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PubMed1994

Grip and pinch strength in Chinese adults and their relationship with anthropometric factors.

In this study, we evaluated the correlation of four types of hand strength (hand grip, tip pinch, palmar pinch and key pinch) with age, sex, body weight, body height, body mass index, triceps skinfold thickness, mid-arm circumference and mid-forearm circumference in a group of 437 Chinese adults (195 men and 242 women) who ranged in age from 28 to 78 years. All of the hand strengths studied correlated positively with gender, body weight, body height, mid-arm and mid-forearm circumference and negatively with age and triceps skinfold thickness in the analyses of simple correlation coefficients. Men were found to be more powerful than women in all hand strength types in different age groups. The magnitude of strength decline with age was more prominent in grip strength than pinch strength including palmar, tip and key. Stepwise multiple regression analyses showed that sex, age and mid-forearm circumference were most predictive of all types of hand strength. Body height was an additional independent predictor of grip and palmar pinch. Body mass index, body weight, mid-arm circumference and triceps skinfold thickness were not independent predictors associated with hand strength.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The effect of wrist deviation on grip and pinch strength.

The effect of wrist deviation on grip and pinch strength was evaluated in 12 normal right-handed adults. Wrist positions of neutral, maximal ulnar (average, 41 degrees), and maximal radial deviation (average, 26 degrees) were held in short-arm casts while grip and key and tip pinch were measured. Wrist position was neutral with respect to flexion and extension. A highly significant effect of wrist deviation on grip strength was found (p < 0.0001). The effect on pinch strength was not statistically significant. Wrist deviation deformities arise in several clinical situations, such as radial clubhand and malunions of the distal radius. A loss of grip strength was found in radial deviation in this study. This would support 1 of the premises for surgical correction of such deviation by centralization or osteotomy.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Pinch strength norms for 5-to 12-year-olds.

Functional performance evaluations and intervention planning for children and youth is informed by comparisons of their performance to normative standards. The literature contains little data regarding the developmental norms for children on pinch strength. A random sample of 414 children was assessed on three separate measures of pinch strength. Pad-to-pad, three-jaw chuck, and lateral pinch were evaluated using the B & L Engineering pinch gauge while utilizing the standard positioning recommended by the American Society of Hand Therapists. The results were divided into distinct categories for 5-to 12-year-olds. The resulting normative data provide standards for pinch strength in children to be used in the clinical setting.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1991

The influence of wrist position on different types of pinch strength.

This study examines the effects of different wrist positions on maximum voluntary (MVC) pinch strength. Peak MVC forces of 30 male adults were measured for lateral, chuck, pulp-2 and pulp-3 pinches, each in five wrist positions-natural, radial deviation, ulnar deviation, dorsiflexion and palmar flexion. The results showed that all the deviated wrist positions degraded pinch strength, with palmar flexion having the greatest effect and radial deviation the least. Strength degradation ranged from 14% to 43%, depending on wrist position and type of pinch. The lateral pinch was less affected than the others. Biomechanical explanations are offered for these measurements, and implications for work and tool designs are discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

Temporal changes in grip and pinch strength after open carpal tunnel release and the effect of ligament reconstruction.

Symptoms of pain and weakness are nearly ubiquitous after carpal tunnel release. This study investigates the length of time before restoration of grip and pinch strength after open carpal tunnel release, in a population of patients without workers' compensation-related injuries. Two different forms of carpal ligament reconstruction were carried out in 2 groups of patients, and a third group underwent no ligament reconstruction. Grip and pinch strengths were measured for participants in each group both preoperatively and at set postoperative intervals. Mean changes in strength were calculated and analysis of variance used to determine statistical significance of the changes. Grip strength at 6 weeks after surgery in the group that underwent transposition flap repair exceeded preoperative grip strength values and all 3 groups surpassed preoperative grip strength measurements at 12 weeks. By 6 weeks after surgery, all pinch measurements for 3 groups equaled or exceeded preoperative pinch measurements. The transposition flap repair group recovered faster than did the other 2 groups and surpassed those groups in maximum grip and pinch strength at 12 weeks. These results suggest that transverse carpal ligament reconstruction, particularly the transposition flap technique, after open carpal tunnel release confers a mechanical advantage and that the transverse carpal ligament is an important pulley in flexor tendon excursion.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome↗
PubMed2005

Does the absence of the palmaris longus affect grip and pinch strength?

