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PubMed1986

Crossing beef x beef and beef x Brown Swiss: pregnancy rate, calf survival, weaning age and rate.

October pregnancy rate, calf survival to weaning, weaning age, weaning rate and actual kg of calf weaned/cow exposed were determined in a 4-yr study involving 880 matings of Angus (A), Hereford (H) and Charolais (C) sires to A, H, C and Brown Swiss (BS) dams. Cows were mated in single-sire herds for 45 or 60 d under pasture conditions; heifers were bred to produce their first calf at 3 yr of age. Pregnancy rate of lactating dams was 9.4% higher (P less than .01) than for non-lactating dams. Pregnancy rates for straightbred matings were 87.5%, 80.6% and 75.4%, respectively, for A, H and C groups (P less than .05). No differences (P greater than .10) due to sire breed were found for any of the traits studied except for calf age at weaning. Calves from C sires were younger (P less than .01) at weaning than calves from H and A sires. Breed-of-dam differences (P less than .05 to P less than .01) were found for all traits studied except calf survival rate. All BS dams produced crossbred calves and had lower pregnancy and weaning rates (both P less than .01), calves were younger at weaning (P less than .05), had lower kg of calf weaned/cow exposed (P less than .05) than for beef-breed dams producing crossbred calves. Crossbred calves from BS dams were 4.9, 11.0 and 3.4 d younger (P less than .05 to P less than .01) at weaning, respectively, than crossbred calves from H, A and C dams.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aging↗
PubMed2003

Antinuclear antibody reduces the pregnancy rate in the first IVF-ET treatment cycle but not the cumulative pregnancy rate without specific medication.

PROBLEM: It has been shown that the presence of antinuclear antibody (ANA) might reduce pregnancy rates after in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET). However, the mechanism of implantation failure by ANA has not yet been clarified. This study was performed to investigate the impact of ANA on pregnancy rates after IVF-ET, and the necessity of specific medication for infertile women who have ANA in their sera. METHOD OF STUDY: A total of 108 infertile women were treated by IVF-ET or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)-ET. ANA was examined by an indirect fluorescent antibody procedure. Data from women under 40 years old were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: The implantation rates per embryo transferred in the first treatment cycles were 14.8% (eight of 54) and 32.4% (33 of 102), in women with and without ANA, respectively. There was a significant difference in the implantation rates between the two groups (P < 0.05). The pregnancy rates per ET in the first treatment cycles were 28% (seven of 25) and 54.2% (26 of 48), respectively. There was also a significant difference in the pregnancy rates between the two groups (P < 0.05). Afterwards, treatments with IVF-ET or ICSI-ET were repeatedly performed for unsuccessful patients, without any specific medication for ANA. The average ET cycles were 1.80 +/- 1.13 and 1.27 +/- 0.54, in women with and without ANA, respectively. The cumulative pregnancy rates per patient were 68% (17 of 25) and 55.6% (35 of 63), respectively. There was no significant difference in the overall pregnancy rates between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that ANA might have an impact on implantation failure in women treated by IVF-ET or ICSI-ET. ANA reduced the pregnancy rates in the first IVF-ET or ICSI-ET cycles but not the cumulative pregnancy rates without medication. This indicates that the mechanisms of implantation failure by ANA could be solved, and effective and safe medication should be developed for better implantation rates, especially in the first treatment cycle.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Metformin therapy improves ovulatory rates, cervical scores, and pregnancy rates in clomiphene citrate-resistant women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of metformin therapy on hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, cervical scores, ovulation, and pregnancy rates in clomiphene citrate-resistant women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. SETTING: Infertility clinic of a tertiary referral center. PATIENT(S): Fifty-six women with clomiphene citrate-resistant PCOS. INTERVENTION(S): Two cycles of oral metformin therapy (850 mg, twice daily) in group I and placebo therapy (twice daily) in group II. Clomiphene citrate (100 mg/day) on cycle days 3-7 of the second cycle in both groups. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Insulin, T, DHEAS, FSH, LH, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio, endometrial thickness, cervical score, ovulation, and pregnancy rates in clomiphene-induced cycles after metformin therapy. RESULT(S): Metformin therapy resulted in a significant decrease in total T, LH level, LH/FSH ratio, insulin resistance, and mean BMI. No difference in waist-to-hip ratio, DHEAS level, and fasting insulin level was observed. Clomiphene citrate induction resulted in higher ovulation rates and thicker endometrium in the metformin group than in the placebo group. There was higher cumulative pregnancy rate in the metformin group; however, there was no significant difference in the pregnancy rate between the two groups. CONCLUSION(S): Metformin therapy not only decreases hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance but also improves ovulation rates, cervical scores, and pregnancy rates in clomiphene citrate-resistant women with PCOS.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Evaluation of the mechanism for higher pregnancy rates in donor oocyte recipients by comparison of fresh with frozen embryo transfer pregnancy rates in a shared oocyte programme.

