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PubMed1964

Micro diffusion precipitin tests for enteroviruses and influenza B virus.

Middleton, G. K., Jr. (Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, N.C.), H. G. Cramblett, H. L. Moffet, J. P. Black, and H. Shulenberger. Micro diffusion precipitin tests for enteroviruses and influenza B virus. J. Bacteriol. 87:1171-1176. 1964.-A simple micro precipitin gel diffusion test has been adapted to the study of viral antigens. As far as is known from a review of recent literature, this is the first use of the ECHO viruses in precipitin tests and the first attempt to demonstrate by the gel diffusion technique precipitins in a patient's serum after natural virus infection rather than artificial immunization. The principal value of this technique in virology is the rapid identification or qualitative analysis of viral antigen preparations by use of pooled or specific hyperimmune sera. Virus concentrations of 10(7)tcid(50) per 0.1 ml are required for reliable results, but only 0.015 ml of serum is necessary for each test. Virus-serum precipitin reactions were type-specific except for reciprocal precipitation of ECHO 1 and ECHO 8 by their hyperimmune sera. No viral antigens have been found common to two or more virus types among those tested. Precipitins for viral antigens occur frequently in serum of patients after a viral infection and are readily detected by micro precipitin gel diffusion tests. However, this precipitin test remains at present a tool for virus and antigen identification and offers an approach for research appraisal of host response to infections.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Specific anti-amoebic immunoglobulins and the cellulose acetate precipitin test in Entamoeba histolytica infection.

Using the indirect fluorescent antibody test and sera from 10 proved cases of invasive amoebiasis, the effects of absorption of IgG on observed titres of amoeba-specific IgM and IgA were investigated. In addition, results of cellulose acetate precipitin tests were compared with anti-amoebic antibody levels. Antiamoebic IgM was found at titres of 1:14 to 1:112 after IgG absorption in four cases. Anti-amoebic IgA was detected in sera from four cases, but the maximum titre was 1:28. There was no relationship between the presence of amoeba-specific IgM or IgA and the result of the precipitin test, but a raised anti-amoebic IgG level was consistently found where the precipitin test was positive. However, sera with raised amoeba-specific IgG levels did not invariably give a positive precipitin reaction.

Amebiasis↗
PubMed1978

Schistosomiasis japonica in Barrio San Antonio, Basey, Samar in the Philippines: II. Quantitative fecal examination and circumoval precipitin tests.

An improved quantitative stool examination technique (MFCT) and two variations in the performance of the circumoval precipitin test, one using whole serum (SCOPT) and the other employing the eluate from finger prick blood dried on filter paper (FPCOPT), were evaluated in a field study to detect infection with S. japonicum among residents of an endemic barrio in Samar. The sensitivity of SCOPT was above 90%, that of MFCT was between 80 to 90%, while that of FPCOPT was only about 50%. Intensity of infection as judged by fecal egg excretion and duration of infection as indicated by age were shown to be determinants of serum reactivity (and hence sensitivity of the two serodiagnostic tests). The relative insensitivity of FPCOPT observed in this work, also evident in some published data of previous workers, puts to doubt the wisdom of using this technique as the procedure of choice in epidemiologic surveys in the Philippines as currently favored in that country. Atypical positive reactions in circumoval precipitin tests using whole serum were detected which may make the differentiation of relatively recent from old infections possible.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Metacercarial precipitin test for diagnosis of human fascioliasis.

A metacercarial precipitin test was devised for diagnosis of human fascioliasis. The sera tested were those of cases of fascioliasis (acute and chronic), of schistosomiasis and of normal healthy individuals. Metacercariae were prepared in the laboratory from naturally infected snails. Serum dilutions of 1:5 (20%) and 1:10 (10%) were incubated with metacercariae for periods of 6, 24 and 48 hours. No precipitation was observed when the sera of healthy persons were used. With sera of fascioliasis cases a precipitate was formed which increased in amount with time. It was more rapid in its formation and greater in its quantity with sera of acute fascioliasis. When incubation was prolonged a free precipitate was seen in the medium. With sera of schistosoma cases, a precipitate was observed in a few cases only; it was negligible in amount and localized to the plug area. Metacercarial precipitin is considered a simple, sensitive and specific test for diagnosis of human fascioliasis. It is recommended to use the serum in a dilution of 1:5 (20%), to give preliminary results after 6 hours incubation and to confirm 24 hours later.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1975

The circumoval precipitin test in early experimental schistosomiasis japonica.

The time of the appearance of circumoval precipitins by testing weekly blood samples of rabbits infected with light, moderate and heavy doses of cercariae of Schistosoma japonicum as well as their titers were determined. In heavy infections, circumoval precupitins appeared as early as the end of the 4th week or 28th day after cercarial penetration while the appearance of detectable levels in light infections was delayed only up to the 7th week after infection. In view of these observations, the circumoval precipitin test should be used for detection of early schistosomal infection before eggs are demonstrable in the faeces.

Animals↗
PubMed1968

Rapid and sensitive precipitin test for the diagnosis of farmer's lung using immunoosmophoresis.

An agar gel precipitin test, using osmophoresis, has been devised for use with weakly reacting sera. The test was applied to various categories of sera, including sera from cases of farmer's lung which had reacted with a conventional immuno-diffusion test, and others which had not. All the conventionally sero-positive sera reacted positively in the new test as did nine of 16 cases in the sero-negative group. Concentration of sera in the latter group resulted in 11 positive tests out of a possible 12. Evidence was obtained of qualitative differences in the sera of these two groups. Unexpected reactivity with sera from cases of farmer's lung was found in a dialysate from a broth culture of T. polyspora. No reactions with this dialysate were obtained with the sera of any patients who did not have symptoms of farmer's lung.

Agar↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Co-agglutination as an alternative to precipitin testing in streptococcal grouping (author's transl)].

Grouping of beta-hemolytic streptococcal strains was performed over a six months period on a total of 102 isolates. The purpose was to compare the Lancefield method with three different possibilities offered by the Co-agglutination technique. The results show that the Co-agglutination is as reliable as precipitin testing but it can be much more sensitive and rapid than any other method.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1976

Detection of neonatal calf diarrhea virus, infant reovirus-like diarrhea virus, and a coronavirus using the fluorescent virus precipitin test.

Thirty-four calf and five infant fecal specimens were tested for the neonatal calf diarrhea virus (NCDV) and for the reovirus-like infantile diarrhea agent; respectively. The procedures used were the fluorescent virus precipitin test and immune electron microscopy. Fourteen of the calf stools contained detectable NCDV, and four of the five infant stools contained the reovirus-like human agent. Infectious NCDV was detected in four of the 34 calf fecal specimens when Madin-Darby bovine kidney cell cultures that had been inoculated with supernatant fluids from stool suspensions were stained with fluorescent antibody. The 20 calf stools that did not have detectable virus were examined for the bovine corona diarrhea virus. Coronavirus was found in two of these specimens.

Animals↗