The palmaris longus tendon is the most frequently harvested tendon for reconstructive plastic and hand surgical procedures. A question patients often ask is whether loss of the palmaris longus will result in any functional deficit. In order to answer this question, the presence or absence of the palmaris longus muscle was clinically determined in 418 normal Asian subjects. All subjects also had their grip and pinch strengths measured. No statistically significant difference was seen in the grip or pinch strength measurements between subjects who had a palmaris longus tendon and those who did not. This study demonstrates that absence of the palmaris longus is not associated with a decrease of grip or pinch strength.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Grip and pinch strength variations in different types of workers.

We measured grip and pinch strengths in non-manual, light manual and heavy manual workers using a Jamar dynamometer and a pinch measuring device. Heavy manual workers had the strongest grips with the least difference between sides. Office workers had the weakest grips and the greatest difference between sides. Light manual workers were between these two groups. Consequently, the occupation of the patient must be taken into account when using grip and pinch strength measurements to assess the need for rehabilitation and in medicolegal reports.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Effect of elbow position on grip and key pinch strength.

Twenty-nine college women participated in a study to investigate the effect of elbow position on grip and key pinch strength evaluations. Standardized instructions and positioning were followed with the exception of the two elbow positions. The elbow was flexed to 90 degrees in one test condition and it was fully extended in the other. The results showed a significantly stronger grip strength measurement in the 90 degree elbow flexed position than in the fully extended position. For evaluation of key pinch strength, both hands were stronger in the elbow flexed position, but only the right hand was significantly stronger. This study supports the use of the elbow flexed position in standardized grip and key pinch evaluations.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Grip and pinch strength: normative data for adults.

The primary purpose of this study was to establish clinical norms for adults aged 20 to 75+ years on four tests of hand strength. A dynamometer was used to measure grip strength and a pinch gauge to measure tip, key, and palmar pinch. A sample of 310 male and 328 female adults, ages 20 to 94, from the seven-county Milwaukee area were tested using standardized positioning and instructions. Right hand and left hand data were stratified into 12 age groups for both sexes. This stratification provides a means of comparing the score of individual patients to that of normal subjects of the same age and sex. The highest grip strength scores occurred in the 25 to 39 age groups. For tip, key, and palmar pinch the average scores were relatively stable from 20 to 59 years, with a gradual decline from 60 to 79 years. A high correlation was seen between grip strength and age, but a low to moderate correlation between pinch strength and age. The newer pinch gauge used in this study appears to read higher than that used in a previous normative study. Comparison of the average hand strength of right-handed and left-handed subjects showed only minimal differences.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Grasp and pinch strength in children 5 to 12 years old.

The objective of this study was to establish normative data concerning grasp and pinch strength for use by clinicians who are treating children with hand problems. A population of 474 children ages 5 to 12 were tested using the Jamar dynamometer and the Preston pinch guage. Means and standard deviations of all measurements for all subjects were determined. Results of the study indicate that there is a steady increase in both grasp and pinch strength that coincides with the increase in chronological age and development; males are consistently stronger than females across the age range in all tests, although the differences are not striking. Hand dominance was judged not to be an important factor in predicting strength in this population.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Onset of grip- and pinch-strength impairment after acute poisonings with organophosphate insecticides.