The objective of this study was to determine the mechanism for higher pregnancy rates in oocyte recipients by comparing the pregnancy rates following fresh and frozen embryo transfers in a shared oocyte programme. A prospective study was carried out of 135 matched pairs of donors and recipients who equally share the donors' pool of oocytes. Recipients were subclassified by ovarian function: 69 were in ovarian failure and 66 retained ovarian function. A total of 474 standard in-vitro fertilization cycles using the same ovarian stimulation protocol as the donors were also evaluated. The main outcome measures were the clinical pregnancy and implantation rates for donors and recipients following fresh and frozen embryo transfers. The clinical pregnancy rates per transfer for fresh embryo transfers were 17.5% for donors, 20.4% for recipients with ovarian function and 46.3% for recipients in ovarian failure (P < 0.05). The pregnancy rates for frozen embryo transfers were 15.3% for donors, 17.2% for recipients with ovarian function and 23.8% for recipients in ovarian failure (not significantly different). The implantation rates for fresh transfers were 7.5% for donors, 8.6% for recipients with ovarian function and 15.6% for recipients in ovarian failure (P < 0.05); for frozen cycles, the implantation rates were 5.1, 5.2 and 7.1% respectively (not significantly different). When classified by age and ovarian function, the clinical pregnancy rates per transfer for recipients with ovarian function were 14.0% for those aged > or = 40 and 22.2% for those aged < 40 years. For recipients in ovarian failure, the pregnancy rates were 33.3% for the older group of women and 39.4% for the younger group. A logistic regression analysis found that ovarian function was the only factor to have an independent effect on outcome. The demonstration of higher pregnancy and implantation rates in recipients versus donors following fresh embryo transfer, despite the use of a common pool of oocytes, strongly suggests that the well-known higher fecundity found in recipients is not predominantly related to the use of better quality oocytes. The demonstration of an implantation rate twice as high following fresh versus frozen embryo transfer in recipients with ovarian failure suggests that the frozen embryo is not as hardy as the fresh embryo. Thus, the fact that both the pregnancy and implantation rates in donors were the same with fresh versus frozen embryo transfer suggests that the ovarian stimulation regimen has a negative effect on outcome. However, the clear demonstration of higher pregnancy rates in recipients with ovarian failure compared with those with ovarian function suggests that, in addition, these higher rates may be linked to a superior uterine environment in patients with ovarian failure. Alternatively, the use of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonists may have a negative effect on implantation in patients with ovarian function.

Cryopreservation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cumulative pregnancy rates and probability of pregnancy in various indications for intrauterine insemination.

A total of 122 patients were evaluated in a retrospective study for the cumulative pregnancy rate after intrauterine insemination. The indications included idiopathic infertility, anovulation, male factor, poor postcoital test, endometriosis, and pelvic factor. The cumulative pregnancy rate by 3 cycles or less varied from 7.7 to 43.5%. The highest pregnancy rate was for the group with poor postcoital test. There was no increase in pregnancy rate after 3 cycles of treatment. The concentration and motility of sperm were not significantly different between pregnant and nonpregnant groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The cycle pregnancy rate is normal in baboons with stage I endometriosis but decreased in primates with stage II and stage III-IV disease.

