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PubMed2026

Grafting and biodynamic nanosilica-induced physiological and transcriptomic modulation of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) under drought stress.

Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) is an economically important vegetable crop cultivated worldwide. Increasing drought stress associated with climate change has severely reduced chilli productivity. Although grafting and silicon-based nanomaterials have each been investigated independently as drought mitigation strategies in Solanaceae crops, this study represents, to our knowledge, the first investigation of their combined physiological, yield, and genome-wide transcriptomic effects in chilli under experimentally validated drought stress. Biodynamic nanosilica (BNS) is an α-quartz nanoparticle preparation (20-200 nm) derived from the biodynamic agricultural preparation BD501 through a vortex-triturating process, and distinct from chemically synthesised nanosilica in preparation method and surface bioavailability, applied as a foliar spray at 50 mg L-1. Five treatments were established: well-watered (WW), drought (D), grafting + BNS + drought (G+B+D), grafting + drought (G+D), and BNS + drought (B+D), each with three independent biological replicates. Under moderate-to-severe drought conditions (DSI 62-64%; VWC ~12% v/v at 14 days), the combined G+B+D treatment significantly improved plant height (3.05-fold over D), leaf relative water content (83% vs 49% in D), net photosynthetic rate (2.0-fold over D), water-use efficiency (+40%), and antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD: 3.1-fold; CAT: 2.8-fold over D), while reducing lipid peroxidation by 76%. Root architecture was also substantially enhanced, with a 4.1-fold increase in root length and a 3.1-fold increase in root surface area relative to D. Fruit yield increased by 79% relative to drought-stressed non-grafted plants. Transcriptomic analysis using Illumina NovaSeq 6000 identified 1,051 DEGs (431 upregulated, 620 downregulated; FDR < 0.05, |log2FC| > 1). Integrated transcriptomic-phenotypic concordance analysis revealed enrichment of MAPK signalling, ABA-mediated regulation (including ABA binding and (+)-ABA 8'-hydroxylase activity), and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis as the enriched pathways. Protein-protein interaction network analysis further revealed coordinated regulation of redox homeostasis, drought-responsive hormone signalling, and water transport gene modules in the combined treatment. These findings demonstrate that integrating grafting with biodynamic nanosilica is a promising strategy to enhance drought resilience and productivity in chilli, offering a sustainable approach for vegetable production under drought.

Capsicum↗

PubMed2025

Natural variation in the cytokinin oxidase gene ZmCKX6 influences leaf morphology and yield-related traits in maize.

Leaf width (LW) is a critical determinant of maize architecture and yield. To uncover its genetic basis, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on 348 maize inbred lines and identified ZmCKX6, encoding cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase, as a key gene associated with LW. Natural variation in the ZmCKX6 promoter significantly influenced its expression levels, leading to differences in LW across various haplotypes. Functional validation using CRISPR/Cas9 revealed that ZmCKX6 knockout results in pleiotropic effects, including narrower leaves, reduced plant height, and decreased grain yield components. These phenotypes were accompanied by elevated levels of active cytokinins but reduced levels of auxin, gibberellins, and salicylic acid. Transcriptome analysis revealed a significant downregulation of photosynthesis-related genes, corresponding to reduced photosynthetic rates in knockout lines. Evolutionary analysis demonstrated that the allele associated with narrower leaves were preferentially selected during maize domestication and breeding. This study highlights the role of ZmCKX6 in modulating cytokinin homeostasis and its subsequent impact on multiple agronomic traits in maize, providing insights into the complex genetic control of plant architecture and yield. The identified natural variations could be valuable for marker-assisted selection aimed at optimizing plant architecture and improving yield.

Zea mays↗

PubMed2025

Dissecting seed composition QTL from wild soybean: fine-mapping, candidate gene identification, and evaluation of introgression effects on agronomic performance.