The course of organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP) in humans has not been quantitatively measured in epidemiologic studies. This study evaluated the association of acute OP poisonings with motor neurologic impairment. Hand grip and pinch strength were evaluated among 62 Nicaraguan men hospitalized for acute OP poisoning between 1992 and 1996; 39 cattle ranchers and fishermen who had never experienced pesticide poisoning were controls. Exposure categories were moderate and severe poisonings with neuropathic and non-neuropathic OPs. Strength was measured at hospital discharge and seven weeks after poisoning. Grip and pinch strength were impaired among all OP-poisoned subjects at both examinations, more noticeably among those poisoned with OPs with suspected neuropathic effects, methamidophos and chlorpyrifos. In those with severe poisonings with neuropathic OPs, impairments were more marked among intentional than among occupational poisonings. The performances of suicidal subjects worsened at the second examination, consistent with OPIDP. Early motor impairment at the time of hospital discharge is consistent with cholinergic depolarization blockade after acute poisoning. The persistence of deficits in motor strength in all severely poisoned patients regardless of pesticide type was unexpected, and may reflect persistent cholinergic blockade or intermediate syndrome, neuropathy, or a combination of these.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Changes in key pinch strength after excision of the trapezium and total joint arthroplasty.

Key pinch force was measured preoperatively and at follow-up (mean 25 months) in patients treated for basal joint arthritis by either trapziectomy with ligament reconstruction and tendon interposition (n=26) or total joint arthroplasty (n=27). There was a significant increase in key pinch strength with both treatments, but no difference between the two treatments. Total joint arthroplasty does not appear to produce stronger key pinch than trapziectomy with ligament reconstruction and tendon interposition.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Changes of grip and pinch strength after carpal tunnel release].

OBJECTIVES: Evaluation of changes of the total grip strength, two-point pinch, three-point pinch, key-pinch and a subjective improvement of the dexterity of the hand measured by functional part of Levine questionnaire within first year after carpal tunnel release. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-nine patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) were evaluated for changes of aforementioned grips, pinches and completed the Levine questionnaire. All measurements were performed with set of digital dynamometers. Patients were assessed before the operation and at 3, 6 and finally at 12 months after surgery. In all cases carpal tunnel was released by double incision open technique. RESULTS: All grips and pinches improved significantly within first year after surgery with respect to preoperative values. Mean total grip strength increased at 3 months to 109%, at 6 months to 123% and at 12 months to 138%. Statistically significant difference was noted at 6 and 12 months. Mean value of two-point pinch was at 3 months of 117% preoperative value, at 3 months of 131% and at 12 months of 145%. Statistically significant difference was noted at 12 months. Mean value of three-point pinch was at 3 months of 114% preoperative value, at 6 months of 130% and at 12 months of 144%. Statistically significant difference was noted at 6 and 12 months. Mean value of key-pinch strength was at 3 months of 105% preoperative value, at 6 months of 117% and at 12 months of 145%. Statistically significant difference was noted at 6 and 12 months. Subjective evaluation of dexterity of the hand by functional part of Levine questionnaire revealed statistically significant improvement in all four post-operative examinations. CONCLUSION: Power of the hand improved gradually within whole first year after carpal tunnel release, however statistically significant difference was noted as late as at 6 and 12 months after surgery. In subjective opinion of patients the dexterity of the hand improves gradually during whole 12 months follow-up.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Asymmetry correction equations for hand volume, grip and pinch strengths in healthy working people.

Assessments of oedema and decrease in hand strength are useful for patients with a hand lesion. This study examined the asymmetry of the arms and determined the estimates of the unknown prior to lesion values for hand volume, grip strengths assessed with a Jamar dynamometer (GS[J]) and a Collins dynamometer (GS[C]), and pinch strength with a Jamar pinch gauge (PS) in 100 healthy working people. Hand volume, GS(J), GS(C) and PS of the dominant hand were respectively 3.6 +/- 4.1%, 6.6 +/- 9.2%, 11.7 +/- 11.2%, and 8.0 +/- 13.2% higher than those of the non-dominant hand (p < 0.001). Very good estimates were obtained with the values of the contralateral arm for all the indices studied. The correlation coefficient equalled 0.95 for hand volume, 0.91 for GS(J), 0.83 for GS(C), and 0.72 for PS. These estimates allow us to evaluate the evolution of oedema and hand strengths in patients with hand injury, especially to determine whether they could return to work as they are mostly manual workers with demanding jobs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Reliability and validity of grip and pinch strength evaluations.