OBJECTIVES: To test the hypothesis that fertility is reduced in baboons with endometriosis. DESIGN: Prospective controlled follow-up study. SETTING: Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi Kenya. SUBJECTS: Seventy-one baboons, including 34 controls (normal pelvis) and 37 animals with histologically proven endometriosis (16 spontaneous and 21 induced). Baboons with endometriosis had minimal (n = 9), mild (n = 14), moderate (n = 7), or severe (n = 7) disease. INTERVENTIONS: Seventy-one baboons were mated during 286 cycles. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cycle fecundity rate, cycle pregnancy rate, cycle abortion rate. RESULTS: Cycle pregnancy rate (excluding spontaneous abortions) was 15% (44/286) and was comparable between controls (19%, 20/104) and baboons with endometriosis (13%, 24/182). The cycle pregnancy rates were 24%, 10%, 7.5%, and 12.5% in animals with minimal, mild, moderate, and severe endometriosis, respectively. The cycle pregnancy rate was significantly lower in baboons with stage III-IV endometriosis (9%, 6/64) and with stage II disease (10%, 7/73) than in animals with stage I endometriosis (24%, 11/45) or in controls with a normal pelvis (19%). CONCLUSION: The normal cycle pregnancy rate in baboons with stage I endometriosis and the decreased cycle pregnancy rate in baboons with stage II and stage III-IV disease suggest that fertility decreases with the stage of endometriosis in baboons.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed2005

Life table (survival) analysis to generate cumulative pregnancy rates in assisted reproduction: an alternative method of calculating the cumulative pregnancy rate in assisted reproduction technology.

The current method of calculating cumulative pregnancy rate can lead to an overestimation of treatment efficacy, especially over many cycles of assisted reproduction treatment. The choice of scale of passage of time should be dependent upon the types of treatment to be evaluated. The number of treatment cycles to which patients' effort and commitment is directly related may be appropriate where the chance of pregnancy is expected to be significantly higher than non-treatment for them. Limiting the calculation of cumulative pregnancy rate only to the second or third cycle within 1 or 2 years will ensure that most patients are included in the calculation. More research is needed to assess different methods and develop better variables for assessing the efficacy of infertility treatment that can be informative for patients over the course of their treatment.

Female↗
PubMed1997

The presence of hydrosalpinx may not adversely affect the implantation and pregnancy rates in in vitro fertilization treatment.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of hydrosalpinx on the outcome of in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment, a retrospective study was undertaken at a tertiary referral center for infertility. METHODS: Results of the first IVF treatment cycles in 144 patients from 1 January 1993 to 31 December 1995, who had tubal infertility only and were less than 38 years old, were reviewed. The duration/dosage of hMG used, serum estradiol level on the day of hCG, number of oocytes aspirated and fertilized, number of embryos replaced, implantation rate, clinical pregnancy rate, and pregnancy outcome were compared in patients with and without hydrosalpinx. RESULTS: The mean implantation rate and clinical pregnancy rate were similar in patients with or without hydrosalpinx. Both groups had similar ovarian responses and fertilization rates. There was no increase in clinical abortion in the hydrosalpinx group but ectopic pregnancies were more common in patients with hydrosalpinx. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of hydrosalpinx did not adversely affect the implantation and pregnancy rates in in vitro fertilization treatment when the results of the first cycle were compared. However, it can lead to a higher incidence of ectopic pregnancies.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed2006

Pregnancy rate and first-service conception rate in Angus heifers.