Seed composition QTL from wild soybean were confirmed and validated in two genetic backgrounds across multiple environments, candidate genes were identified, and agronomic performance of backcross introgression lines was evaluated. Through selection for soybean yield, breeders have inadvertently reduced seed protein content and increased oil due to phenotypic and genetic correlations between these three traits. Therefore, identifying alleles that increase protein without adversely affecting oil and yield is of interest for breeders and the entire soybean value chain. Previously, a G. max × G. soja population was used to map a protein-associated region to ~ 4.6 Mbp on chromosome (Chr) 14. The G. soja allele significantly increased protein 6.5-7.2 g kg-1, without significantly decreasing oil. Additionally, two oil quantitative trait loci (QTL) were reported on Chrs 8 and 14. In this study, we aimed to confirm the Chr 14 protein QTL, evaluate QTL effects on seed composition and agronomic performance, and further fine-map to identify candidate genes. We validated and fine-mapped the Chr 14 protein QTL to a 0.6 Mbp region in a different genetic background, where the G. soja allele significantly increased protein by 9.3 g kg-1. Further, we confirmed the Chr 14 oil QTL linked to the protein QTL and the Chr 8 oil QTL. Chr 14 protein QTL effects on agronomic traits were evaluated in a backcross population across eight environments. The QTL significantly increased protein content, without significantly impacting oil, maturity, or plant height. While the QTL impacted yield and lodging, its effect and significance varied within environments. The candidate genes identified for these three validated seed composition QTL, along with additional molecular markers developed, offer valuable resources for improving seed composition in soybean breeding programs.

Quantitative Trait Loci↗

PubMed2026

Phylogenetic Constraints and Environmental Filtering Jointly Drive Adaptive Evolution in Phragmites australis: From Genetic Structure to Trait Decoupling on the Mongolian Plateau.

The Mongolian Plateau, a typical arid and semi-arid zone in Eurasia, is characterized by highly heterogeneous and fragmented wetland habitats. Phragmites australis, a common wetland species in this region, exhibits remarkable adaptability. Unraveling the coordination between phylogenetic history and local environmental filtering is crucial for elucidating its adaptive mechanisms. Integrating landscape genomics and trait-based phylogenetic analyses, we analyzed transcriptome-wide SNPs, multidimensional functional traits, and environmental variables across 90 individuals from 30 natural P. australis populations. This study aims to reveal the genetic and phenotypic variation patterns underlying population genetic structure and trait variation, specifically distinguishing the roles of geographic isolation, environmental filtering, and phylogenetic history. Results reveal a significant drainage-dependent pattern in genetic structure. Populations in hydrologically connected basins show extensive admixture, whereas those in isolated endorheic basins form distinct lineages. While geographic isolation underpins genetic differentiation, environmental filtering independently explains ~33.84% of the genetic variation, driven primarily by moisture heterogeneity (precipitation seasonality and soil moisture). Crucially, we observed differentiated evolutionary trajectories across functional traits. Structural traits (e.g., plant height, leaf thickness) are phylogenetically conserved; in contrast, physiological traits (e.g., water use efficiency) are decoupled from phylogeny, showing patterns consistent with high plasticity regulated by local environments. This evolutionary decoupling strategy enables P. australis to flexibly adapt to heterogeneous habitats while maintaining structural stability. This study uncovers the synergistic mechanisms by which geographic isolation and environmental filtering jointly shape the genetic patterns of this cosmopolitan species at a regional scale, clarifies that its evolutionary responses may depend heavily on the differentiated plasticity of trait types, and provides valuable regional insights into how widespread wetland species adapt to heterogeneous environments under global change.

Mongolia Plateau↗

PubMed2024

Genomic selection for tolerance to aluminum toxicity in a synthetic population of upland rice.

Over half of the world's arable land is acidic, which constrains cereal production. In South America, different rice-growing regions (Cerrado in Brazil and Llanos in Colombia and Venezuela) are particularly affected due to high aluminum toxicity levels. For this reason, efforts have been made to breed for tolerance to aluminum toxicity using synthetic populations. The breeding program of CIAT-CIRAD is a good example of the use of recurrent selection to increase productivity for the Llanos in Colombia. In this study, we evaluated the performance of genomic prediction models to optimize the breeding scheme by hastening the development of an improved synthetic population and elite lines. We characterized 334 families at the S0:4 generation in two conditions. One condition was the control, managed with liming, while the other had high aluminum toxicity. Four traits were considered: days to flowering (FL), plant height (PH), grain yield (YLD), and zinc concentration in the polished grain (ZN). The population presented a high tolerance to aluminum toxicity, with more than 72% of the families showing a higher yield under aluminum conditions. The performance of the families under the aluminum toxicity condition was predicted using four different models: a single-environment model and three multi-environment models. The multi-environment models differed in the way they integrated genotype-by-environment interactions. The best predictive abilities were achieved using multi-environment models: 0.67 for FL, 0.60 for PH, 0.53 for YLD, and 0.65 for ZN. The gain of multi-environment over single-environment models ranged from 71% for YLD to 430% for FL. The selection of the best-performing families based on multi-trait indices, including the four traits mentioned above, facilitated the identification of suitable families for recombination. This information will be used to develop a new cycle of recurrent selection through genomic selection.

