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A portrait of William Harvey in the Royal Society since 1683 is a copy by an unknown artist after a portrait, now lost, painted by Sir Peter Lely ca. 1650. Three other unattributed copies besides a copy bought from Lely's studio on his death by the Earl of Bradford have been located. The present labelling of the Royal Society portrait should be corrected.
The Royal Australasian College of Surgeons is fortunate to have a wonderful collection of portraits, which date from William Cheselden's portrait in the mid 18th century to the latest of immediate past president, Kingsley Faulkner. Many of the portraits are of former College presidents. The presidents have often been painted by the leading artist of the day, many of whom won the Archibald Prize. There are many connections between surgeons and the Archibald Prize, the most prestigious award in Australian art.
Basing on an extensive illustrative materials, a claim is made that portraits of people who entered the history of medicine, though imprinted firmly in our memory are not necessarily a reflection of their real likeness. This is evident in very diverse presentations of the same people by different artists as well as in an appearance of their first portraits in some cases several centuries after their deaths. Only the portraits and the sculptures made during their lifetime are regarded as credible by the author.
This article explores the psychoanalytic significance of the self-portraits of Egon Schiele and Frida Kahlo. Both artists employed the self-portrait as a central means of artistic expression. Their fanatic and prolific focus on artistic self-representation exemplifies the manner in which they dealt creatively with narcissistic issues. The therapeutic function of the self-portrait as mirror is examined as well as the part it plays in self-consolidation and identity maintenance.
This paper describes a self-portrait scoring system and compares the self-portraits of two groups of adults. The scoring system effectively differentiated between the two groups of subjects which were known to differ on several observable behavioral characteristics. It correlated well with the ratings obtained from counselors but not with a self-report inventory of anxiety. A self-portrait is a single manifestation of an individual's self-concept. It presents only a fraction of the hypothetical universe of one's behavioral manifestations. In addition, every single observation is affected by the place, time, and the presence of the observer. However, if these isolated observations can be studied systematically, they can contribute to a reliable and a valid index of the self-concept. This paper presents one means of achieving that end.
This empirical article describes, first of all, the self-portrait given by neurotico-dyssocial adolescents hospitalized in the Youth Care Home "Haus Sommerberg" for therapeutico-paedagogic guidance. This self-portrait, determined by means of the so-called "Giessen Test" as a diagnostic tool, is characterized by psychosocial incompetence. After the youngsters had been treated for about 2 1/2 to 3 years both psychotherapeutically and with the help of sociopaedagogic guidance effected at the "Haus Sommerberg" home, self-assessment by the adolescents was largely adapted to that of the corresponding comparative population group. In other words, treatment and guidance created a self-portrait of psychosocial competence. To test the stability of this induced change in the mental condition and ability to establish a social condition of reference, the treated persons were questioned once again 6 years after their treatment had ended. The results of this questioning showed that the changes persisted provided the duration of treatment was at least two years.
The self-portraits of Vincent van Gogh are examined in the context of his tragic life experience, ending in psychosis and suicide. The self-portraits are seen as repeated and unresolved efforts at self-exploration and self-definition in an attempt to add a sense of continuity and cohesion to a fragile and fragmented self-experience. The portraits are painted in mirror perspective; Vincent's search for identity is thus seen as mediated by the dynamics of the mirroring phenomenon. Further implications are explored in terms of processes of projection and introjection and their role in self-consolidation.
BACKGROUND: Cross-country disparities in access to guideline-recommended early breast cancer care persist across Europe. PORTRAIT is a clinician-reported, cross-sectional access study mapping availability and state reimbursement of key services across the early breast cancer pathway. METHODS: A 49-item survey covering diagnostics, pathology and genomics, systemic therapy, surgery, radiotherapy, and supportive care was emailed from June to September 2024 to multidisciplinary teams at one expert breast centre in 42 European countries. Respondents provided a consensus perspective on service availability and reimbursement. Descriptive proportions with full, partial, or no access were calculated. RESULTS: Thirty-nine countries responded (93%). Core diagnostics were widely available, but gaps persisted: MRI-guided biopsy was absent in 29% of countries and vacuum-assisted biopsy was fully reimbursed in 66%. Genomic assays were unavailable in 14% and not fully reimbursed in 35%. Public funding gaps were reported for PARP inhibitors (33%) and CDK4/6 inhibitors (26%). Immediate implant-based reconstruction and biological meshes lacked reimbursement in 21% and 33%, respectively. Despite broad availability of hypofractionated radiotherapy, 38% of countries still used per-fraction reimbursement. Psycho-oncology was limited in 35%, fertility preservation in 46%, and patient-reported outcome measures absent in 43%. CONCLUSION: Basic services are nearly universal, but gaps persist in advanced imaging, molecular testing, targeted therapies, radiotherapy reimbursement, reconstructive/oncoplastic surgery, and survivorship care. PORTRAIT identifies practical targets for policy audit, reimbursement alignment, and resource stewardship. Findings reflect clinician perspectives from expert centres, potentially representing best specialist care rather than average national care, and are not population-representative estimates or direct measures of patient outcomes.
