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PubMed1999

Reproductive parameters and paracallosal skin color changes in captive female guinea baboons, Papio papio.

Reproductive data are presented for female Papio papio housed in the Zoological Park of Paris and are compared with previously published data from free-ranging populations of other baboon species. The results indicate similar intermenstrual intervals and durations of sexual swelling. Sexual swelling and pregnancy are accelerated in captivity, while postpartum amenorrhea and interbirth interval are reduced. Interbirth intervals in P. papio were short, approximately 13 months in the case of viable, surviving infants and approximately 11 months in the case of stillbirth or neonatal mortality. The shorter interval may represent the lower physiological limit, and the generally shorter interbirth interval reported here may be explained by lower stress and reduced maternal investment costs in the captive environment. Paracallosal skin color variations during the menstrual cycle were influenced by parity, but sexual swelling patterns were not. The paracallosal skin changes might be used by males as a cue to females' reproductive status.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Spontaneous recurrent seizure state induced by daily electric amygdaloid stimulation in Senegalese baboons (Papio papio).

Daily electrical stimulation of the amygdala in Senegalese baboons (Papio papio) resulted in the development of generalized convulsive seizures focal onset through five distinct clinical stages in an average of 72 days. The chronologic pattern of electroclinical features suggested that vertical intrahemispheric ictal dissemination was of primary importance in the progressive seizure development. Some animals developed spontaneous recurrence of both partial complex and primary generalized seizures. The kindling preparation in P. papio represents a unique model of human epilepsy with its secondary generalized convulsive seizure development, spontaneously recurrent partial and primary generalized seizures in the background of predisposed epileptogenic susceptibility.

Amygdala↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The sheath of Scarpa ganglion cells in the baboon Papio papio].

The sheath of the bipolar perikarya of the vestibular ganglion (Scarpa) in Papio papio is made up of several Schwann cells which concur to form loose myelin, and at most five layers of compact myelin. Most of the Schwann cytoplasmic layers stop at the emergence of both neurites, forming at the point an incomplete Ranvier half-node. The constitution of the vestibular perikaryal sheath in Papio is intermediate between those previously described in the Rat and in the Human.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

OKT8 human phenotype expressed by Papio papio monkey lymphocytes.

The potential cross-reactivity between human and Papio papio monkey lymphocyte antigens was investigated using various monoclonal antibodies specific for human T cell subsets and HLA-DR antigens. Monkey circulating lymphocytes expressed the OKT8 antigen, specific for the suppressor/cytotoxic T cell population and the HTLA antigens. These reactivities were also detected on lymphoid cells in the thymus and lymph nodes of the Papio monkey.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Measurement of anticonvulsant activity in the Papio papio model of epilepsy.

The status of Papio papio as a model of clinical epilepsy has been reviewed. The anticonvulsant effects of single doses of various classic and experimental agents have been compared against seizures induced in the P. papio by intermittent light stimulation. Long-acting but not short-acting barbiturates have been shown fully to control seizures with minor sedative effects. Diphenylhydantoin (in chronic doses only) and trimethadione are often effective but not consistently so. Diazepam and clonazepam block seizures at very low doses both acutely and chronically. However, an initial dose well above threshold seems essential if anticonvulsant effects are to be maintained under chronic administration of these compounds. Carbamazepine and SC 13504 (1-benzhydryl-4(6 methyl-2-pyridylmethyleneimino)piperazine), as well as two nonstimulant analogues of amphetamine, were shown to be promising anticonvulsants in this model. A biphasic action of tetrahydrocannabinol, anticonvulsant at a few micrograms per kilogram but not at higher doses, was also demonstrated. Finally, the anticonvulsant action of intraventricular epinephrine and norepinephrine was reported.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Amodal completion by baboons (Papio papio): contribution of background depth cues.

Four baboons (Papio papio) were tested in a computerized two-alternative forced choice task in which partially occluded graphic stimuli were shown either on linear perspective backgrounds depicting a corridor or on uniformly black backgrounds. The results indicated that baboons complete partly occluded stimuli and that amodal completion is facilitated by the display of pictorial background depth cues. Inter-individual differences emerged in the ability to extrapolate three-dimensional information from two-dimensional visual information.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Distribution of central cholinergic neurons in the baboon (Papio papio). I. General morphology.

