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PubMed1990

Personality assessment training in counseling psychology programs.

Although data about personality assessment training in clinical psychology programs have often been gathered, little comparable data have been collected about assessment training in counseling psychology programs. To collect such information, we conducted a survey of all programs identified as part of the Council of Counseling Psychology Training Programs. A two-page questionnaire was sent out to the 64 program directors, with 56 (88%) of the questionnaires being returned. Information about availability of required personality assessment courses, availability of elective assessment courses, and types of personality tests covered in the counseling curriculum is presented and discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Feigning specific disorders: a study of the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI).

The Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; Morey, 1991) represents an important development in the assessment of psychopathology. We examined the usefulness of the Negative Impression (NIM) scale to detect naive (undergraduates with minimal preparation) and sophisticated (psychology graduate students with 1 week preparation) subjects simulating specific disorders. We found that the NIM cutting score (> 8) was highly effective with feigned schizophrenia, marginally effective with feigned depression, and ineffective with feigned generalized anxiety disorder. Sophistication did not appear to be relevant to successful feigning, although it did allow graduate students to achieve higher clinical elevations in simulating depression.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed1998

An investigation of malingering posttraumatic stress disorder on the Personality Assessment Inventory.

Utilizing the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; Morey, 1991), this study aimed to isolate a pattern of responding that is indicative of an attempt to malinger posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The PAI profiles of 116 male participants were examined. Profiles of a group of 29 alcohol-abusing veterans with a primary Axis I (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) diagnosis of PTSD and a group of 30 alcohol-abusing veterans with no other diagnoses were compared to those of 27 undergraduate men instructed to feign PTSD. Control data were obtained from another group of 30 undergraduates. The student malingerers produced PAI profiles that were significantly different from the veterans with PTSD. Seven scales distinguished the malingerers from the veterans with an actual diagnosis of PTSD. Malingerers tended to overexaggerate pathology, inflating their scores on many clinical scales greater than the mean of the PTSD sample. Malingerers also scored higher on Morey's (1993) 8-item Malingering Index than either group of veterans and the controls. Only 2 scales reliably differentiated alcohol-abusing veterans with PTSD from those without the disorder. The implications of these findings in the diagnosis of PTSD are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Supervising personality assessment: the integration of intersubjective and psychodynamic elements in the supervisory process.

The supervision of personality assessment can be likened to the process of teaching art. Much like artistic training, supervision of personality assessment is a complex process that calls for creative integration of different working processes, some more technical and formal and others broader and more complex. On the surface, compared to psychotherapy supervision, supervision of personality assessment is fairly structured and centered on specific tasks such as scoring, making a diagnosis, or determining personality organization. Nevertheless, principles of psychodynamic psychotherapy such as parallel processes are relevant as well. We discuss the process of integrating intersubjective and psychodynamic elements into personality assessment supervision and argue that this integration helps the supervisory work to proceed effectively. We present the role of knowledge, the institution, and parallel processes in the supervisory work.

Humans↗
PubMed1985

Personality assessment from the view of logical learning theory.

The gradual transition from clinical assessment to basic personality research in the author's professional development is reviewed, Thanks to the understanding and encouragement of Walter G. Klopfer the author found it possible to extend a line of teleological theorizing that has proven empirically viable for several years to date. This approach to human description is known as logical learning theory. The essentials of logical learning theory are reviewed and its application to personality assessment is highlighted.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

Results of the ESA study on psychological selection of astronaut candidates for Columbus Missions II: personality assessment.

A unique composition of personality assessment methods was applied to a group of 97 ESA scientists and engineers. This group is highly comparable to real astronaut candidates with respect to age and education. The list of used tests includes personality questionnaires, problem solving in groups as well as a projective technique. The study goals were: 1. Verification of psychometric qualities and applicability of tests to the target group; 2. Search for culture-fair tests by which multi-national European groups can be examined; 3. Identification of test methods by which the adaptability of the candidates to the psycho-social stress of long-duration space flights can be assessed. Based on the empirical findings, a test battery was defined which can be used in the selection of ESA space personnel.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Personality assessment and counseling psychology.

This article examines the place of personality assessment in counseling psychology. Three areas are considered: (a) the types of tests counseling psychologists use, (b) the perspective counseling psychologists apply to the use of tests, and (c) projective techniques and counseling psychology. Each area is examined, and the issues it raises for counseling psychology are presented. Some conclusions about personality assessment practices in counseling psychology are made, and several directions for future training are identified.

Counseling↗
PubMed1995

Personality Assessment Inventory scale characteristics and factor structure in the assessment of alcohol dependency.