The objective of this project was to determine the genetic control of conception rate, or pregnancy percentage in Angus beef heifers. Producers from 6 herds in 5 states provided 3,144 heifer records that included breeding dates, breeding contemporary groups, service sires, and pregnancy check information. Two hundred fourteen sires of the heifers were represented; with 104 sires having less than 5 progeny, and 14 sires having greater than 50 progeny. These data were combined with performance and pedigree information, including actual and adjusted birth weights, weaning weights, and yearling weights, from the American Angus Association database. Heifer pregnancy rate varied from 75 to 95% between herds, and from 65 to 100% between sires, with an overall pregnancy rate of 93%, measured as the percentage of heifers pregnant at pregnancy check after the breeding season. Pregnancy was analyzed as a threshold trait with an underlying continuous distribution. A generalized linear animal model, using a relationship matrix, was fitted. This model included the fixed effects of contemporary group, age of dam, and first AI service sire, and the covariates of heifer age at the beginning of breeding, adjusted birth weight, adjusted weaning weight, and adjusted yearling weight. The relationship matrix included 4 generations of pedigree. The heritability of pregnancy and first-service conception rates on the underlying scale was 0.13 +/- 0.07 and 0.03 +/- 0.03, respectively. Estimated breeding values for pregnancy rate on the observed scale ranged from -0.02 to 0.05 for sires of heifers. Including growth traits with pregnancy rate as 2-trait analyses did not change the heritability of pregnancy rate. As expected for a reproductive trait, the heritability of pregnancy rate was low. Because of its low heritability, genetic improvement in fertility by selection on heifer pregnancy rate would be expected to be slow.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Computer analysis of etiology and pregnancy rate in 636 cases of primary infertility.

Since the rate of pregnancy is a function of time, conventional pregnancy rates (number of patients achieving pregnancy per number of patients treated) are inadequate for counseling unless the follow-up period is specified. To overcome this problem, the expectancy of pregnancy for 636 cases of primary infertility was calculated with the assumption that the patients were followed up indefinitely. The overall "conventional" pregnancy rate was 38%, whereas the overall expectancy of pregnancy was 64%. Endometriosis was found to be the most common factor, comprising 25% of the cases, with a pregnancy rate of 31% and an expectancy of 52%. The expectancy of future pregnancy in a patient who has not achieved pregnancy by a given time is presented for each etiologic factor. This paper also presents a comparison of expectancies of pregnancy by different treatments, which may be helpful in selecting appropriate therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Sperm DNA fragmentation negatively correlates with velocity and fertilization rates but might not affect pregnancy rates.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate sperm DNA fragmentation in correlation with sperm parameters and IVF/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) outcomes. DESIGN: Retrospective review. SETTING: A tertiary infertility referral clinic. PATIENT(S): We collected 303 semen samples from patients undergoing IVF with or without ICSI. INTERVENTION(S): Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, measurement of fertilization rates, good embryo rates, and pregnancy rates for the IVF/ICSI program. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): The percentage of sperm with DNA fragmentation, correlated with semen analysis parameters and IVF/ICSI outcomes. RESULT(S): Sperm DNA fragmentation rates were significantly higher in patients with abnormal sperm parameters than in those with normal sperm parameters. When sperm DNA fragmentation was >10%, fertilization rates were affected. Sperm DNA fragmentation rates were negatively correlated with sperm velocity parameters but did not affect pregnancy outcomes. CONCLUSION(S): The results indicated that sperm DNA fragmentation affects fertilization rates and sperm motility but might not affect pregnancy rates.

DNA Fragmentation↗
PubMed2006

Effects of metformin on insulin resistance, androgen concentration, ovulation and pregnancy rates in women with polycystic ovary syndrome following laparoscopic ovarian drilling.

AIM: To evaluate the effects of metformin on insulin resistance, androgen concentration, ovulation rates and pregnancy rates in infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). METHODS: Forty-two infertile women with PCOS were selected in this randomized clinical study. Basal steroid and gonadotropin levels were measured, and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed. The patients were randomly divided into group 1 (n = 21) and group 2 (n = 21). Group 1 patients were treated with laparoscopic ovarian drilling (LOD). Group 2 patients underwent laparoscopic ovarian drilling (LOD) and received 1700 mg per day of metformin for 6 months. LOD was performed in women with PCOS using a unipolar electrode. Serum progesterone (P) level > 5 ng/mL was considered as a confirmation of ovulation. Ovulation and pregnancy rates were determined after six cycles. RESULTS: Serum androgens and insulin response to OGTT decreased significantly after metformin therapy. Mean serum P levels and endometrial thickness were significantly higher in cycles treated with metformin plus LOD (34.6 +/- 25.4 ng/mL, 8.4 +/- 1.1 mm) than in those treated with LOD alone (26.2 +/- 24.7 ng/mL, 7.9 +/- 2.8 mm) (P < 0.05). The ovulation (56 of 65 cycles, 86.1% vs 29 of 65 cycles, 44.6%) and pregnancy rates (nine of 21 women, 47.6% vs four of 21 women, 19.1%) were significantly higher in group 2 than in group I. CONCLUSIONS: Metformin improves insulin resistance, reduces androgen levels and significantly increases the ovulation and pregnancy rates in infertile women, following LOD.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Elective single day 3 embryo transfer halves the twinning rate without decrease in the ongoing pregnancy rate of an IVF/ICSI programme.

