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PubMed1978

Parturient paresis of cows: blood glucose levels.

During 1967, 1968 and 1969, blood samples were taken from 83 cows affected by parturient paresis. Whole blood glucose estimations were made on these samples. The range was 1.33 to 10.22 mmol/1 with an average of 3.94 mmol/1. Eighteen cows known to have been affected less than 4 hours had average levels of 3.06 +/- 1.11 mmol/1. All (except one) "previously untreated" cows with levels less than 3.33 mmol/1 were on their feet within 10 minutes whereas cows with higher levels than this had a 28.6% delayed recovery rate. The evidence suggests that low levels have no clinical significance but that higher levels are significant in that they occur as a result of prolongation of attacks of parturient paresis.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[The suitability of 1-alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol for the prevention of recurrent parturient paresis in dairy cows].

Sixty-four cows with parturient paresis were given a standard treatment of 500 ml calcium gluconate (10.7 g Ca++) infusion solution. Twelve of these cows (experimental group = EG 1) additionally received 420 micrograms 1-alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1-alpha-OHD3) with 4 mg 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3) by the intramuscular route. A further 9 and 10 cows were given 210 micrograms 1-alpha-OHD3 and 2 mg 25-OHD3 (EG 3) with the calcium infusion, while 10 cows received either 420 micrograms 1-alpha-OHD3 (EG 4) or 210 micrograms 1-alpha-OHD3 (EG 5). Twenty-three cows (EG 2 and 4) which were given a calcium infusion alone acted as controls. The incidence of recurrence could not be reduced by the administration of Vitamin D3 metabolites concurrently with a calcium infusion, although calcium and phosphorus levels were higher between 24 and 48 hours after calcium infusion alone. The combination of 1-alpha-OHD3/25-OHD3 at the higher dosage resulted in the highest calcium levels.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

IgG from cows with parturient paresis changes the thermodynamic behaviour of bovine erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase.

Parturient paresis affects about 10% of all cows. The most common treatment is injection of various Ca-salts and MgCl2 and about 80% recover after repeated injections. The effect of IgG on the Arrhenius plot of bovine erythrocyte AChE was studied. The plot was normal, i.e. biphasic (a broken line) in the presence of IgG from healthy cows. The highest concentration tested was 10 mg/ml. Before one injection of the Ca-Mg solution 5 mg/ml IgG from sera of paretic cows (n = 10) changed the Arrhenius plots to monophasic (linear). Thus, paretic cows have antibodies against AChE. After injection the change to linear plots was observed already with 1 mg/ml IgG. Apparently, the level of antibodies in serum affecting AChE increased about 5-fold. This is considered to be due to dissociation of bound antibodies from various AChEs. All cows recovered after one injection and release of AChE antibodies might be important for the recovery. Incubation of blood from paretic cows (n = 3) with Ca-salts and MgCl2 increased the amount of free AChE-antibodies about twofold; the Arrhenius plots became linear at 2.5 mg/ml IgG compared with 5 mg/ml before the incubation. This should be due to release from AChEs on blood corpuscles as erythrocytes and lymphocytes. But the increase of antibodies after incubation of blood does not account for the whole increase following the treatment of paretic cows. AChE antibodies are probably also dissociated from other sites, such as neuromuscular junctions.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1982

Calcium and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D: inverse relation in cows with parturient paresis.

Recent work suggests a role for 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in inhibiting mobilization of bone. This study was undertaken to investigate its possible role in the etiology of parturient paresis, a hypocalcemic condition of dairy cows occurring at the onset of lactation. This metabolic disease was chosen to serve as a model of impaired mineral homeostasis. The animals examined were parturient Holstein cows with (N = 6) and without (N = 7) parturient paresis. Determinations of serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, serum 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and serum calcium were used to evaluate the 2 groups. The hormones were isolated using methylene chloride:methanol extraction, Sephadex LH-20 chromatography, and high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Quantitation was by competitive protein binding assays. Serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels of affected cows were not significantly different from those of normal cows. The 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels of paretic cows (3.48 +/- 0.27 ng/ml) were significantly higher than in the normal cows (2.03 +/- 0.34 ng/ml) (p less than 0.01). Linear regression analysis of the data from the paretic cows revealed an inverse relationship between serum calcium and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (r = -0.94). This negative correlation between serum 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and serum total calcium in a naturally occurring hypocalcemic disease of dairy cattle may provide evidence that this metabolite is of significance in the etiology and pathogenesis of this syndrome.

24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3↗
PubMed1987

Studies on the neuromuscular junction with a special preference to nicotinic receptors in normal delivering cows and cows suffering from parturient paresis.