The morphological characteristics of cholinergic neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) of the baboon (Papio papio) were studied by choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemistry and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) pharmacohistochemistry. The distributions of central cholinergic neurons as visualized by these two histochemical techniques were similar in most, but not all regions of the brain and spinal cord. Based upon these observations, central cholinergic neurons that are immunoreactive to ChAT and intensely stained for AChE by the pharmacohistochemical procedure can be divided into four major groups: (1) those in the caudate nucleus, putamen, nucleus accumbens and anterior perforated substance. These ChAT-containing and AChE-intense neurons are large and multipolar, and are scattered throughout these structures. (2) The rostral cholinergic column, which consists of a continuous mass of cholinergic perikarya situated in the medial septal nucleus, nucleus of the diagonal band, and nucleus basalis (Meynert). The ChAT-immunoreactive and AChE-intense cell bodies of the nucleus basalis are a prominent feature in the basal forebrain of the baboon. The labeled neurons are large, multipolar, and hyperchromic and show a tendency to aggregate in cell clusters. These cells are distributed within the full extent of the substantia innominata, often being associated with subcortical fiber networks such as the medullary laminae of the globus pallidus. (3) The caudal cholinergic column, which consists of a continuous group of cholinergic neurons in the caudal midbrain and pontine tegmentum. The rostral component of this group of cells is the nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus (subnucleus compacta) and it extends caudally to include the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus. Compared to that in other species the nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus in the baboon appears to occupy a relatively greater volume and is composed of a greater number of cholinergic neurons. The cells of the caudal column are large and hyperchromic. (4) Nuclei of origin of somatic and visceral efferents of the cranial nerves (III, IV, V, VI, VII, IX, X, XI, XII) and spinal nerves. In addition to these major cholinergic cell groups, a small population of ChAT-positive and AChE-intense cell bodies can be observed at the floor of the fourth ventricle and in lamina VII and X of the cervical cord. The present findings indicate that although some differences exist, the overall distribution and morphological features of cholinergic cell bodies identified in the baboon brain and spinal cord are similar to those demonstrated previously in investigations of the rhesus monkey and nonprimates.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1985

Distribution of central cholinergic neurons in the baboon (Papio papio). II. A topographic atlas correlated with catecholamine neurons.

The topographic distribution of central cholinergic and catecholaminergic neurons has been investigated in the baboon (Papio papio). The perikarya were mapped on an atlas through the brain and spinal cord employing sections processed for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) pharmacohistochemistry coupled with choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemistry or aqueous catecholamine-fluorescence histochemistry. Compared with subprimates, there is a remarkable increase in the volume occupied by and the number of cholinergic cells contained in the nucleus basalis and nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus (subnucleus compacta). The elaboration of these parts of the cholinergic system is accompanied by a large extension of catecholaminergic cell groups in the midbrain (groups A8-A10), particularly the substantia nigra (pars compacta), and in the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum (A5-A7 complex). Although cholinergic and catecholaminergic soma generally occupy distinctly different regions of the brain, a close apposition of cholinergic and noradrenergic neurons occurs in the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum. In the peripeduncular region ChAT-positive cells and green fluorescent neurons of the A6-A7 complex form parallel lines and do not intermingle as has previously been demonstrated in the cat. Two distribution patterns, aggregated or disseminated, are another common feature of central cholinergic and catecholaminergic perikarya. The cholinergic neurons in the nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus and the catecholaminergic neurons in A6-A7 complex display both patterns. This comparative study of three transmitter systems in the baboon suggests that the cholinergic as well as the catecholaminergic neurons that give rise to ascending telencephalic and dorsal diencephalic projections undergo phylogenetic development in terms of cell number and nuclear volume.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1998

Evolutionary inferences of novel simian T lymphotropic virus type 1 from wild-caught chacma (Papio ursinus) and olive baboons (Papio anubis).

