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PubMedDate not supplied

Personal space boundaries: clinical applications in psychiatric mental health nursing.

TOPIC: Theory of personal space boundaries (PSB) and its application to clinical psychiatric nursing. PURPOSE: To provide a nursing perspective of interventions that incorporate the interactive effects of cognition, affect, behavior, and spirituality on human experience and behavior. SOURCE: Theory of PSB developed by the author. CONCLUSION: Understanding PSB allows for more effective nursing interventions.

Female↗
PubMed2000

Crowding effects of density and personal space requirements among older people: the impact of self-control and social support.

The authors examined the effects of self-control and social support among a representative sample of 300 older people, 150 in high-density and 150 in low-density households in India. The Self-Control Schedule (M. Rosenbaum, 1980), the Comfortable Interpersonal Distance Test (M. Duke & S. Nowicki, 1972), the Social Support Questionnaire, and the Judgement of Environmental Quality Scale (I. G. Sarason, H. M. Levine, R. B. Basham, & B. R. Sarason, 1983) were the measures. A 2 x 2 x 2 (Density x Social Support x Self-Control) analysis of variance for perceptions of home environment and personal space requirements revealed that the Self-Control x Social Support interaction moderated the crowding effects of density: The participants in high-density households evaluated their home environments more positively and reduced their personal space requirements.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1981

Personal space preferences of hospitalized adults.

The questions addressed in this study were whether hospitalized adults' personal space preferences (PSP) differed between the hospital and home setting and whether these patients assigned different PSP to a nurse, doctor, family member, or stranger. The effects of age and sex of the subjects were also examined. Sixty subjects (30 men and 30 women) meeting selected criteria participated. The figure-placement technique (Little, 1965; Guardo, 1976) was used to measure PSP. Data were analyzed using a four-factor ANOVA (age X sex X role X setting) with repeated measures on the last two factors. Main effects were found fer setting, F(1,54) = 11.54, p less than .001, and role, F(3,162) = 112.95, p less than .0001; no other variables approached statistical significance. The major findings indicated that preferred distances in the hospital were smaller than in the home and that in both settings the family member was placed closest to the "self" silhousette followed by a doctor, nurse, and stranger, respectively.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Projective assessment of personal space among retarded and nonretarded children.

A figure-placement method was used to examine the personal space usage of 60 mildly retarded and 60 nonretarded children of comparable MA. Spatial distance between a self-figure and second figure for both groups was least when the second figure was designated with positive affect, greater when designated with neutral affect, and greatest when the designation involved negative affect. Retarded children used less spatial distance than nonretarded children when the interaction involved a self and teacher figure, supporting Zigler's (1973) positive- and negative-reaction tendency formulation. More space was used by both groups when the second figure was designated as not smart than when designated as smart.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Split-brain patients neglect left personal space during right-handed gestures.

Since some patients with right hemisphere damage or with spontaneous callosal disconnection neglect the left half of space, it has been suggested that the left cerebral hemisphere predominantly attends to the right half of space. However, clinical investigations of patients having undergone surgical callosal section have not shown neglect when the hemispheres are tested separately. These observations question the validity of theoretical models that propose a left hemispheric specialisation for attending to the right half of space. The present study aims to investigate neglect and the use of space by either hand in gestural demonstrations in three split-brain patients as compared to five patients with partial callosotomy and 11 healthy subjects. Subjects were asked to demonstrate with precise gestures and without speaking the content of animated scenes with two moving objects. The results show that in the absence of primary perceptual or representational neglect, split-brain patients neglect left personal space in right-handed gestural demonstrations. Since this neglect of left personal space cannot be explained by directional or spatial akinesia, it is suggested that it originates at the conceptual level, where the spatial coordinates for right-hand gestures are planned. The present findings are at odds with the position that the separate left hemisphere possesses adequate mechanisms for acting in both halves of space and neglect results from right hemisphere suppression of this potential. Rather, the results provide support for theoretical models that consider the left hemisphere as specialised for processing the right half of space during the execution of descriptive gestures.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Subthalamic nucleus influences spatial orientation in extra-personal space.