Acetylcholine synthesizing (ACh-s) activity, and binding of 3H-alpha-bungarotoxin (3H-Btx) and 3H-d-tubocurarine (3H-TC) were analysed in gluteus media muscle from normal cows and from cows suffering from parturient paresis, both at parturition and 3 months later. At parturition, the ACh-s activity was 50% lower in the muscle of paretic cows than in non-paretic cows. No difference was found in the number of 3H-Btx and 3H-TC binding sites at parturition, while 3 months after parturition the numbers of 3H-TC and 3H-Btx binding sites were significantly higher in normal than in paretic cows. These significant differences in the number of receptors and a possible underlying receptor regulation defect might be a plausible etiological factor for the disease parturient paresis.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1979

Potential use of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol for prevention of parturient paresis.

Twelve cows, at least third parity, were assigned randomly to either a control or treatment group. Treated cows received .4 mg of the vitamin D metabolite, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol intramusculary in 5 ml corn oil. Intramuscular injections were started 5 days before predicted calving with reinjections every 5 days until calving. Incidence of parturient paresis was 0 and 33% (2 of 6) in the treated and control groups. Response to treatment was rapid with elevated calcium in serum approximately 12 h postinjection. Treatment maintained or elevated calcium and phosphorus concentrations in serum during the critical period, 24 h pre- to 48 h postpartum, when milk fever is most likely to occur. There was, however, no significant difference between treatments at 72 h postpartum. Based on these observations 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol holds promise as a preventative of parturient paresis; however, further studies are needed on application and safety.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

A comparative study of the effectiveness of calcium propionate and calcium chloride for the prevention of parturient paresis in dairy cows.

The efficacy of calcium propionate for the prevention of parturient paresis (milk fever) was compared with that of calcium chloride using 194 cows that had experienced milk fever during the previous calving. The cows were mainly of the Swedish Red and White and Swedish Friesian breeds and were divided randomly into an experimental group (n = 99) and a control group (n = 95). The cows in the experimental group received up to six boluses of 20 g of calcium as calcium propionate between 36 h before and 24 h after calving; the cows in the control group received up to four doses of 54 g of calcium as a commercially available oily solution of calcium chloride during the same period. Incidence of milk fever was recorded as the percentage of cows that were treated by a veterinarian because they showed clinical signs of the disease and had a blood calcium concentration less than 8.0 mg/dl. Twenty-five (25.3%) cows in the experimental group and 22 cows (23.2%) in the control group developed milk fever. The incidence of milk fever for cows in both groups was significantly lower than the 36.0% found in 713 cows that had experienced milk fever during their previous calving but received no prophylactic treatment. Therefore, calcium propionate was considered to have had a significant preventive effect, comparable with that of calcium chloride.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and chlorine in the muscle cells of downer cows and cows with parturient paresis.

The concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulphur and chlorine, in the skeletal muscle fibres of cows with parturient paresis, downer cows, normally calving cows and unmated heifers were determined by means of an X-ray microanalysis technique. The most consistent finding was an increase in the concentration of chlorine in the muscle samples from the downer cows. There were no other significant differences between the concentrations of these elements in samples from the different groups of cows, but the calcium concentration was higher in the muscle samples collected one month after parturition than in the samples collected close to parturition.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

A hormonal assessment of bovine parturient paresis: evidence for a role of oestrogen.

A comparative assessment was made of the hormonal control of calcium homeostasis in eight dairy cows which developed parturient paresis and in seven normal animals from the same herd. Plasma levels of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, free hydroxyproline, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD), 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D), parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, prolactin and oestrogen were monitored from 30 days prepartum to 15 days post partum. Prepartum levels of plasma calcium, hydroxyproline and calcitonin were depressed in the paretic animals, and plasma levels of phosphorus and oestrogen were elevated. Plasma levels of 25-OHD remained stable in both groups, whereas levels of 1,25-(OH)2D, parathyroid hormone and prolactin rose sharply at parturition. Plasma hydroxyproline, an index of bone resorption, began to rise 2 days prepartum in the control cows but not until 2 days post partum in the paretic cows. The data indicate that bone resorption was inhibited in the paretic group at the onset of lactation, and that a decreased capacity for bone resorption is a major factor in the susceptibility of some cows to this disease. The failure of the paretic animals to resorb bone was not associated with an inability to synthesize the calcium-mobilizing hormones parathyroid hormone or 1,25-(OH)2D, or to regulate the production of calcitonin. However, hypocalcaemia in the affected animals was associated with a significantly higher plasma level of oestrogen (a known inhibitor of bone resorption) in the immediate prepartum period. Following parturition, plasma levels of oestrogen fell rapidly and active bone resorption ensued in the paretic animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Observations of the use of 1 alpha hydroxycholecalciferol in the prevention of bovine parturient paresis.