At the Ultrapath X meeting in Florence, the regular session opened with a presentation of Aaron DeGroft's engrossing story of investigating the authenticity of a portrait of Federico II Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua. In the early 1900s, this work had been deemed to be an authentic production by Titian, a great artist of the Italian Renaissance. A respected art historian, however, discovered a conflict of dates that led to the conclusion that this work was not authentic. In a process sometimes analogous to the practice of surgical pathology, Dr. DeGroft pursued a review of the original materials that refutes this seeming contradiction of dates. Dr. DeGroft also undertook an extensive art historical examination and scientific analysis, including the use of electron microscopy, to persuasively conclude that this portrait is authentic. Further, his work provided a bridge from the conference setting in Florence, rich in Renaissance art, to the contemporary update on ultrastructural pathology provided by the conference.
Pathological changes in the human body have long been recognised in painting. To assess the frequency of potential physical abnormalities reflected in paintings, we reviewed portraits on display at one visit in the National Portrait Gallery in London. We identified a number of possible abnormalities, most of them dermatological, with the commonest finding being small facial papular lesions, most likely representing either common warts or dermal naevi. This exercise however, reflects a subjective interpretation of the different artists's perceptions of their models' physical appearances.
The Dutch painter Rembrandt (1606-1669) left behind the largest series of self-portraits in the history of art. These paintings were produced over a period of time from age 22 years until just a few months before Rembrandt's death at age 63. This series gives us a unique opportunity to explore the development, maturity, and aging of the artist. The changes in Rembrandt's face and expression from one self-portrait to the next may be attributable to any combination of the following factors: normal aging changes, modifications and developments of his artistic style, alterations in the way he viewed himself, and changes in the way Rembrandt wanted us to see him. In addition, the modifications may be attributed in part to some illnesses from which the artist may have suffered and/or to a decline in his eyesight that may have influenced both his ability to detect details and his ability to paint.
In homage to the Graduate School of Pharmacy in Strasburg, the School of Pharmacy of Nancy, who became its heir, instituted, beginning in 1914, a collection of portraits of former professors from these two cities. The portraits of several former Strasburgians are still exhibited in the Faculty at this time: those of L.-L. Oberlin, E.-T. Jacquemin, C.-F. Schlagdenhauffen, C.-E Schmitt and G.-M. Bleicher. The author reviews the activities of these professors in Nancy and reproduces three caricatures in which they are shown.
Marie Curie was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry 1911. During the preceding year a rumour had circulated in Stockholm that she had had an affaire with one of her assistants. She received a letter, in which she was told that there had been strong opposition to her election not on scientific but moral grounds, and that she should not go to Stockholm, because nobody could forsee what reactions her appearance at the prize ceremony could evoke. Emil Kleen, a man of violent temper and radical opinions, reacted strongly to these rumours. He wrote a paper, with a violent attack on Gustaf Retzius, previous professor of Histology at Karolinska Institutet. Rightly or wrongly he suspected him to be the author of the infamous letter. Retzius is described as a dilletant in scientific matters, as a "sexual hyena" and a garroulus old man. This portrait of Retzius is of course most unfair, but the portrait of Emil Kleen by the famous swedish artist Bruno Liljefors is a masterpiece and one of the most valuable of the Swedish Medical Association.