A serological survey of 22 wild-caught South African (Transvaal) chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) and eight olive baboons (Papio anubis) from Kenya indicates that 13 P. ursinus and one P. anubis have antibodies reacting with human T cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type 1 (HTLV-1) antigens, whereas three P. ursinus had a indeterminate reactivity on Western blot analysis. With six primer sets specific to either HTLV-1-Simian T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (STLV-1) or HTLV-2 and encompassing long terminal repeat (LTR), gag, pol, env, and tax sequences, polymerase chain reaction was performed on genomic DNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 18 animals, and the presence of HTLV-1-STLV-1-related viruses was determined in 13 seropositive and three seroindeterminate animals but not in the two HTLV seronegative individuals. Proviral DNA sequences from env (522 bp), pol (120 bp), and complete (755 bp) or partial (514 bp) LTR were determined for three STLV-1-infected P. ursinus and one P. anubis. Comparative and phylogenetic analyses revealed that P. anubis (Pan-486) sequence clusters with one (Pan-1621) of two previously described P. anubis STLV-1. Likewise, P. ursinus viruses (Pur-529, Pur-539, and Pur-543) form a distinct group, different from all known HTLV-1 but closely affiliated with two STLV-1 strains from South African vervets (Cercopithecus aethiops pygerythrus). This study, reporting the first STLV-1 sequences from wild-caught P. ursinus and P. anubis, corroborates the hypothesis of cross-species transmissions of STLV-1 in the wild. Further, phylogenetic analyses indicate that the known HTLV-1 strains do not share a common origin with nonhuman primates STLV in South Africa.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Anticonvulsant activity in photosensitive baboons, Papio papio, of two new 1,5 benzodiazepines.

Two new 1,5 benzodiazepines have been evaluated acutely as anticonvulsants in baboons, Papio papio, with photosensitive epilepsy. BAU 426 (8-Chlor-6-[2-chlorphenyl]-4H-s-triazolo-[4,3-a] [1,5-benzodiazepin-5-[6-H]on) and BAU 500 (analogue of BAU 426 with [2-trifluor methylphenyl] substituted for [2-chlorphenyl]), 0.1--5.0 mg/kg, were administered i.v. to baboons with and without priming with D,L allylglycine. BAU 426 or BAU 500, 0.1--0.2 mg/kg, produced partial or transient protection against photically induced myoclonus or epileptic responses. Complete protection, in the absence of signs of sedation or acute neurological toxicity, was seen 1--4 h after 0.5--2 mg/kg. EEG changes typical of benzodiazepines were seen for 1--3 h and clinical signs of sedation with some muscular hypotonia were evident for 1 h after either drug, 5 mg/kg. Clinical trials are required to determine if these compounds are superior to 1,4 benzodiazepines as anticonvulsants.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Anticonvulsant action of 1,3-dimethyl-5-aminoadamantane. Pharmacological studies in rodents and baboon, Papio papio.

The anticonvulsant actions of memantine (1,3-dimethyl-5-aminoadamantane) have been evaluated in mice (seizures induced by maximal electroshock, pentylenetetrazol, bicuculline, picrotoxin, 3-mercaptopropionic acid and N-methyl-D,L-aspartic acid) and in photosensitive baboons, Papio Papio (clonic responses to intermittent photic stimulation). Memantine, 5-20 mg/kg, raised the threshold for electroconvulsions and protected mice against the tonic hind limb extension in pentylenetetrazol-, bicuculline-, picrotoxin- and 3-mercaptopropionic acid-induced seizures, but was ineffective against the clonic phase of chemically-induced seizures. In the baboons, no protection against photomyoclonic responses was observed within 5 h after the intravenous administration of memantine, 1-9 mg/kg. Amantadine, 100 mg/kg, reduced the protective effect of memantine against electroconvulsions. Apomorphine, haloperidol, pimozide, spiroperidol and bicuculline did not modify the anticonvulsant activity of memantine in electroconvulsions. These studies demonstrate an anticonvulsant action of memantine in rodents and suggest that dopaminergic mechanisms do not contribute to its mechanism of action.

