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PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of cerebellectomy on motor activity of the stomach in the ray Dasyatis pastinaca].

It has been shown that after cerebellectomy in rays, motor activity of the stomach undergoes significant changes. From the 1st day after the operation, the frequency of stomach contractions diminishes from 8.30+/-0.46 to 6.30+/-0.50/15 min. Individual variability markedly increases. The amplitude of stomach contractions is also diminished. Sham cerebellectomy does not affect neither the frequency, nor the amplitude of stomach contractions.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Eutetrarhynchid cestodes from Atlantic and Mediterranean elasmobranch fishes, with the description of two new species of Dollfusiella Campbell & Beveridge, 1994 and redescriptions of Prochristianella papillifer (Poyarkoff, 1909) Dollfus, 1957 and Parachristianella trygonis Dollfus, 1946.

Dollfusiella elongata n. sp. is described from the spiral valves of Rhinobatos rhinobatos (Linnaeus) and R. cemiculus Geoffroy St-Hilaire off the coast of Tunisia, while D. aculeata n. sp. is described from the spiral valves of Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus) off the western coast of France, Dasyatis tortonesei Capape off the coast of Tunisia and Dasyatis chrysonota (Smith) var. marmorata off the coast of Senegal. A redescription of Dollfusiella spinifer (Dollfus, 1969) Campbell & Beveridge, 1994 is included based on the type-specimens from Myliobatis aquila (Linnaeus) from the Mediterranean coast of France. Prochristianella papillifer (Poyarkoff, 1909) Dollfus, 1957 is redescribed from specimens from Dasyatis pastinaca off Tunisia and the scolex and mature segments are described for the first time. Parachristianella trygonis Dollfus, 1946 is redescribed from Dasyatis pastinaca off the coast of France and Dasyatis tortonesei off Tunisia, with the mature and gravid segments being described for the first time. Parachristianella monomegacantha Kruse, 1959 is reported for the first time from the elasmobranchs Dasyatis pastinaca , Myliobatis aquila , Rhinobatos cemiculus and R. rhinobatos . Definitions of the related genera Dollfusiella Campbell & Beveridge, 1994 and Prochristianella Dollfus, 1946 are revised. Prochristianella spinulifera Beveridge & Jones, 2000 is transferred to Dollfusiella as D. spinulifera n. comb. New combinations proposed formally for the first time are: D. aetobati (Beveridge, 1990) n. comb., D. bareldsi (Beveridge, 1990) n. comb., D. lineata (Linton, 1909) n. comb., D. litocephalus (Heinz & Dailey, 1974) n. comb., D. macrotrachelus (Heinz & Dailey, 1974) n. comb., D. michiae (Southwell, 1929) n. comb., D. musteli (Carvajal, 1974) n. comb., D. schmidti (Heinz & Dailey, 1974) n. comb. and D. vooreemi (Sao Clemente & Gomes, 1989) n. comb. The type-specimens of Prochristianella tenuispinis (Linton, 1890) Dollfus, 1946 were re-examined and the species is transferred to Dollfusiella as D. tenuispinis (Linton, 1890) n. comb. Features of known species of Dollfusiella are presented in tabular form.

Africa↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Photoreceptors and visual pigments of Black Sea elasmobranchs].

The retina of rays Dasyatis pastinaca and Raja clavata, as well as the dogfish Squalus acanthias was studied by electron microscopy, light colour differentiation technique and by electrophysiological methods. The retina of D. pastinaca contains about one cone per four rods. Cone and rod outer segments exhibit the ultrastructure typical of those cells in higher vertebrates. After treatment by Hartwig's method [5], cone outer segments are stained by thiasine red, rod outer segments sorbed the water-blue dye. The retina possesses both the scotopic and photopic systems, the latter reveals colour vision. With the method based on the registration of the early receptor potential it has been shown that D. pastinaca has three visual pigments with the absorption maxima near 540, 502 and 476 nm. The retina of R. clavata and S. acanthias contains only rhodopsin with lambda max= =495--497 nm. Photoreceptors of these animals are typical rods. Literature data on the Cyclostomes and results obtained for Elasmobranchs indicate that the photopic vision is phylogenetically more ancient than the scotopic system.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

New species of the Monocotylidae (Monogenea) from the stingray Dasyatis tortonesi Capapé (Euselachii, Dasyatidae) off the Tunisian coast, with comments on host-specificity and the specific identities of Mediterranean stingrays.