BACKGROUND: Data on the effect of elective single embryo transfer (eSET) on the total and multiple pregnancy rates of an IVF/ICSI programme are reported. METHODS AND RESULTS: A retrospective cohort analysis of eSET was carried out over a 4 year period. A total of 1559 cycles resulted in 1464 transfers; 299 transfers of one top quality embryo (20.4%) and 86 of one non-top quality embryo (5.9%) yielded 149 conceptions (49.8%) with 105 ongoing pregnancies (35.1%) and 26 conceptions (30.2%) with 19 ongoing implantations (22.1%) respectively; 1079 transfers of two (n = 853; 58.3%) or more than two (n = 226; 15.4%) embryos yielded 366 ongoing pregnancies (33.9%). The ongoing pregnancy rates for the years between 1998 and 2001 were 35.9, 27.9, 31.9 and 31.0% per oocyte retrieval and 38.5, 29.4, 34.1 and 33.2% per transfer. There were no differences in pregnancy rates between any of the years. The average ongoing pregnancy rate (>12 weeks) over the 4 years was 31.5% per started cycle and 33.5% per transfer; the average number of embryos transferred decreased from 2.26 (1998) to 1.79 (2001); the multiple pregnancy and twinning rates dropped from 33.6 and 29.5% (1998) to 18.6 and 16.3% (2001) respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Judicious application of eSET can halve the twinning rate while maintaining the overall pregnancy rate.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

High implantation rate and consequently high pregnancy rate by in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer treatment in infertile women with antisperm antibody.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of antisperm immunity on postfertilization steps, such as implantation of embryos and fetal growth in IVF-ET treatment of women with sperm-immobilizing antibodies. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of clinical laboratory data. SETTING: The IVF-ET program of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. The University of Tokushima, School of Medicine. PATIENTS: Eighteen women with sperm-immobilizing antibodies and 122 infertile patients with nonimmune etiology as controls. Infertile couples due to a male factor and with unknown etiology were excluded. INTERVENTIONS: All patients received the same IVF-ET program with GnRH agonist. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Rates of fertilization and cleavage, implantation rate per embryo transferred and pregnancy rate (PR) in both test and comparison groups. RESULTS: The rate of fertilization in the antisperm group (61.3%) was significantly lower than that in the comparison group (76.8%). But the implantation rate per embryo transferred (23.5%) and consequently the modified PR per oocyte recovery procedure (34.4%) in immunologically infertile women were significantly higher than those in the comparison group (7.9% and 17.8%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Although sperm-immobilizing antibodies prevent sperm-egg interaction, they do not seem to have any adverse effects on achievement of pregnancy. Moreover, the existence of antisperm immunity in woman with antisperm antibodies is suggested to be favorable for successful pregnancy by the IVF-ET procedure.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Analysis of pregnancy rates after treatment of tubal pregnancy with systemic methotrexate].

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the pregnancy rate after treatment of tubal pregnancy with the systemic methotrexate (MTX) injection. METHODS: From March 1985 to August 1999, 129 women with confirmed unruptured tubal pregnancy, and desiring to conceive were selected. Among them 60 women were successfully treated with systemic MTX, and 69 with unilateral salpingectomy. All cases were followed up for 1-15 years. RESULTS: The rates of subsequent intrauterine pregnancies (IUP) in the MTX group was 73% (44 cases) and of recurrent extrauterine pregnancies (EP) was 8% (5 cases). Among 69 patients treated by salpingectomy, the rates of IUP and EP was 70% (48 cases) and 4% (3 cases) respectively. The differences between the two groups were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The effect of conservative management with MTX was similar to those of salpingectomy. The rate of subsequent pregnancy did not increased.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Different cumulative pregnancy rates in patients with repeated IVF- or ICSI cycles: possible influence of a male factor.