Oryza↗

PubMed2025

CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout of OsKCS11 in rice reveals potential crosstalk between very-long-chain fatty acids and cytokinin.

Very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) play crucial roles in various physiological processes in plants. Through our investigation using a CRISPR-Cas9 knockout mutant library in rice, we identified a semi-dwarf rice mutant named CRISPR-Cas-based dwarf-1 (csd-1). This mutant displayed multiple developmental defects, such as decreased plant height, panicle length, seed size, and seed-setting rate. Whole-genome resequencing analysis revealed that a T-nucleotide insertion in β-ketoacyl-CoA synthase 11 (KCS11), responsible for the initial step in fatty acid elongation, was responsible for the observed defects in csd-1. The identity of csd-1 was confirmed through genetic complementation and CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout. Expression analysis indicated that OsKCS11 was present in various tissues, with differential abundance observed through RT-qPCR and promoter GUS staining, and strong localization at the node position by RNA in situ hybridization; furthermore, OsKCS11 protein was confirmed to be in the endoplasmic reticulum. Furthermore, csd-1 exhibited significantly reduced levels of linolenic acid (18:3), C24:0-OH, C28:0-alkanes, C29:0-alkanes, alpha-tocopherol, and C33:0-alkanes, while trans-nonadecenoic acid and behenic acid levels were increased. Cytokinin analysis revealed significant increases in isopentenyladenine (IPA) and cis-zeatin (cZ) levels in csd-1. Molecular investigations indicated upregulation of genes involved in cytokinin biosynthesis or signaling, suggesting a potential link between VLCFAs and cytokinin synthesis through acetyl-CoA. This study not only proposed an alternative gene mapping method based on whole-genome resequencing but also elucidated the mechanism by which VLCFAs influence cytokinin synthesis and signaling.

Oryza↗

PubMed2026

Morphological, Physiological and Transcriptomic Changes in Response to Water Deficit Stress in Brassica napus L.

Yield losses due to water-deficit (WD) conditions, especially during the reproductive stages of plant development, pose a significant threat to global canola (Brassica napus L.) production. Therefore, it is critical to investigate traits contributing to improved productivity under increased WD conditions. Here we present phenotypic, physiological and transcriptomic changes in response to WD across contrasting canola accessions exhibiting variation in drought resistance-related traits. WD significantly reduced shoot biomass, plant height, harvest index, leaf water content, photosynthetic CO2 assimilation rate, intrinsic water-use efficiency and carbon isotope discrimination. WD caused 49 to 100% of the seed yield reduction: the minimum seed yield reduction (49.66%) was observed in a doubled-haploid (DH) line, 06-5101.137, while the maximum yield reduction (94.1 to 100%) occurred in the late-flowering DH lines (06.5101.088 and 06-5101.306). Seed yield showed a positive correlation (r = 0.29 to 0.95) with shoot biomass and harvest index, leaf water content, photosynthetic CO2 assimilation rate, intrinsic water use efficiency and carbon isotope discrimination. However, it showed negative correlations with days to flower, leaf specific weight, root length, root biomass (r = -0.04 to -0.79) across water treatments. The specific leaf transcriptome analysis of the two parental lines of DH population that exhibit variation for effective water use under well-watered and water-deficient conditions revealed different categories of differentially expressed genes (DEGs): WD-responsive DEGs in BC1329 parental line (1116) and BC9102 (1205) with 754 and 853 DEGs unique to BC1329 and BC9102, respectively, WD-responsive DEGs (906), genotype-dependent DEGs (8465) and genotype × treatment interaction DEGs (353). DEG annotations revealed that the WD-treatment-affected genes were involved in stress responses and growth and development. We further located 235 DEGs within the QTL regions underlying agronomic and physiological performance. Our study provides a conceptual framework for the morphological, physiological and molecular determinants involved in water-use efficiency. Seedlings' traits with high heritability values, such as shoot biomass, leaf weight, leaf water content and Δ13C, serve as proxies for trait-based selection for improved seed yield under both water-limited and non-water-limited conditions.

