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PubMed1985

Eimeria species (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) infecting Peromyscus rodents in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico with description of a new species.

Of 198 deermice (Peromyscus spp) collected from various localities in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, 106 (54%) had eimerian oocysts in their feces when examined. These included 50 of 106 (47%) Peromyscus truei, 34 of 54 (63%) Peromyscus maniculatus, 4 of 17 (24%) Peromyscus leucopus, and 18 of 21 (86%) Peromyscus eremicus. The following Eimeria were identified from infected mice: Eimeria arizonensis and Eimeria langebarteli from P. truei; E. arizonensis, Eimeria peromysci, and Eimeria delicata from P. maniculatus; E. arizonensis and Eimeria lachrymalis n. sp. from P. eremicus; and E. langebarteli from P. leucopus. Of the 106 Peromyscus found positive for Eimeria, 97 (91.5%) harbored only a single eimerian species at the time of examination. Sporulated oocysts of E. lachrymalis n. sp. were ellipsoid, 27-35 X 17-21 (30.8 +/- 1.7 X 19.1-0.9) micron, possessed a smooth wall and one polar granule, but lacked a micropyle and an oocyst residuum. Sporocysts were teardrop-shaped, 9-13 X 6-10 (10.9 +/- 0.9 X 7.9 +/- 0.5) micron, and had a Stieda body and sporocyst residuum, but no substieda body. Prepatent periods in experimental infections were 3-6 days after inoculation (DAI) for E. arizonensis (hosts: P. eremicus, P. maniculatus, P. truei); 4-5 DAI for E. peromysci (host: P. maniculatus); 6-9 DAI for E. langebarteli (hosts: P. truei, P. leucopus); and 8-10 DAI for E. lachrymalis (host: P. eremicus). Patency in these infections lasted 6-11 days for E. arizonensis, 5-10 days for E. peromysci, 14-40+ days for E. langebarteli, and 19-50+ days for E. lachrymalis. Eimeria lachrymalis appears to produce occult infections in P. eremicus that can be reactivated upon inoculation of the host with E. arizonensis.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Mus and Peromyscus chromosome homology established by FISH with three mouse paint probes.

Fluorescence-labeled DNA probes constructed from three whole house mouse (Mus domesticus) chromosomes were hybridized to metaphase spreads from deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) to identify homologies between the species. Mus Chr 7 probe hybridized strongly to the ad-centromeric two-thirds of Peromyscus Chr 1q. Most of Mus 3 probe hybridized principally to two disjunct segments of Peromyscus Chr 3. Mus Chr 9 probe hybridized entirely to the whole Peromyscus Chr 7. Three Peromyscus linkage groups were assigned to chromosomes, based on linkage homology with Mus. The data also are useful in interpretation of chromosomal evolutionary history in myomorphic rodents.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Intragenomic movement and concerted evolution of satellite DNA in Peromyscus: evidence from in situ hybridization.

Four DNA probes isolated from Peromyscus leucopus were used to examine intra- and interspecific variation in the chromosomal location of satellite DNA in the genus Peromyscus. All four probes hybridized to the centromeric regions of all chromosomes in all species of Peromyscus examined but did not hybridize to the majority of heterochromatic regions in closely related non-Peromyscus species. One probe contains a nonsatellite repetitive sequence. The implications of these data to the evolution of genome organization are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Cross-transmission studies with Eimeria arizonensis-like oocysts (Apicomplexa) in New World rodents of the Genera baiomys, Neotoma, Onychomys, Peromyscus, and Reithrodontomys (Muridae).

Cross-transmission experiments were performed using oocysts of an Eimeria arizonensis-like coccidian from Peromyscus leucopus and Peromyscus truei, an E. arizonensis-like coccidian from Reithrodontomys fulvescens, Eimeria baiomysis and Eimeria taylori from Baiomys taylori, Eimeria albigulae from Neotoma albigula, and Eimeria onychomysis from Onychomys spp., between representatives of the above host genera. The E. arizonensis-like coccidian from R. fulvescens infected Reithrodontomys megalotis, Reithrodontomys montanus, and Peromyscus leucopus. Oocysts of E. arizonensis from P. leucopus could be transmitted to both P. leucopus and R. megalotus. Oocysts of E. baiomysis and E. taylori infected only B. taylori. Oocysts of E. arizonensis from P. truei infected P. truei but not Neotoma mexicana or Onychomys leucogaster. Oocysts of E. albigulae from N. albigula were infective for N. mexicana but not for P. truei or O. leucogaster. Oocysts of E. onychomysis from Onychomys spp. infected O. leucogaster but not N. mexicana or P. truei. These results demonstrate that Peromyscus and Reithrodontomys, genera known to be related very closely evolutionarily, are capable of sharing E. arizonensis, whereas morphologically similar coccidians (E. albigulae, E. baiomysis, and E. onychomysis) from more distantly related hosts, are probably distinct and more stenoxenous. This also is the first report of coccidians infecting species of Reithrodontomys.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Species differences in paternal behavior and aggression in peromyscus and their associations with vasopressin immunoreactivity and receptors.