Amantadine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reflex epilepsy in the Papio-papio baboon, particularly photosensitive epilepsy.

Papio-papio baboons may present two types of reflex paroxysmal manifestations: --Myoclonia and generalized seizures are induced by intermittent light stimulation in predisposed animals; this photosensitive epilepsy resembles that observed in some human patients; it involves mainly the cerebral cortex during myoclonia which are accompanied by EEG paroxysmal discharges, and the mesencephalic reticular formation during seizures; --Myoclonia of a different type, never accompanied by EEG paroxysmal discharged and never evolving into seizures, may occur during movement or agitation of predisposed animals; these myoclonia are considered "non-epileptic" since they do not involve the cerebral cortex but probably the lower brain stem; they resemble that observed in startle disease or in some human degenerative disorders. The paper demonstrates that these manifestations constitute two different entities with clinical and electrophysiological characteristics as well as pharmacological reactivities completely different one from the other. Their "epileptic" or "non-epileptic" nature is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

High intraabdominal pressure: effects on clinical parameters and lung pathology in baboons (Papio cynocephalus and Papio anubis).

OBJECTIVE: The risks of a high intraabdominal pressure during laparoscopy are poorly documented. These aspects were studied in a relevant nonhuman primate model, the baboon (Papio anubis, Papio cynocephalus). STUDY DESIGN: The animals used were to be killed at the completion of a vaccine project. They were anesthetized and intubated but allowed to breathe spontaneously. In group 1 (n = 10) a fixed intraabdominal pressure (between 10 and 35 cm H2O [7 and 26 mm Hg]) was applied over 30 minutes. In group 2 (n = 7) the intraabdominal pressure was increased up to a maximum of 105 cm H2O (77 mm Hg). Blood vessels of the parietal peritoneum and omentum were systematically opened from 30 cm H2O (22 mm Hg) onward. Respiration and pulse rate were measured regularly, and the degree of respiratory distress was assessed. After death of the baboons a necropsy was carried out immediately to study the degree of lung atelectasis. RESULTS: In group 1 the respiration rate increased and the heart rate decreased. At an intraabdominal pressure of > or = 30 cm H2O (22 mm Hg) moderate respiratory distress was seen after 20 minutes. In group 2 one animal had a bilateral pneumothorax at a pressure of 60 cm H2O (44 mm Hg) and died at 90 cm H2O (66 mm Hg). Severe respiratory distress was observed in the other six animals. Severe lung atelectasis was present in only one of the five primates with moderate respiratory distress of group 1 and in all baboons of group 2. CONCLUSION: An increase of intraabdominal pressure up to 105 cm H2O (77 mm Hg) combined with intraabdominal blood vessel injury is not lethal in most baboons.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1977

Connections of latero-dorsal nucleus of the thalamus. II. Experimental study in Papio papio.

Modifications of the latero-dorsal (L.D.) nucleus of the thalamus have been observed earlier in man in relation to limbic lesion of various etiologies. Our proposal was to determine the role of L.D. in memory disturbances. We attempted to study the connections of L.D. in Papio papio baboon after surgical lesion using silver impregnations as well as traditional techniques. We found three afferent pathways: from the fornix, the posterior cingulate and the parietal cortex (area 7). The most important is the afferent system from the fornix, it terminates in the antero-dorso-medial part of L.D.; the other two afferent pathways have a postero-lateral projection in L.D. The three efferent systems to parietal cortex, cingulate and fornix were not delineated in this study. It was concluded that the antero-dorso-medial portion of L.D. is connected to the limbic system and the ventro-postero-lateral portion integrated into a large parieto-cingulo-parahippocampal circuit to which it is joined by direct and indirect projections with several relays. These connections have important implications, perhaps, in our understanding of memory disturbances.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1979

Effects of opiate-like peptides, morphine, and naloxone in the photosensitive baboon, Papio papio.

