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At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

MIRD Pamphlet No. 14: a dynamic urinary bladder model for radiation dose calculations.

The constant-volume urinary bladder model in the standard MIRD phantom has recognized limitations. Various investigators have developed detailed models incorporating more physiologically realistic features such as expanding bladder contents and residual volume, and variable urinary input rate, initial volume and first void time. We have reviewed these published models and have developed a new model incorporating these factors. The model consists of a spherical source with variable volume to simulate the bladder contents and a wall represented by a spherical shell of constant volume. The wall thickness varies as the source expands or contracts. The model provides for variable urine entry rate (three different hydration states), initial bladder contents volume, residual volume and first void time. The voiding schedule includes an extended nighttime gap during which the urine entry rate is reduced to one-half the daytime rate. Radiation dose estimates have been calculated for the bladder wall surface (including photon and electron components) and at several depths in the wall (electron component) for [18F]FDG, 99mTc-DTPA, 99mTc-HEDP, [99mTc]pertechnetate 99mTc-RBCs, 99mTc-glucoheptonate, 99mTc-MAG3, [123I]/[124I]/[131I]OIH and sodium [131I]iodide(Nal). The initial bladder volume and first void time that provide the lowest radiation dose to the bladder wall are determined separately for each compound to give guidance for establishing dose reduction protocols.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1991

Level of reading difficulty in educational pamphlets and informed consent documents for cancer patients.

Nationwide samplings and data from the 1980 census suggest that a high proportion of patients cared for are functionally illiterate. Since educational materials and consent forms are often given to patients with little regard for their ability to read them, this study was designed to analyze the readability of educational materials and consent forms at the Cancer Center of Southern West Virginia at Charleston Area Medical Center. Results of the survey showed that although the median education of the 127 patients studied was 10th grade, more than 30 percent could not be expected to read at the 10th grade level. Most tested patient education materials required a reading level of 11th to 14th grade, and cooperative group consent forms required a college-level reading comprehension. If patient-directed written material is to serve its purpose, then outpatient populations should be surveyed and the reading level of written material adjusted accordingly.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Preparation for caesarean childbirth: derivation of a nursing intervention from the Roy Adaptation Model.

The paper describes a programme of research directed toward developing and testing a nursing intervention derived from the Roy Adaptation Model of Nursing and designed to prepare expectant parents for unplanned Caesarean birth. The first study was a retrospective survey of Caesarean-birth parents that revealed the need for detailed information about the events surrounding Caesarean birth. The second study was a clinical field test of the nursing intervention, which consisted of a pamphlet containing information about all aspects of Caesarean birth with follow-up discussion of pamphlet content. Data analysis indicated that Caesarean-birth parents found the pamphlet content informative and reassuring and found the follow-up beneficial. The third study was a clinical field test of a modified version of the intervention consisting of the pamphlet and focused discussion about Caesarean birth. Data analysis revealed that the nursing intervention provided the information expectant parents needed to prepare for the possibility of Caesarean childbirth. The fourth study is an ongoing experiment designed to test the effects of the nursing intervention on responses to unplanned Caesarean birth. Emphasis throughout the paper is placed on the links between the Roy Adaptation Model and the methodology and findings of each study.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

Prenatal literature testing: a pilot project.

A pilot study was conducted in 1987-1988 to evaluate current health literature utilized for prenatal health education of the high risk population in County Health Departments in Arizona. Towards that end, sixty-five distinct pamphlets were obtained from Arizona's County Health Departments and assessed for reading level using the SMOG Readability Formula. The majority of the prenatal literature were found to be 10th to 12th grade reading level, higher than the typical reading level of the high risk prenatal population. A modified literature testing instrument was further utilized to test eight general prenatal pamphlets to assess the printed literature for accuracy, usability, believability, appeal, and cultural relevance. Four pamphlets of those tested, two English and two Spanish, were identified as being the most appropriate for the high risk prenatal population.

Arizona↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of a self-care minimal intervention for colds and flu on the use of medical services.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of mailed distribution of a brief self-care pamphlet on upper respiratory infection (URI)-related-medical care utilization. DESIGN: Randomized controlled clinical trial with randomization by physician panel. SETTING: Health maintenance organization. PATIENTS: 20,127 patients assigned to the panels of 22 primary care physicians randomly divided into an experimental group (n = 12,353) and a control group (n = 7,774), each consisting of 11 physician panels. INTERVENTION: A mailed four-page self-care pamphlet for URI care. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The medical records and survey data of a random sample of 790 persons were studied during a baseline period and an intervention period. URI visit rates decreased 14% more in the experimental group versus the control group (p = 0.878). Appropriateness of URI visits during the intervention period in the experimental group (80%) was comparable to that in the control group (76%). URI drug prescriptions during the intervention period for all 20,127 patients showed no significant difference. CONCLUSIONS: A simple mailed self-care pamphlet has little effect on medical care utilization for URI care.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Improving follow-up after an abnormal Pap smear: a randomized controlled trial.

Less than 60% of women diagnosed with cervical abnormalities on Pap smears return for proper surveillance and timely treatment. Previous tactics used to motivate these women to return have mainly relied on costly intensive recall efforts. Using a framework based on psychological value expectancy theory, a pamphlet was designed to motivate women with abnormal Pap smears to return for a repeat Pap smear. The effect of this pamphlet was tested in a randomized controlled trial. A total of 161 women with abnormal Pap smears were randomized and received either the pamphlet plus a notification letter or the letter only. The compliance rate was 64.2% in the intervention group and 51.3% in the comparison group (P = 0.10; two-tailed). In addition, subgroups of women who do not practice health-related behaviors were identified as groups where more intensive interventions may be needed. These results have implications for future strategies used to recall women with abnormal Pap smears.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Child automobile restraints: evaluation of health education.

An experimental design was used to test the effectiveness of three modalities of instruction in pediatricians' offices. Parents in the experimental and control groups were asked if their children wore a car seat restraint on the way to the office. The parents in the experimental group were encouraged to have their children use restraints via one of the following methods: a pamphlet alone; a pamphlet and verbal instruction by the pediatrician; or a pamphlet, verbal instruction, and a brief slide-tape show. The parents were contacted by telephone, mail, or in person two weeks later and asked if their child used a restraint on their last car trip. There were no statistically significant changes in behavior in any of the gourps. Although the group that received all forms of instruction had the highest mean score, the greatest increase occurred with the control group.

Adolescent↗