Previous comparative studies have suggested that the distribution of arginine vasopressin (AVP) pathways within the brain is associated with species-typical patterns of social behavior. In the current study, male parental behavior and aggression were compared in two species of Peromyscus. As predicted based on other studies, male mice from a monogamous species, the California mouse Peromyscus californicus, spent more time providing parental care to offspring than males from a polygamous species, the white-footed mouse Peromyscus leucopus. Sexually naive male California mice also attacked opponents more rapidly than white-footed mice during resident-intruder and neutral aggression tests. Since AVP has been shown to modulate these behaviors, we compared the distribution of vasopressinergic neurons and receptors. We predicted that greater AVP-immunoreactive (AVP-ir) staining in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and AVP receptor density in the lateral septum would occur in the species with low levels of paternal care because this pattern was found in similar comparisons with sexually naive monogamous and polygamous voles. In contrast, in our study, monogamous male mice showed more AVP-ir staining in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis than the polygamous species, as well as more AVP receptors in the lateral septum. Parental behavior therefore does not appear to predict differences in patterns of AVP-ir staining and receptor distribution across species or vice versa. We propose the hypothesis that aggression may be better correlated with species patterns of AVP-ir staining density and receptor distribution.

Aggression↗
PubMed1996

Sequence analysis of the complete S genomic segment of a newly identified hantavirus isolated from the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus): phylogenetic relationship with other sigmodontine rodent-borne hantaviruses.

Four Corners (FC) or Sin Nombre virus, a hantavirus harbored by the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), is the principal etiologic agent of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). Recently, a hantavirus, designated New York (NY) virus, isolated from a white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) captured on Shelter Island, New York, was molecularly linked to a fatal case of HPS occurring in the northeastern United States. To clarify the genetic and phylogenetic relationship between NY and FC viruses and other sigmodontine rodent-borne hantaviruses, we amplified and sequenced the entire S genomic segment of NY virus. The S segment of NY virus was 2078 nucleotides long, with an open reading frame of 1284 nucleotides in the virus complementary strand, capable of encoding a protein of 428 amino acids, and with a 752-nucleotide long 3'-noncoding region, comprised of numerous imperfect repeats. Pairwise analysis indicated that NY virus was more similar to FC virus than to other sigmodontine rodent-borne hantaviruses, differing from strains of FC virus by 16.6-17.8% and 7.0-8.2% at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively. As determined by the maximum parsimony and neighbor-joining methods, NY virus formed a separate lineage from FC virus and was phylogenetically distinct from hantaviruses harbored by other sigmodontine rodents. Whether or not NY and FC viruses represent distinct viral species is unclear. Further analyses of hantaviruses harbored by white-footed mice are needed to clarify the genetic diversity and evolution of Peromyscus-borne hantaviruses.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1978

Variation in the genetic structure of Peromyscus populations. I. Genetic heterozygosity--its relationship to adaptive divergence.

The genetic structure of nine Peromyscus maniculatus nebrascensis demes from southeastern Wyoming was determined by analyzing allozymes encoded by 23 genetic loci with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Genetic variability is extremely high for two genetic parameters; the proportion of loci polymorphic per deme averaged 0.41. Previous estimates of genetic heterozygosity for species within the genus Peromyscus have a mean of 0.06. The results of the present study suggest that genetic heterozygosity is considerably higher within P. maniculatus demes than within demes of other species in the genus. Geographic range is correlated with heterozygosity among Peromyscus species, as is adaptive divergence into broad-niched species. These correlates suggest that high heterozygosity may reflect an adaptation to a variable environment.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1983

Linkage relationships among eleven biochemical loci in Peromyscus.

