpatient plasma studies suggest no effect on PGF with 12 weeks of lithium treatment, although a slight elevation of plasma PGF with chronic lithium treatment may occur. Specificity of the assay technique as applied to plasma is discussed. This is the first report of the direct measurement of PGF in a psychiatric disorder.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Biological alterations in the primary affective disorders and other tricyclic-responsive disorders.

Noradrenergic function was studied in patients with primary affective disorder and other tricyclic-responsive disorders including obsessive-compulsive disorder, anorexia nervosa and panic attack/agoraphobia in medication-free states. Pre-synaptic noradrenergic activity was assessed by assaying plasma concentrations of norepinephrine (NE) and its metabolite 3-methoxy,4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG). Noradrenergic receptor responsiveness was evaluated by measuring plasma growth hormone (GH), MHPG, and NE responses to clonidine. Binding of tritiated dihydroergocriptine (3H-DHE) and biochemical responsiveness of alpha 2-adrenergic receptors were measured in platelet preparations. These studies suggest that noradrenergic activity may be altered in several tricyclic-responsive disorders and are consistent with the possibility that tricyclic antidepressants may serve to stabilize a dysregulated noradrenergic system in patients from several diagnostic categories.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

Primary affective disorder in relatives of patients with anorexia nervosa.

The authors examined the incidence of primary affective disorder (PAD) in relatives of 25 patients with anorexia nervosa and of 25 normal control subjects. Among the relatives of patients with anorexia nervosa, 22% (N = 43) had histories of PAD, while only 10% (N = 17) of the relatives of controls had such histories. Among the PAD relatives of anorectic probands, 34 had histories of unipolar depression and 9 of bipolar affective disorder. These findings provide further evidence of a possible relationship between anorexia nervosa and affective illness.

Anorexia Nervosa↗