While the role of frontal and parietal cortex in spatial orientation has been studied extensively, the contribution of the basal ganglia and especially the subthalamic nucleus to spatial orientation remains less clear. Here we use subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) in Parkinson's disease (PD) as a reversible model of functional lesioning to evaluate the influence of the STN in extra-personal space orientation. To this end, 12 PD patients were examined 1 year after implantation of DBS electrodes in the STN after overnight withdrawal of L-dopa. Patients were tested in a pseudo-randomized order while both stimulators, the right only, the left only, or no stimulator, were switched on. Patients performed line bisection and a reaction time task responding to stimuli of the middle, the left, and the right extra-personal space. A separate assessment of the right and left hand responding to visual stimuli in each hemispace made it possible to distinguish hemi-spatial and hemi-motor impairments. No asymmetries in space orientation were found when both stimulators were switched OFF, when both stimulators were switched ON, and when only the right stimulator was switched ON. When only the left subthalamic stimulation was switched ON, the reaction times of both hands to visual stimuli in the left extra-personal hemispace increased significantly and the line bisection test showed a significant orientation to the right. These results lead to the conclusion that the STN and its cortical projections influence the network involved in visuospatial orientation. These patterns of symptoms of neglect demonstrate the influence of the STN on the attentional system of the nondominant hemisphere.

Attention↗
PubMed1998

[Invasion of the personal space of hospitalized patients: adaptation of an instrument of measurement in Brazilian culture].

The invasion of patient's territorial and personal space and its effects have been object of several international studies. In view of its importance and searching for an instrument of measure to develop research in this area, the present study aimed at adapting the instrument "anxiety due to territory and space instrucsion questionnaire" to the brazilian culture. Authors fully described the phases of this process and utilized the software SPSS for the psychometric analysis.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1975

The personal space of hard-of-hearing children after extended contact with 'normals'.

A group of hard-of-hearing children integrated into a normal public school for a year were found to exhibit similar personal space to that of normal children. Another group of hard-of-hearing children who attended a special institutional school for the deaf, on the other hand, exhibited greater interaction distances under varying dyadic interactions with a 'normal' person. Practical application of the present results is discussed.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A beginning theory of personal space boundaries.

The author claims that boundaries function as a filtering device to protect the individual from environmental overload and consequent disorganization. She describes the importance of boundary restoration, maintenance, and promotion in nurses and their clients. She then relates the concept of boundaries to other pertinent concepts and introduces a beginning theory of personal space boundaries.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

The negotiation of stationary and moving obstructions during walking: anticipatory locomotor adaptations and preservation of personal space.

This article introduces a novel, ecological, obstructed walking paradigm. Gait adaptations to circumvent obstacles undergoing uncertain displacements, and the effect of revealing the obstacle's action beforehand, were investigated in young adults. The personal space (PS) maintained during walking was quantified for the first time under different environmental factors including auditory distractions. Obstacle movement and its uncertainty resulted in gait adjustments aimed at gaining time to assess the situation. Early gait adaptations and constant clearances around the obstacle suggest that anticipation and preplanning are involved in such navigational tasks. Participants systematically maintained an elliptical PS during circumvention, but they adjusted its size according to different environmental factors. There was a relationship between the size of PS and level of attention, which suggests that the regulation of PS is used to control locomotion. This novel paradigm has important implications for the assessment and training of locomotor ability within real world environments.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2002

Perceptual distortion of intrapersonal and near-personal space sensed by proprioception.

It is known that the illusory displacement of a vibrated limb can be transferred to a nonvibrated contacted limb. The purpose of this study was to quantify and compare the transferred illusory displacements occurring in the intrapersonal and near-personal space. In two tasks, 8 male and 8 female blindfolded subjects estimated (1) the height of the left elbow and (2) the height of an external object located at the same height as the left elbow, by the proprioception of the right arm which was Subject to illusory displacement. If the internal representation of the left elbow in one's body schema could provide precise information of its static position independently of the proprioception of the right arm, the perceived displacement of the right arm might be smaller when influenced by proprioceptive information from the static left arm, than when in contrast instead with an object which is not a body part. There was no difference in the estimation of illusory displacement between male and female subjects and between right and left arms. No significant difference was observed between transferred displacements of the left elbow and the object. This means that the perception of limb position sensed by the proprioception of another limb can be distorted as easily as the perception of location of an external object. This suggests that the internal representation of static limb position is not enough to provide the correct information of current limb position in the absence of vision.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Parieto-frontal interactions, personal space, and defensive behavior.