Interspecific F1 hybrids of Peromyscus maniculatus (deermice) and P. polionotus (oldfield mice) were backcrossed to P. maniculatus. Backcross progeny were electrophoretically typed for 11 variant protein markers: albumin, transferrin, leucine aminopeptidase, amylase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, nucleoside phosphorylase, dipeptidase, tripeptidase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, alcohol dehydrogenase, and sorbitol dehydrogenase. Genetic variation for each protein was attributed to a single autosomal locus. The alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh), salivary amylase (Amy), and albumin (Alb) loci appeared to be linked in the sequence of Adh-11.5 cM-Amy-33.3 cM-Alb. The tripeptidase locus, Pep-2, also may be loosely linked to Alb in this group. Variants at all other loci assorted independently. These and other known linkage relationships in Peromyscus correspond closely to those of the house mouse, Mus musculus. The available evidence in Peromyscus further supports the concept of linkage conservation by natural selection.

Albumins↗
PubMed1983

Development and characterization of a homologous radioimmunoassay for deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii) prolactin.

A highly specific and sensitive homologous radioimmunoassay has been developed for the secreted form of prolactin from the deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii. Peromyscus serum and pituitary homogenates displayed parallel dilution response curves, and no cross reaction was seen with either mouse prolactin, mouse growth hormone or rat prolactin. The assay was sensitive to 25 picograms per tube and the intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were 5 and 3.6%, respectively. In addition, we have demonstrated that Peromyscus prolactin does not show parallel displacement in a homologous radioimmunoassay utilized for measuring prolactin in the common laboratory mouse.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Genetic and epigenetic incompatibilities underlie hybrid dysgenesis in Peromyscus.

Crosses between the two North American rodent species Peromyscus polionotus (PO) and Peromyscus maniculatus (BW) yield parent-of-origin effects on both embryonic and placental growth. The two species are approximately the same size, but a female BW crossed with a male PO produces offspring that are smaller than either parent. In the reciprocal cross, the offspring are oversized and typically die before birth. Rare survivors are exclusively female, consistent with Haldane's rule, which states that in instances of hybrid sterility or inviability, the heterogametic sex tends to be more severely affected. To understand these sex- and parent-of-origin-specific patterns of overgrowth, we analysed reciprocal backcrosses. Our studies reveal that hybrid inviability is partially due to a maternally expressed X-linked PO locus and an imprinted paternally expressed autosomal BW locus. In addition, the hybrids display skewing of X-chromosome inactivation in favour of the expression of the BW X chromosome. The most severe overgrowth is accompanied by widespread relaxation of imprinting of mostly paternally expressed genes. Both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms underlie hybrid inviability in Peromyscus and hence have a role in the establishment and maintenance of reproductive isolation barriers in mammals.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Divergent genetic and epigenetic post-zygotic isolation mechanisms in Mus and Peromyscus.

Interspecific hybridization in the rodent genera Peromyscus and Mus results in abnormal placentation. In the Peromyscus interspecies hybrids, abnormal allelic interaction between an X-linked locus and the imprinted paternally expressed Peg3 locus was shown to cause the placental defects. In addition, loss-of-imprinting (LOI) of Peg3 was positively correlated with increased placental size. As in extreme cases this placental dysplasia constitutes a post-zygotic barrier against interspecies hybridization, this finding was the first direct proof that imprinted genes may be important in speciation and thus in evolution. In the Mus interspecies hybrids, a strong role of an X-linked locus in placental dysplasia has also been detected. However, here we show by backcross and allele specific expression analyses that neither LOI of Peg3 nor abnormal interactions between Peg3 and an X-linked locus are involved in generating placental dysplasia in Mus hybrids, although the placental phenotypes observed in the two genera seem to be identical. In contrast to this, another dysgenesis effect common to Peromyscus and Mus hybrids, altered foetal growth, is caused at least in part by the same X-chromosomal regions in both genera. These findings first underline the strong involvement of the X-chromosome in the genetics of speciation. Secondly, they indicate that disruption of epigenetic states, such as LOI, at specific loci may be involved in hybrid dysgenesis effects in one group, but not in another. Thus, we conclude that even in closely related groups divergent molecular mechanisms may be involved in the production of phenotypically similar post-zygotic barriers against hybridization.