The effects of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) or systemic injections of Met- or Leu-enkephalin, beta-endorphin, FK 33.824 (D-Ala2, MePhe4, Met(O5)-ol-enkephalin) and of morphine and naloxone have been studied in baboons, Papio papio, which spontaneously show photically induced epileptic responses. Animals were chronically implanted with epidural or deep recording electrodes and a cannula in one lateral ventricle, and tested whilst seated in a primate chair. In some animals the natural syndrome was enhanced by the prior administration of DL-allylglycine, 100--200 mg/kg, i.v. Met- or Leu-enkephalin, 1--10 mg, i.c.v., did not lead to any manifest focal or generalized seizure discharges. Nor did it lead to any consistent enhancement or reduction of photically induced myoclonic responses (as tested 5--10 min after injection). beta-Endorphin, 0.1--0.5 mg, i.c.v., did not enhance or impair photically induced myoclonic responses. FK 33.824, 0.1--0.5 mg, i.c.v., depressed respiration and slowed EEG background rhythms for 9--15 h. This was associated with a loss of myoclonic responses to photic stimulation. These effects were reversed for 20--40 min following the injection of naloxone, 1 mg/kg i.m. A depression of respiration and a slowing of EEG rhythms was seen beginning 5--20 min after FK 33.824, 2 or 4 mg/kg, i.v. The higher dose also abolished photically induced myoclonic responses. Naloxone, 1 mg/kg, definitively reversed these effects. Morphine, 5--10 mg i.c.v., tended to increase the latency to onset of generalized myoclonus during photic stimulation. Myoclonic responses were delayed or diminished after morphine, 5 mg/kg, i.m. Naloxone, 1--2 mg/kg i.m., reversed this effect. Naloxone, 0.2--5.0 mg/kg i.m., alone, did not significantly modify photically induced myoclonus, either in animals of low or high initial responsiveness, or in those pretreated with allylglycine.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Cerebrospinal fluid amino acid and monoamine metabolite levels of Papio papio: correlation with photosensitivity.

Several putative neurotransmitter amino acids and monoamine metabolites were measured in the cerebrospinal fluid of spontaneously photosensitive baboons (Papio papio) at different periods with varying degrees of photosensitivity in the same animals. At maximum photosensitivity the inhibitory amino acids gamma-aminobutyric acid and taurine were lower, and those of asparagine (metabolite of the excitatory amino acid aspartate) were higher, than when the animals were not photosensitive. Thus a decreased inhibition and perhaps increased excitation correlates with the level of photosensitivity.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1991

Effects of pharmacological manipulation on neurotransmitter and other amino acid levels in the CSF of the Senegalese baboon Papio papio.

The concentrations of GABA, glutamate, aspartate, glycine, taurine, glutamine, asparagine and alanine were determined in the CSF of 10 Senegalese baboons (Papio papio) following initial ketamine anaesthesia and subsequent administration (4 h later) of different compounds known to alter either inhibitory or excitatory neurotransmission. Ketamine itself was apparently without effect as the administration of a second dose of ketamine did not significantly alter the levels of any of the amino acids studied, although GABA levels tended to decrease. The presence of haemolysed material in occasional samples was associated with high GABA, glutamate, aspartate, taurine and asparagine levels. Therefore only haemolysate-free samples were included for analysis. Of the compounds administered, gamma-vinyl GABA had the most evident effect on CSF amino acid levels, increasing GABA (greater than 5-fold) and decreasing glutamate (greater than 50%), aspartate (40-50%), asparagine (20%) and alanine (30-35%) levels. The changes in GABA, glutamate and aspartate were still apparent 24 h post-gamma-vinyl GABA administration. In contrast, sodium valproate did not significantly alter the CSF levels of any of the amino acids studied. Upon acute administration allylglycine decreased the CSF concentrations of GABA and alanine, but not glutamate. These alterations are unlikely related to the occurrence of allylglycine-induced convulsions (in 2 of 4 experiments) as electroconvulsive shock did not alter CSF amino acid levels. During the experimental period encompassing the allylglycine injection (8 weeks), basal (initial post-ketamine, pre-drug sample) amino acid levels were abnormal with large increases in glutamate, GABA, aspartate and taurine whereas asparagine levels were below the limit of detection. Diazepam administration was followed by a significant increase in taurine and a decrease in aspartate levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amino Acids↗