The increase in popularity of esthetic dentistry and the dental profession's enthusiasm for providing these services are leading to a new paradigm of dental practice. The design of a dental office must now relate to visual and esthetic values rather than just to treating disease or maintaining health. Photography has always been important in dentistry, mostly as documentation and more recently for patient education. Patients' high esthetic expectations put great demands on professional providers. It is the duty of the dentist who provides esthetic services to become schooled in the goals of beauty for a person's entire face, not just the teeth. Portrait photography heightens a dentist's and patient's value of the mouth as the center of beauty in the face. It helps educate the patient and dentist alike, is important for the education of other patients, creates value, markets the dentist's services, enhances the image of the office, and helps in the evaluation and planning for cosmetic treatment. This paper describes the basics of portrait photography and a simple two-light and reflector arrangement that can be used in most offices.
Identifying key genes that regulate the complex diseases of the cardiovascular system can be greatly facilitated with the use of microarrays. In an effort to obtain a global portrait of gene expression in the failing heart, we have constructed in-house a glass microscope slide cDNA microarray (termed "CardioChip") containing 10,368 redundant and randomly-selected sequenced expressed sequence tags (representing known genes, other matched ESTs, and novel, unmatched ESTs) derived from several human heart and artery cDNA libraries. From our preliminary data with Cy3- and Cy5-labeled probes, we have identified 38 transcripts showing a minimum twofold differential expression, among which are several novel or previously-uncharacterized genes. This array-representing what we believe to be the largest cardiovascular-based cDNA array to date-establishes a practical and invaluable platform for obtaining a global genetic portrait of complex cardiovascular diseases, particularly in the failing heart.
Additional graphical tools are needed to better visualize the joint kinematics of human locomotion. Standard plots in which the joint displacements are plotted against time or percent gait cycle do not provide sufficient information about the dynamics of the system. In this article, a study based on the two graphical tools of nonlinear dynamics to visualize the steady-state kinematics of human gait is presented. An experimental setup was developed to acquire the necessary data for application of the techniques. Twenty young adults, whose medical histories are free of gait pathology, were tested. Computerized electrogoniometers and foot switches were used to measure the kinematic data of the lower extremities and capture four instants of the gait cycle: heel strike, foot flat, heel off, and toe off. Phase plane portraits of each joint were constructed for the sagittal plane by plotting angular velocity against angular displacement. Poincaré maps were obtained by periodically sampling the joint profiles at toe off and plotting the ith iterate against the (i + 1)th one. Phase plane portraits are useful in monitoring the variations of joint velocity and position on the same graph in a more compact form. Poincaré maps are effective in differentiating steady gait from transient locomotion.
AIMS: This study aimed to investigate whether a molecular profiling approach should be pursued for the classification of heart failure patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: Applying a subtraction strategy we created a cDNA library consisting of cardiac- and heart failure-relevant clones that were used to construct dedicated cDNA microarrays. We measured relative expression levels of the corresponding genes in left ventricle tissue from 17 patients (15 failing hearts and 2 nonfailing hearts). Significance analysis of microarrays was used to select 159 genes that distinguished between all patients. Two-way hierarchical clustering of the 17 patients and the 159 selected genes led to the identification of three major subgroups of patients, each with a specific molecular portrait. The two nonfailing hearts clustered closely together. Interestingly, our classification of patients based on their molecular portraits did not correspond to an identified etiological classification. Remarkably, patients with the highest medical urgency status (United Network for Organ Sharing, Status 1A) clustered together. CONCLUSION: With this pilot feasibility study we demonstrated a novel classification of end-stage heart failure patients, which encourages further development of this approach in prospective studies on heart failure patients at earlier stages of the disease.
Reverse engineering of biomolecular regulatory networks such as gene regulatory networks, protein interaction networks, and metabolic networks has received an increasing attention as more high-throughput time-series measurements become available. In spite of various approaches developed from this motivation, it still remains as a challenging subject to develop a new reverse engineering scheme that can effectively uncover the functional interaction structure of a biomolecular network from given time-series expression profiles (TSEPs). We propose a new reverse engineering scheme that makes use of phase portraits constructed by projection of every two TSEPs into respective phase planes. We introduce two measures of a slope index (SI) and a winding index (WI) to quantify the interaction properties embedded in the phase portrait. Based on the SI and WI, we can reconstruct the functional interaction network in a very efficient and systematic way with better inference results compared to previous approaches. By using the SI, we can also estimate the time-lag accompanied with the interaction between molecular components of a network.