Alleles↗
PubMed1996

Two persistent LINE-1 lineages in Peromyscus have unequal rates of evolution.

LINE-1, the major family of long, interspersed repeats in the mammalian genome, moves via an RNA intermediate and encodes its own reverse transcriptase. Comparative sequence analysis was used to reconstruct the phylogenetic history of LINE-1 dynamics in the deer mouse, Peromyscus. As is the case in Mus and Rattus, a very small number of active templates produce the majority of LINE-1 copies in Peromyscus. However, in contrast to the single LINE-1 lineage seen in the muroid rodents, Peromyscus has at least two LINE-1 lineages whose most recent common ancestor probably existed before the peromyscine radiation. Species-specific variants of Lineage 1, and intact open reading frames in the youngest elements of both Lineages 1 and 2, suggest that both lineages have remained active within the same genome. The higher number of shared-sequence variants in Lineage 1 relative to Lineage 2 suggests that Lineage 1 has replaced its master template much more frequently than Lineage 2 or that the reverse transcriptase Lineage 1 is more error prone. The implications of the method used to acquire LINE-1 sequences for analysis are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Genetic analysis of the diversity and origin of hantaviruses in Peromyscus leucopus mice in North America.

Nucleotide sequences were determined for the complete M genome segments of two distinct hantavirus genetic lineages which were detected in hantavirus antibody- and PCR-positive white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) from Indiana and Oklahoma. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that although divergent from each other, the virus lineages in Indiana and Oklahoma were monophyletic and formed a newly identified unique ancestral branch within the clade of Sin Nombre-like viruses found in Peromyscus mice. Interestingly, P. leucopus-borne New York virus was found to be most closely related to the P. maniculatus-borne viruses, Sin Nombre and Monongahela, and monophyletic with Monongahela virus. In parallel, intraspecific phylogenetic relationships of P. leucopus were also determined, based on the amplification, sequencing, and analysis of the DNA fragment representing the replication control region of the rodent mitochondrial genome. P. leucopus mitochondrial DNA haplotypes were found to form four separate genetic clades, referred to here as Eastern, Central, Northwestern, and Southwestern groups. The distinct Indiana and Oklahoma virus lineages were detected in P. leucopus of the Eastern and Southwestern mitochondrial DNA haplotypes, respectively. Taken together, our current data suggests that both cospeciation of Peromyscus-borne hantaviruses with their specific rodent hosts and biogeographic factors (such as allopatric migrations, geographic separation, and isolation) have played important roles in establishment of the current genetic diversity and geographic distribution of Sin Nombre-like hantaviruses. In particular, the unusual position of New York virus on the virus phylogenetic tree is most consistent with an historically recent host-switching event.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The effect of heterochromatin on synapsis of the sex chromosomes of Peromyscus (Rodentia, Cricetidae).

The pairing behavior of the sex chromosomes in male and female individuals representing seven species of Peromyscus was analyzed by electron microscopy of silver-stained zygotene and pachytene configurations. Six species possess submetacentric or metacentric X chromosomes with heterochromatic short arms. Sex-chromosome pairing in these species is initiated during early pachynema at an interstitial position on the X and Y axes. Homologous synapsis then progresses in a unidirectional fashion towards the telomeres of the X short arm and the corresponding arm of the heterochromatic Y chromosome. The distinctive pattern of synaptic initiation allowed a late-synapsing bivalent in fetal oocytes to be tentatively identified as that of the X chromosomes. In contrast to the other species, Peromyscus megalops possesses an acrocentric X chromosome and a very small Y chromosome. Sex-chromosome pairing in this species is initiated at the proximal telomeric region during late zygonema, and then proceeds interstitially towards the distal end of the Y chromosome. These observations suggest that the presence of X short-arm heterochromatin and corresponding Y heterochromatin interferes with late-zygotene alignment of the pairing initiation sites, thereby delaying XY synaptic initiation until early pachynema. The pairing initiation sites are conserved in the vicinity of the X and Y centromeres in Peromyscus, and consequently the addition of heterochromatin during sex-chromosome evolution essentially displaces these sites to an interstitial position.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Experimental inoculation of Peromyscus spp. with Borrelia burgdorferi: evidence of contact transmission.