Individual scale characteristics and the inventory structure of the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; Morey, 1991) were examined by conducting internal consistency and factor analyses of item and scale score data from a large group (N = 301) of alcohol-dependent patients. Alpha coefficients, mean inter-item correlations, and corrected item-total scale correlations for the sample paralleled values reported by Morey for a large clinical sample. Minor differences in the scale factor structure of the inventory from Morey's clinical sample were found. Overall, the findings support the use of the PAI in the assessment of personality and psychopathology of alcohol-dependent patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Personality in proportion: a bipolar proportional scale for personality assessments and its consequences for trait structure.

Trait structures resulting from personality assessments on Likert scales are affected by the additive and multiplicative transformations implied in interval scaling and correlational analysis. The effect comes into view on selecting a plausible alternative scale. To this end, we propose a bipolar bounded scale ranging from -1 to +1 representing an underlying process in which the assessor would review and discount positive and negative behavioral instances of a trait. As an appropriate index of likeness between variables X and Y, we propose LXY = SigmaXY/N, the average of the raw scores cross products. Using this index, we carried out a raw scores principal component analysis on data consisting of 133 participants who had each been rated by 5 assessors including self on 914 items. Contrary to the Big-Five structure that was found in these data on standard analysis, the results showed a relatively large first principal component F1 and 2 very small ones, F2 and F3. The sizes LFF=SigmaF2/N, the averages of the squared component scores, were modest to small. It thus appears that the scale, bipolar proportional versus standard, has a profound impact on the size and structure of personality assessments. The dissimilarity remains on analyzing self-ratings rather than averaged (over the 5 assessors) ratings.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Clinicians' practices in personality assessment: does gender influence the use of DSM-III axis II?

We assessed clinicians' practices in the process of personality assessment according to DSM-III axis II criteria. Forty-six clinicians rated personality traits and disorders on two versions of a clinical profile constructed to meet DSM-III axis II diagnoses of histrionic, narcissistic, borderline, and dependent, differing only in the sex of the patient. Clinicians tended to use only a single diagnostic category and to make significantly different personality attributions and diagnoses depending on the patient's sex. The sex of the clinician had no impact on the process. We conclude that clinicians viewing a case study tend to make global judgments about personality disorders and are influenced by the patient's gender, even when it has no known relevance. We interpret these findings in terms of critical set theory.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed2004

Personality assessment without borders: adaptation of the MMPI-2 across cultures.

In contemporary psychology, personality assessment knows few national or cultural boundaries. Psychological tests developed in one country are often translated and adapted into cultures that might appear to be greatly different from the country of origin. In this article, I address the factors that are important to international test adaptation and examine problems that can adversely affect cross-cultural test research programs. I address qualities important for verifying the accuracy and adequacy of cross-cultural assessment. I review the extensive adaptation of the MMPI (Hathaway & McKinley, 1940) and MMPI-2 (Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989), the most frequently used personality measure. I highlight several contemporary research trends in international personality assessment.

Awards and Prizes↗
PubMed2006

Assessing personality change in psychotherapy with the SWAP-200: a case study.

Many studies document the efficacy of psychotherapy for acute syndromes such as depression, but less is known about personality change in patients treated for personality pathology. The Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure (SWAP-200; Westen & Shedler, 1999a, 1999b) is an assessment tool that measures a broad spectrum of personality constructs and is designed to bridge the gap between the clinical and empirical traditions in personality assessment. In this article, we demonstrate the use of the SWAP-200 as a measure of change in a case study of a patient diagnosed with borderline personality disorder. We collected assessment data at the start of treatment and after 2 years of psychotherapy. The findings illustrate the personality processes targeted in intensive psychotherapy for borderline personality.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Can personality assessment predict future depression? A twelve-month follow-up of 631 subjects.

BACKGROUND: Personality assessment provides a description of a person's fundamental emotional needs and of the higher cognitive processes that modulate thoughts, feelings, and behavior. Prior studies by us examined personality and mood at the same time. Assessing personality may allow prediction of mood changes over time in a longitudinal study, as described in earlier prospective studies by Paula Clayton and others. METHOD: A group of 631 adults representative of the general population completed the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and Center for Epidemiological Studies depression scale (CES-D) at baseline and one year later. RESULTS: TCI scores at baseline accounted for gender differences in levels of depression. TCI personality scores were strongly stable (range in r=.78 to .85 for each of seven dimensions) whereas mood was only moderately stable (r=.62) over the twelve-month follow-up. Baseline personality scores (particularly high Harm Avoidance and low Self-Directedness) explained 44% of the variance in the change in depression. Baseline levels and changes in Harm Avoidance and Self-Directedness explained 52% of the variance in the change in depression at follow-up. LIMITATIONS: The follow-up sample was representative of the target population except for slightly lower Novelty Seeking scores. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Observable personality levels strongly predict mood changes. Personality development may reduce vulnerability to future depression.

Adolescent↗