[Rupture of the uterus in the ninth week due to an angular pregnancy. Clinical case].
A clinical case of ruptured uterus in the ninth week of an angular intrauterine pregnancy is presented.
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A clinical case of ruptured uterus in the ninth week of an angular intrauterine pregnancy is presented.
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A 27-year-old primigravida, with two prior adnexal operations, had retained placenta with postpartum haemorrhage following an uncomplicated vaginal delivery. Laparotomic removal revealed placental accretism. Pharmacological treatment (oxytocin and sulprostone) and right cornual resection failed to control profuse bleeding. In the end, subtotal hysterectomy was unavoidable.
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Implantation of the embryo in the uterine angle, medial to the uterotubal junction, may lead to several complications, both during pregnancy (persisting uterine pain and bleeding, spontaneous abortion, ruptured uterus) and in the puerperium (retained placenta). Nevertheless this entity is still rarely discussed in textbooks or in the literature. Its differential diagnosis from interstitial tubal pregnancy and cornual pregnancy is often confused. Four new cases of angular pregnancy with varied outcomes are described and 35 cases from the literature of the past 50 years are reviewed. Uterine anomalies, myomas, and uterotubal implantation may be predisposing conditions in a minority of cases. The differential diagnosis of angular intrauterine pregnancy from interstitial pregnancy, based on the position of the gestational enlargement in relation to the round ligament, is considered and the management discussed.
Three new cases of pregnancy in the uterine cornu are described. Three types of localisation are grouped under this heading : interstitial pregnancies, intra-mural pregnancies and angular pregnancies which all have identical mechanisms of pathogenesis (uterine scars) and identical patterns of clinical progression (complicated by uterine rupture). The authors discuss the methods of diagnosis. A constant feature is pain with an asymmetrical uterus. Laparoscopy is often able to make the diagnosis of pregnancy in the uterine cornu, without being able to determine the exact site. Early diagnosis results in conservative surgical treatment.
Two cases of interstitial and one of angular pregnancy have been presented. Angular pregnancy occurs in the angle of the uterine cavity, while interstitial pregnancy is a true ectopic pregnancy. The outcome may therefore be different: the first may develop or abort into the cavity, while the second will almost always rupture. Because of the rich vascularization of this area, hemorrhage is usually profuse and may be catastrophic. Preoperative diagnosis is rare, but the triad of bleeding in pregnancy, no fetal remnants on dialation and curettage and an asymmetric uterus suggest angular or interstitial pregnancy. More liberal use of laparoscopy may increase the number of cases diagnosed before severe bleeding occurs.
We report ultrasonographic features of interstitial pregnancy and propose three magnetic resonance imaging criteria for the interstitial pregnancy localization. These criteria may facilitate the differentiation between an interstitial pregnancy and an angular pregnancy. The magnetic resonance imaging may be used whenever ultrasound examination diagnosis of an interstitial pregnancy is equivocal.
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Seven out of 54 women with ectopic gestation had uncommon features such as extra-tubal implantation or multiple intratubal pregnancy. Depressed levels (less than 10th centile) or apparent absence of circulating human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) were seen respectively in 5 and 7 of 7 women studied. Normal levels of hCG were seen in two women, one with an abdominal and one with an angular pregnancy. These data suggest that the synthesis of placental proteins in ectopic pregnancies is independent of the site of implantation and the number of embryos. Measurements of maternal levels of the 2 placental proteins seem to be applicable as auxiliary diagnostic tests for ectopic pregnancy, regardless of the site of implantation.
Due to the improvement of diagnostic procedures and the refinement of endoscopic methods, the treatment of ectopic pregnancy has more and more turned against salpingectomy and towards organ-preserving actions. Moreover, for some years a range of medical therapies has been offering an alternative to surgical intervention. In addition to presenting a review of conservative methods of treatment, we report on a patient with an angular pregnancy who was treated with methotrexate and developed a pronounced peritonitis.
OBJECTIVES: To provide recommendations for management of interstitial and ovarian pregnancies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A Medline search was conducted and discussed by a study group of experts. RESULTS: Ovarian and interstitial pregnancies are rare forms of ectopic pregnancy. Diagnostic criteria and methods are described on the basis of a review of the literature. Surgery is the usual management of interstitial pregnancy. Conservative treatment has replaced hysterectomy. Laparoscopy is an attractive way to manage interstitial pregnancies but laparotomy may still be used. Cornual resection is required. Medical treatment with methotrexate is another alternative. Local MTX seems to be more efficient than systemic administration. Management of interstitial pregnancy under laparoscopic control is an attractive way if feasible. Strong recommendations cannot be established due to the small number of reported cases reports. The pre therapeutic score cannot be used as doses are still not clear for interstitial pregnancies. For ovarian pregnancy, management is often surgical. Laparoscopy is more and more used for small gestational sacs. Methotrexate has also been used for ovarian pregnancies. Laparoscopic treatment associated with systemic MTX seems to be the more efficient way. CONCLUSION: Because of limited data it is very hard to establish recommendations from low power studies (NP 5).