In order to determine if Peromyscus spp. could become infected with the Lyme disease spirochete (Borrelia burgdorferi) by direct inoculation and to determine the duration of spirochetemia, 4 P. leucopus and 5 P. maniculatus were inoculated by the intramuscular, intraperitoneal, and subcutaneous routes with an isolate of B. burgdorferi obtained from the blood of a trapped wild P. leucopus from Camp McCoy, Wisconsin. All of the mice developed antibodies to B. burgdorferi which reached a peak indirect immunofluorescent (IFA) geometric mean antibody titer of 10 log2 21 days post-inoculation. B burgdorferi was recovered from the blood of 1 P. maniculatus 21 days post-inoculation. One uninfected Peromyscus of each species was housed in the same cage with the infected Peromyscus as a contact control. Both of the contact controls developed IFA B. burgdorferi antibodies by day 14, indicating contact infection. To determine if B. burgdorferi was being transmitted by direct contact, 5 uninfected P. leucopus and 5 uninfected P. maniculatus were caged with 3 B. burgdorferi infected P. leucopus and 3 infected P. maniculatus, respectively. Each of these contact-exposed P. leucopus and P. maniculatus developed antibodies to B. burgdorferi, and B. burgdorferi was isolated from the blood of 1 contact-exposed P. maniculatus 42 days post-initial contact. These findings show that B. burgdorferi can be transmitted by direct contact without an arthropod vector.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Experimental Borrelia burgdorferi infection in Peromyscus leucopus.

We evaluated the susceptibility of laboratory-reared adult and infant white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) to a known pathogenic isolate of Borrelia burgdorferi (N40). Two-month-old and 3-day-old Peromyscus were inoculated intradermally with 10(6) to 10(7) spirochetes. At 21 days for adults or 30 days for infants post inoculation, mice were killed, and tissues were cultured for spirochetes and examined microscopically. Based on serology and culture, adult mice became infected but did not have any gross or microscopic lesions. Mice inoculated as infants became infected, and also developed carditis and multifocal arthritis. Contact transmission between inoculated infants and their naive mothers was not observed. Age at inoculation appeared to be a critical factor in inducing Lyme borreliosis lesions in Peromyscus leucopus, as in other species.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Life shortening in mice exposed to fission neutrons and gamma rays. VI. Studies with the white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus.

Some of the studies on late effects of neutron and gamma radiation previously carried out with the C57BL6 X BALB/c F1 hybrids of Mus musculus have been repeated with the white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus, a cricetid rodent of a different subfamily, with differing physiological characteristics and a different spectrum of pathologies. Among the more important findings were the following: For both species, the life shortening per rad at low doses of either radiation was the same percentage of the life span. The limiting values of the relative biological effectiveness for life shortening from all causes of death were about the same for the two species, ranging from 8 to 16, depending on the method of calculation. Fractionated neutron exposures failed to produce significant life shortening in Peromyscus over that observed at single doses. Tumor-related deaths accounted for at least 70 to 75% of the radiation-specific excess mortality in Peromyscus.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Coat color genetics of Peromyscus: IV. Variable white, a new dominant mutation in the deer mouse.

The variable white mutation arose spontaneously in 1983 within a laboratory stock of wild-type deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). The original mutant animal was born to a wild-type pair that had previously produced several entirely wild-type litters. Other variable white animals were bred from the initial individual. Variable white deer mice exhibit extensive areas of white on the head, sides, and tail. Usually a portion of pigmented pelage occurs dorsally and on the shoulders, but the extent of white varies from nearly all white to patches of white on the muzzle, tip of tail, and sides. The pattern is irregular, but not entirely asymmetrical. Eyes are pigmented, but histologically reveal a decrease in thickness and pigmentation of the choroid layer. Many variable white animals do not respond to auditory stimuli, an effect that is particularly evident in animals in which the head is entirely white. Ataxic behavior is also prevalent. Pigment distribution, together with auditory and retinal deficiencies, suggests a neural crest cell migration defect. Breeding data are consistent with an autosomal semidominant, lethal mode of inheritance. The trait differs from two somewhat similar variants in Peromyscus: from dominant spot (S) in extent and pattern of pigmentation and from whiteside (ws), an autosomal recessive trait, in the mode of inheritance and viability. Evidence for possible homology with the Va (varitint-waddler) locus in house mouse (Mus) is presented. The symbol Vw is tentatively assigned for the variable white locus in Peromyscus.

Animals↗