Brassica napus↗

PubMed2025

Heterogeneous trait responses of Páramo plant species and community to experimental warming.

Understanding the impact of climate change on the functional trait composition (and hence ecosystem functioning) of tropical alpine regions is critical for predicting biodiversity responses. We tested the effects of a decade of warming on the morphological, chemical and genomic traits of Páramo species using open-top chambers (OTCs). We conducted vegetation surveys and collected samples from individuals inside and outside the OTC plots to estimate differences between treatments (warming versus control). Vegetation cover decreased over time in both treatments suggesting a potential decline in soil moisture in our study area. Warming led to a reorganization of the trait space and trait network structure. Species showed a wide range of responses to warming, with significant changes across different trait combinations. Nevertheless, we did not find significant differences in trait values or the direction of change between species whose percentage vegetation cover increased in OTC (or decreased less) over time, compared with control. Community-weighted mean values of plant height, leaf area, leaf dry matter content, genome size, leaf C and P, significantly increased over time only in OTC plots (i.e. traits associated with carbon storage and decomposition). While warming and reduced soil moisture lead to heterogeneous species responses without a clear winning trait strategy, changes at the community level may have important implications for Páramo ecosystem functioning.

Climate Change↗

PubMed2025

Yield and yield component trait analysis with DArT genotyping for GWAS in soybean grown in drought conditions of Kazakhstan.

Development of drought tolerant cultivars of soybean is the single best way to address the challenge of global climate change and very limited water resources for crop irrigation in Central Asia including Kazakhstan. A set of 188 soybean cultivars with diverse origins was assessed for genome-wide association study (GWAS) for yield and eight yield-related traits in both irrigated (well-watered, WW) and non-irrigated (drought) conditions during 2 years in field trials in South-Eastern Kazakhstan. The 295K Diversity array technology (DArT) analysis was applied, and 16K filtered DArT markers were used for genotyping of 183 soybean accessions. In the results, 41 quantitative trait nucleotides (QTN) were identified as significantly associated with nine studied traits. To verify these results, bulk segregant analysis (BSA) was carried out in six breeding lines originating from two crosses between high-yielding under drought cvs, Sponsor and Zen, with drought sensitive cv Lastochka. The evaluation of combined results revealed 10 most significant QTN and eight most promising putative candidate genes, which were selected and tested for their gene expression using RT-qPCR under drought compared with WW controls. Among them, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (G6PI), pentatricopeptide repeats (PPR) protein, and ABC transporter, associated with seed yield, seed weight per plant, and plant height, were highly upregulated in drought tolerant genotypes. In contrast, two other genes, Rab-GDP dissociation inhibitor (Rab-GDI) and Transducin with WD40 repeats, associated with seed yield, showed repression in the same genotypes. These verified genes involved in the control of yield and yield-related traits can be used for marker-assisted selection to develop novel genotypes and new soybean cultivars tolerant to strong drought in Kazakhstan and in other countries with similar conditions.

Diversity array technology (DArT)↗

PubMed2026

Investigating the Role of MicroRNA396 (miR396) Gene in Regulating Wheat Yield and Grain Nitrogen Concentration.