In the monkey brain, two interconnected cortical areas have distinctive neuronal responses to visual, tactile, and auditory stimuli. These areas are the ventral intraparietal area (VIP) and a polysensory zone in the precentral gyrus (PZ). The multimodal neurons in these areas typically respond to objects touching, near, or looming toward the body surface. Electrical stimulation of these areas evokes defensive-like withdrawing or blocking movements. These areas have been suggested to participate in a range of functions including navigation by optic flow, attention to nearby space, and the processing of object location for the guidance of movement. We suggest that a major emphasis of these areas is the construction of a margin of safety around the body and the selection and coordination of defensive behavior. In this review, we summarize the physiological properties of these brain areas and discuss a range of behavioral phenomena that might be served by those neuronal properties, including the ducking and blocking reactions that follow startle, the flight zone of animals, the personal space of humans, the nearby, multimodal attentional space that has been studied in humans, the withdrawal reaction to looming visual stimuli, and the avoidance of obstacles during self-motion such as locomotion or reaching.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Body-image, personal space and self-esteem: preliminary evidence for "focusing" effects.

A repeated-measures design was used to investigate the effects of a self-esteem manipulation on measures of body-image and personal space. Significant interaction effects were obtained for penetration, body-cathexis, and simulated interaction distance, and the results confirmed the prediction that subjects whose self-esteem had been enhanced would obtain significantly higher body-cathexis, and significantly lower penetration and interaction distance scores than those whose self-esteem had been reduced. Although the interaction effect was nonsignificant, similar trends were observed for barrier. Figure drawing and spatial orientation appeared to be unrelated to self-perception. Factor analysis showed that the tests were unrelated, but the self-esteem manipulation had a "focusing" effect on boundary and interaction distance. Overall, the results provide experimental support for the defensive distancing hypothesis.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relationships among personal space boundaries, peer acceptance, and peer reputation in adolescents.

PROBLEM: Peer relationships are important to the health of adolescents who are at a developmental period of moving from parental influence to potentially dangerous peer influence. Interpersonal communication processes are logical antecedents of peer relationships. However, research in this area with adolescent populations is limited. METHODS: Exploratory descriptive study using observational technique to collect nonverbal and verbal communication data on adolescents (N = 28). Observer ratings of personal boundaries and peer acceptance were correlated with anonymous peer ratings of sociability/leadership, aggressiveness/disruptiveness, and sensitivity/isolation, with comparisons made between males and females. FINDINGS: Boundaries are related to peer acceptance and peer reputation and are interpreted differently in males and females. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides beginning evidence of the usefulness of Personal Space Boundary Theory in understanding adolescent behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Parieto-frontal interactions, personal space, and defensive behavior.

In the monkey brain, two interconnected cortical areas have distinctive neuronal responses to visual, tactile, and auditory stimuli. These areas are the ventral intraparietal area (VIP) and a polysensory zone in the precentral gyrus (PZ). The multimodal neurons in these areas typically respond to objects touching, near, or looming toward the body surface. Electrical stimulation of these areas evokes defensive-like withdrawing or blocking movements. These areas have been suggested to participate in a range of functions including navigation by optic flow, attention to nearby space, and the processing of object location for the guidance of movement. We suggest that a major emphasis of these areas is the construction of a margin of safety around the body and the selection and coordination of defensive behavior. In this review, we summarize the physiological properties of these brain areas and discuss a range of behavioral phenomena that might be served by those neuronal properties, including the ducking and blocking reactions that follow startle, the flight zone of animals, the personal space of humans, the nearby, multimodal attentional space that has been studied in humans, the withdrawal reaction to looming visual stimuli, and the avoidance of obstacles during self-motion such as locomotion or reaching.

Journal Article↗