Heterocotyle capapei n. sp. and Thaumatocotyle tunisiensis n. sp. are described from the gills and the nasal cavity, respectively, of Dasyatis tortonesi collected from the Tunisian coast. H. capapei is distinguished from other species in the genus by the morphology of the penis, which is conical and has a long narrow distal point. T. tunisiensis differs from all known species of Thaumatocotyle by the shape and size of the penis. The host Dasyatis tortonesi has long been confused with D. pastinaca. Our study shows that their monogeneans are oioxenic, suggesting that D. pastinaca and D. tortonesi are distinct species. These results suggest that the monogenean parasite fauna could be used as a diagnostic tool for species identification: these parasites may, therefore, represent good biological indicators. The host-specificity of the Heterocotylinae and Merizocotylinae is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Lutein sequestration and furanocoumarin metabolism in parsnip webworms under different ultraviolet light regimes in the montane west.

Both biotic and abiotic selection pressures can contribute to geographic variation in allelochemical production in plants. We examined furanocoumarin production in western North American populations of Heracleum lanatum and Pastinaca sativa that, at different latitudes and altitudes, experience different ultraviolet (UV) light regimes. Total furanocoumarins and linear furanocoumarins of fruits were negatively correlated with UV irradiance, whereas amounts of angular furanocoumarins, which are generally less phototoxic, were not. Another factor potentially influencing furanocoumarin production is the presence of the parsnip webworm Depressaria pastinacella, (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae), an herbivore that feeds on reproductive structures of both plant species. These insects sequester lutein from their host plants; this carotenoid acts to ameliorate furanocoumarin toxicity. Although the concentration of lutein in fruits did not vary with UV irradiance, lutein sequestration by sixth instars was positively correlated with UV irradiance. Webworm populations are variably infested with the polyembryonic webworm parasitoid Copidosoma sosares Walker (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). H. lanatum fruits from populations with webworms parasitized by C. sosares had lower concentrations of furanocoumarins, with the exception of sphondin, than fruits from plants infested with webworms free from parasitism. Lower levels of these furanocoumarins may reduce negative effects on the fitness of this parasitoid. In contrast with the variation in furanocoumarin content, the ability of webworms to metabolize furanocoumarins by cytochrome P450 did not differ significantly among populations from New Mexico to Alberta.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Effects of storage conditions on furocoumarin levels in intact, chopped, or homogenized parsnips.

Furocoumarins represent a family of natural food constituents with phototoxic and photomutagenic properties. They are found mainly in plants belonging to the Rutaceae and Umbilliferae such as celery, carrots, and parsnips. Parsnips (Pastinaca sativa L.) have become more and more popular as a vegetable, e.g., as a constituent of or ingredient in baby food. Previous work has shown that microbial infection of parsnip roots can result in a dramatic increase in furocoumarin levels. In this study, freshly harvested parsnips were stored as whole roots, pieces (cubes), or homogenate at +4 degrees C or -18 degrees C over various time periods under standard conditions. It was found that furocoumarin concentrations (sum of five furocoumarins: angelicin, isopimpinellin, 5-methoxypsoralen, 8-methoxypsoralen, and psoralen) in freshly harvested parsnips, analyzed by HPLC after extraction with diethyl ether and sequential solid phase (reversed-phase and silica) extraction, was generally lower than 2.5 mg/kg, and storage of parsnips in any form investigated at -18 degrees C over up to 50 days did not lead to a marked increase in furocoumarin levels. In contrast, storage of whole parsnips, but not of cubes or homogenate, at +4 degrees C resulted in a marked biphasic increase of furocoumarin concentrations after 7 and 38 days of storage up to levels of about 40 mg/kg. A dramatic increase in furocoumarin concentrations up to 566 mg/kg was observed when whole parsnips obtained from the market were kept at room temperature over 53 days, resulting in a visible microbial (mold) infection. Baby food products from the German market containing parsnips as an ingredient or constituent showed furocoumarin levels < or =0.41 mg/kg, suggesting that properly stored roots/preparations have been used. It is recommended that, after harvesting, parsnips be kept at -18 degrees C or under other conditions that prevent microbial infections.

5-Methoxypsoralen↗
PubMed2002

Behavioral responses of the parsnip webworm to host plant volatiles.

Sixth instars of the parsnip webworm, Depressaria pastinacella, orient by olfaction to bud, male flowers, and female flowers of their primary host plant, Pastinaca sativa. Because octyl acetate and octyl butyrate are characteristic of tissues consumed by the sixth instar, we investigated the influence of these esters on webworm feeding behavior and chemo-orientation. Although octyl acetate and octyl butyrate are feeding deterrents, and octyl butyrate is an olfactory repellent, octyl acetate serves as an olfactory attractant. In olfactometers, webworms do not show a preference when given a choice between octyl acetate and host plant tissues. These findings suggest that octyl acetate is a sufficient cue for olfactory orientation. Such behavior may explain differences in the relative abundance of these esters observed among populations of wild parsnip under differential selection pressure from these insects.

Animals↗