Nitrogen (N) is essential for crop growth, yet excessive fertilization causes environmental issues, highlighting the need to sustain yield and grain N concentration under reduced N input. miR396s are known to regulate plant development and stress responses. Here, we examined whether and how miR396 affects wheat yield and N status under high and low N conditions. TaMIM396 (transforming with the target mimicry construct of miR396) overexpression significantly increased plant height, spike length, grain yield, and grain N concentration under both N treatments. Physiological data showed TaMIM396 enhanced dry matter (DM) and N accumulation at anthesis and maturity, as well as improved post-anthesis remobilization of DM and N to grains. RNA-seq analysis revealed that, under low N, TaMIM396 specifically upregulated key photosynthetic antenna genes, including Lhca3 and Lhcb1/2/3/5, which are critical for light harvesting, suggesting improved photosynthetic efficiency that promotes DM accumulation under N limitation. Collectively, our results demonstrate that TaMIM396 acts as a broad-spectrum N-efficiency gene, coordinating carbon and N remobilization while boosting photosynthetic capacity, thereby supporting stable yield and grain N concentration across N supply levels. Therefore, TaMIM396 is a promising candidate for breeding N-efficient wheat cultivars compatible with sustainable high-yield agriculture.

TaMIM396↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Inheritance of certain quantitative and qualitative traits in a system of diallele barley crosses].

Unequal inheritance of characters, i.e. flower glume colour, degree of lateral spikelets development, hairy rechis of the ear, were observed in diallel crosses among the varieties Nutans 244, Trumpf, DZ-02389, Hiproly and Brachitic. Recessive inheritance was marked for short rachilla hairs. The dominant effect of genes for the leaf length and overdominance for the plant height were ascertained. The partial dominance for the number of internodes and leaf width was found. The character of the upper internode length did not correspond to additive-dominant model.

Alleles↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Natural and induced genetic variability in wheat.

An account is given of the genetic variability in primitive wheats collected from the northwest Pakistan. Apart from genetic sources for disease resistance, drought tolerance, and other plant characters, new sources of possible height reduction in wheat were identified and described. The taller-growing primitive wheats have better emergence, perhaps largely because of their longer coleoptiles. A detailed account is given of comparative genetic studies of height-reducing genes, through both conventional genetic analysis techniques and induced mutation breeding procedures. Both approaches demonstrated the effect of height genes on grain size. At the present time there is a linear relationship between plant height and 1000-kernel weight. Possibilities of achieving a break-through in wheat yields through increased kernel size in short wheats are discussed.

Genetic Engineering↗

PubMed2026

Assessment of genomic prediction and genetic gain in multi‑population half-sib families in the perennial grass crop intermediate wheatgrass.

The University of Minnesota has been domesticating the perennial forage intermediate wheatgrass (IWG) since 2011 using a combination of conventional methods and modern breeding tools such as genomic selection. Globally, most IWG selection nurseries are spaced-planted individuals of several hundred genotypes whereas commercial fields established for grain production are row-planted panmictic populations. This study evaluated genomic prediction models and estimated genetic gain in yield and agronomic performance of row-planted IWG half-sib families assessed over 3 years and 2 locations, Lamberton and St. Paul, MN, USA. The strongest trait correlation was negative (r = -0.49) between 2023 St. Paul height and 2022 St. Paul seed size. The three St. Paul environments were more similar for plant height and seed size and so were the Lamberton environments yet no specific trend was observed for grain yield. Evaluation of different univariate and multivariate genomic prediction models showed that multivariate models outperformed the best univariate models by 23 percentage points, yet no single multivariate model was the best predictor of all traits. Cross-environment predictions were the best among St. Paul environments and no single environment was the best predictor of the remaining environments. Genetic gain estimates indicated a 20 kg ha-1 increase in grain yield and 3 cm reduction in plant height per breeding cycle. While no single model predicted all traits with high accuracy, results obtained in this study suggest that evaluating IWG sibs in row plots followed by genomic trait predictions could lead to desired breeding progress for desired traits.

Poaceae↗

PubMed1976

An epidemic of gastroenteritis traced to a contaminated public water supply.