Twenty-seven college women participated in a study to evaluate the reliability and validity of four tests of hand strength: grip, palmar pinch, key pinch, and tip pinch. Standardized positioning and instructions were followed. The results showed very high inter-rater reliability. Test-retest reliability was highest in all tests when the mean of three trials was used. Lower correlations were shown when one trial or the highest score of three trials were utilized. The Jamar dynamometer by Asimow Engineering and the pinch gauge by B&L Engineering demonstrated the highest accuracy of the instruments tested.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Trends in finger pinch strength in children, adults, and the elderly.

This study explores empirical relationships among different types of pinches in three age groups. Peak maximum voluntary forces of several pinches--lateral, chuck, and pulp pinches with digits 2, 3, 4, and 5-were tested in 182 subjects comprising 62 children (5-12 years), 70 adults (18-40 years), and 50 elderly (60-89 years). Analysis of the forces indicated four groups of strength magnitude: (1) lateral and chuck, (2) pulp 2 and 3, (3) pulp 4, and (4) pulp 5, in that order; the strength of each type of pinch bears a definite quantitative relationship to every other type, regardless of age group or gender. The female-to-male strength ratio was greatest in children (89%) and least in adults (69%). Comparison with other pinch strength studies established that although force magnitudes may be strongly influenced by specific experimental conditions, empirical relationships among different pinch forces are fairly stable and predictable.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Longitudinal hand grip and pinch strength recovery in the child with burns.

Hand strength of seven patients was evaluated prospectively. A range-of-motion exercise program, compression therapy, and splinting schedules were provided. Fine prehension; lateral, tip-to-tip, and tripod pinch were measured by pinch meter. Grip strength was measured by dynamometer. Comparisons were made between test strengths and published norms for age and sex with analysis of variance. Significance was accepted at p < 0.05. At discharge, all four strength measurements were significantly less than normal for age and sex. Grip and tripod strengths were improved by 6 weeks. All measurements were improved at 6 months after discharge, although grip and lateral pinch remained significantly less than norms. In conclusion, the measurements of tip-to-tip and tripod pinch at 6 months may not signify limitations in performance of activities of daily living. In spite of significantly lower than normal grip and lateral strength measurements at 6 months, it cannot be determined whether this hinders performance of daily living skills.

Burns↗
PubMed1999

The contribution of the intrinsic muscles to grip and pinch strength.

Profound deficiencies occur in the intrinsic minus hand with loss of the interossei, thenar, hypothenar, and adductor pollicis muscles. The purpose of this study was to define the load-generating deficiencies of grip and pinch after simulated low median and/or low ulnar nerve lesions. Twenty-one healthy volunteers underwent median and ulnar nerve blocks at the wrist level with mepivacaine HCI injection. Key pinch and grip data were recorded before injection and after each nerve block was determined to be effective. A computerized dynamometer that simultaneously recorded individual force data from each digit and cumulative grip was used to record grip strength. Grip strength data showed a significant decrease in total grasp at all 3 handle sizes after initial median or ulnar nerve block. The average decrease in grip strength was 38% after ulnar nerve block and 32% after median nerve block. The total grip loss after both injections averaged 49% compared with the preinjection strength. After ulnar or median nerve block there was a significant decrease in the force production of the long, ring, and small fingers but not the index finger. Pinch data revealed a significant decrease in key pinch of 77% after ulnar block and 60% after median block with a further significant change after combined block to decrease pinch 85%.

Adult↗