The low rate of ongoing pregnancies in IVF cycles leads to a high number of repeated cycles in couples with previously failed attempts. Therefore it would be helpful to have a prediction about the chance of becoming pregnant in a repeated cycle. In a retrospective study the data of about 4246 cycles were analysed. Because the pregnancy rates in IVF- and ICSI cycles are generally different, these two groups were distinguished between and the outcome in patients with one, two or more attempts was analysed. The rate of ongoing pregnancies per patient was lower after IVF (24.9%) than after ICSI (32.9%), but was similar or even slightly increased in patients with more than one attempt. On the other hand, there was a high pregnancy rate with ICSI in the first two cycles (35.9%), but patients with more than two ICSI cycles had a significantly lower chance of becoming pregnant (20.7%). Factors that are known to influence the pregnancy rate, such as stimulation protocol, oocyte quality or number of transferred embryos, were similar in all groups. However, significantly reduced embryo quality with successive cycles was only observed in ICSI patients. There might be a negative selection of patients with poor embryo quality and previously failed attempts after ICSI, possibly due to an andrological factor. The differences between IVF- and ICSI patients are based on treatment indications, and andrological diseases are the predominant indication for ICSI. Although no correlation was found between changes in conventional sperm parameters and number of treated cycles, there might be a subgroup of andrological patients selected by repeatedly failed ICSI cycles. Chromosomal or genetic disturbances in spermatozoa of this subgroup could be the reason for failure.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pregnancy rates among U.S. women and their partners in 1994.

CONTEXT: When rates of pregnancy, birth and abortion are calculated only for the women involved, men's role in reproduction is ignored, resulting in limited understanding of their influence on these outcomes. METHODS: Data from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth and from the 1994-1995 Alan Guttmacher Institute Abortion Patient Survey were combined with national natality statistics to estimate pregnancy rates in 1994 for women and their male partners, by age and marital status at the time of conception. RESULTS: Nine percent of both men and women aged 15-44 were involved in conceiving a pregnancy in 1994 (excluding those resulting in miscarriages). Pregnancy levels were highest among women aged 20-24 and among male partners aged 25-29. Men younger than 20 were involved in about half as many pregnancies as were women this age (9% compared with 18%). In contrast, men aged 35 and older were involved in roughly twice as many pregnancies as were similarly aged women (19% compared with 9%). Three out of every four pregnancies in 1994 resulted in a birth. However, 47% of pregnancies involving men younger than 18 ended in abortion, compared with about 34% of those involving men aged 40 and older. In comparison, 31% of pregnancies among women younger than 18 resulted in abortion, while 39% of those among women aged 40 and older were terminated. CONCLUSION: The overall rate at which men were involved in causing a pregnancy is similar to the pregnancy rate among women. Men are typically older than women when they are involved in a pregnancy, however. This implies that men may bring more experience and resources to the pregnancy experience.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed2002

[Transfer of single embryo as a method to reduce twins pregnancy rate in in-vitro fertilization treatment].

INTRODUCTION: The high success rate in IVF treatments is followed by a high rate of multiple pregnancies. Over 30% of IVF pregnancies are multiples and carrying higher risk to the neonates compared with singleton pregnancy. Twin pregnancy is less dangerous then high order multiple pregnancy but it has a significantly higher risk factor compared with singleton pregnancy. Therefore, it is crucial to find methods to reduce twin pregnancy rate. The goal of this review is to present the peril of twin pregnancy and to evaluate the alternative of selective single embryo transfer (SET) in order to reduce the rate of multiple pregnancies in IVF. METHODS: Survey of the literature on SET. RESULTS: Patients with high pregnancy rate bear higher risk for multiple pregnancy. In these cases transfer of single high quality embryo can result in a pregnancy rate of over 30% without the risk of multiple pregnancies. Selective SET may lead to a significant decrease in multiple pregnancies rate with only a slight drop in the general pregnancy rate. CONCLUSIONS: Selective SET in patients with elevated chance to conceive may result in good pregnancy rate without the risk of multiple pregnancy.

Embryo Transfer↗