Between January 1 and March 15, 1974, approximately 1200 cases of acute gastrointestinal illness occurred in Richmond Heights, Florida, a residential community of 6500 in south Dade County. Over one-third of all families in the area had at least one member affected. The findings of 10 culture-proven cases of shigellosis among those who became ill and clinical signs and symptoms in the others suggest that most of the other cases that were not cultured may have been shigellosis also. Epidemiologic investigation showed that consumption of tap water was associated with illness in the initial cases of affected families. Evaluation of the Richmond Heights public water supply disclosed numerous inadequacies in both design and operation. One of the wells providing water to the community was continuously contaminated with excessive levels of fecal coliforms from a nearby septic tank, and a breakdown in chlorination on January 14-15 caused approximately 1 million gallons of inadequately chlorinated water from the contaminated well to be distributed to the community 48 hours before the epidemic began. Correction of deficiencies in the water plant was undertaken by the utility company; the residents of Richmond Heights were instructed to boil their drinking water or to use commercially bottled water pending completion of corrective measures. A FUll scale study is planned for all similar public water supplies in Dade County.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2025

Effect of transgene on salt tolerance of tobacco.

To explore the effects of salt-tolerance gene accumulation on salt tolerance in transgenic plant, we used four types of plant expression vector (N27, N28, N29, and N30) carrying mtlD, mtlD + gutD, mtlD + gutD + BADH, mtlD + gutD + BADH + sacB genes respectively, to transform tobacco through Agrobacterium-mediated method. Transgenic lines were identified through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection. Transgenic lines and non-transgenic plant (CK) were subjected to 6‰ sodium chloride solution stress; then, fluorescence quantitative PCR (FQ-PCR) and salt tolerance indexes were used to assess characteristics. PCR showed the exogenous genes had been integrated into the tobacco genome. FQ-PCR showed under clean water treatment the target genes were expressed in all transgenic plants at the transcriptional level. The transcript abundances of target genes changed with the number of genes increased, and improved following salt stress. Comparative analyses of salt tolerance indexes showed height growth, biomass (except for N29), chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, Fv/Fm, and PI of all transgenic plants and CK were lower under salt stress than under clean water treatment, to varying degrees. However, the descent ratio was smaller in transgenic plants. A comprehensive evaluation of multiple salt-tolerance indicators performed using the membership function method showed the average salt tolerance of each vector transgenic line was higher than that of CK, and salt tolerance was greater in transgenic polyvalent gene lines than in transgenic monovalent gene lines. The average salt tolerance was N29 > N28 > N30 > N27 > CK. This study provides a theoretical and practical reference for salt tolerance breeding in other plants.

Plants, Genetically Modified↗

PubMed1977

[Epidemiological study of chronic bronchitis in a population of workers in a fertilizer factory].

The authors investigated the influence of working conditions--with particular reference to dust and fluorite pollution--on the epidemiology of chronic bronchitis in 197 subjects working in a fertilizer producing plant in Krakow (Poland). The investigation included history, respiratory function tests (VC, TVC), height and weight measurement, rhinolaryngologic examination, nasal mucosa cytology and physical examination. The environmental survey included measurements of the dust respirable fraction and fluorite concentration in the air. The prevalence of chronic bronchitis was found to increase with the length of working activity and to be much higher in smokers than in non-smokers. Furthermore, in subjects working at the sites with the worst environmental situations it proved to be twice as high as in the remainders. Likewise higher proved to be the prevalence of laryngitis and sinusitis. The prevalence of chronic bronchitis was found to be much higher in workmen with more marked spirometric changes. In subjects affected with chronic bronchitis alterations of the nasal mucosa epithelium were also found.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

Exposure to styrene in a polymerization plant. Uptake in the organism and concentration in subcutaneous adipose tissue.

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Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1977

Blood pressure in Seventh-day Adventist vegetarians.

The blood pressures (BP) in 418 vegetarian Seventh-day Adventist (SDA) volunteers in Western Australia were compared with those in 290 non-vegetarian volunteers in Narrogin, a Western Australian country town. The mean systolic and diastolic BPs in the SDAs, adjusted for age, sex, height and weight (128.7/76.2 mm of mercury) were significantly less than those in the Narrogin residents (139.3/84.5). It appeared unlikely that these differences could be explained by differences in alcohol, tobacco, tea, coffee or egg consumption, socioeconomic status or physical activity. There was, however, a gradient toward increasing BP with increasing egg intake in SDAs, and SDAs who drank tea or coffee had a higher mean diastolic BP than those who did not (mean difference of 4.2 mm of mercury). The possibility that selective bias or unmeasured environmental differences might explain the difference in BP between the two groups is discussed.

Adult↗