Varying doses of 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1 alpha-HCC) (50, 150, 250 and 350 micrograms) in propylene glycol were injected intramuscularly into 30 dry adult Israeli Friesian cows. Fourteen of these animals received a second dose; four were given 250 or 350 micrograms 48 hours after the first dose and 10 were given 350 micrograms 72 hours after the first dose. Plasma calcium rose after 24 hours at all dose levels except 50 micrograms. A dose-dependent peak in plasma calcium was reached after three to four days, followed by a return to baseline five days (150 micrograms) and eight days (250 and 350 micrograms) post injection respectively. Repeating the injection 48 or 72 hours later increased the time span by three and four days respectively. The effect of plasma inorganic phosphate was double that on plasma calcium. Plasma magnesium declined slightly three days post injection. High calcium feeding in conjunction with one or two injections of 350 micrograms 1 alpha-HCC did not modify the response of plasma calcium. An injection of 350 micrograms of 1 alpha-HCC was given once to 40 parturient paresis-prone cows of the same breed and twice at 72-hour intervals to 37 such cows. Six of the animals received 5 mg of flumethasone together with the second injection and 13 received it 48 hours later. This was to induce parturition, which occurred within 24 to 48 hours. None of the cows injected earlier than 24 hours prepartum developed parturient paresis in comparison with 22 out of 60 control animals which did. The results suggest that 1 alpha-HCC is useful in the prevention of bovine parturient paresis.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Does the administration of derivatives of vitamin D to dairy cows in late pregnancy for the prevention of parturient paresis affect the maternal-fetal mineral metabolism?].

Intramuscular injection of 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 (with or without 25-hydroxyvitamin D3) to highly pregnant dairy cows caused a significant increase of ionized calcium in blood and of total calcium and inorganic phosphate with a concomitant decrease of magnesium in blood plasma 3,5 +/- 1,9 days later (resp. 12-48 h a.p.). This brought about a higher Ca level at parturition preventing parturient paresis. The changes of maternal mineral and vitamin D status had no effect on the mineral concentrations of blood in newborn calves. However, the increase in calcium and phosphate concentrations in maternal blood after injection was accompanied by an increase of the minerals in the amniotic fluid reflecting their strong reciprocal exchange. On the other hand, the composition of allantoic fluid showed no significant changes. Therefore, analysis of both fetal fluids does not refer to disorders of fetal mineral metabolism. As a consequence, there seems to be no potential risk of intoxication after a prepartal injection of the substances to the mother for their offspring.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Relationships between prepartal dietary calcium and phosphorus, vitamin D metabolism, and parturient paresis in dairy cows.

Twenty Jersey cows were fed one of four prepartal diets: a)low calcium, low phosphorus (LCLP); b) low calcium, high phosphorus (LCLP); c) high calcium, low phosphorus (HCLP); or d)high calcium, high phosphorus (HCHP). Diets were fed for about 4 weeks prepartum. Blood samples were taken periodically, and the collected plasma analyzed for concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, hydroxyproline and 1,25 dihydroxyergocalciferol plus 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D). Cows fed the LCLP and LCHP diets, when compared to cows fed the HCLP diet, had: a) greater concentrations of plasma 1,25-(OH)2D and hydroxyproline prepartum; b) greater plasma calcium concentrations at parturition; and c) less incidence (0 versus 4 cases) of parturient paresis. Thus, low calcium diets, regardless of dietary phosphorus intake, seemed to activate calcium homeostatic mechanisms before parturition by stimulating both bone and gut. Cows fed the HCLP diet had greater plasma calcium concentrations at parturition than did cows fed the HCHP, even though there was no measurable effect on plasma 1,25-(OH)2D and hydroxyproline concentrations during the prepartal period. It seems possible that the beneficial effect of low dietary phosphorus, when dietary calcium is high, may be a result of a prepartal increase in efficiency of absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the gut caused by increased binding of 1,25-(OH)2D to intestinal receptors.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Feedback linearization based computer controlled medication design for automatic treatment of parturient paresis of cows.

Based on an existing model for calcium homeostatis (dynamics) and taking the help of feedback linearization philosophy of nonlinear control theory, two control design (medication) strategies are presented for automatic treatment of parturient paresis (milk fever) disease of cows. An important advantage of the new approach is that it results in a simple and straightforward method and eliminates the necessity of a significantly more complex neural network based nonlinear optimal control technique, as proposed by the author earlier. As an added advantage, unlike the neural network technique, the new approach leads to 'closed form solution' for the nonlinear controller. Moreover, global asymptotic stability of the closed loop system is always guaranteed. Besides theoretical justifications, the resulting controllers (medication strategies) are validated from numerical simulation studies of the nonlinear system as well. Moreover, from a numerical study about the robustness of the algorithms with respect to parametric uncertainty, it was observed that the optimal control formulation is a better option over the dynamic inversion formulation.

Animals↗