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PubMed1975

Serological studies on human plague in Southern Africa. Part I. Plague antibody levels in a population during a quiescent and a subsequent active period in an endemic region.

Yersinia pestis fraction l passive haemagglutination studies on human sera obtained randomly during a plague epidemic showed a 10-fold increase in occurrence of antibodies compared with the results obtained on sera from the same population 11 months earlier during a quiescent phase. The pre-epidemic population antibody rate was lower than that in a comparable population tested simultaneously in another endemic region, where a recrudescence of plague was not experienced during the following year. The human plague epidemic was preceded and accompanied by a rodent die-off. A serological survey of the small mammals 2 years prior to the human survey also showed that Y. pestis was present in the environment. Otomys unisulcatus was indicated as being an important rodent in the plague cycle in the area.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

[Effectiveness of revaccinating hamadryas baboons with NISS live dried plague vaccine and fraction I of the plague microbe].

The effectiveness of some vaccine preparations for the revaccination of hamadryas baboons after their primary immunization with live plague vaccine " NIIS " administered in the form of aerosol was studied. The study was carried out under the conditions of the aerosol challenge of the animals with Y. pestis. The subcutaneous injection of plague vaccine " NIIS " was found to have advantages over its aerosol administration. Revaccination with Y. pestis fraction I, absorbed, was found to be 8 times more effective than the administration of plague vaccine " NIIS " by inhalation and not inferior to the subcutaneous injection of this vaccine. Y. pestis lipopolysaccharide, when injected simultaneously with fraction I, produced an immunosuppressive effect. The development of chemical plague vaccine on the basis of fraction I, intended for revaccination, was shown to have good prospects.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1997

[A study on the transmission of plague though seven kinds of fleas in rat type and wild rodent type plague foci in Yunnan].

In order to assess vector position and vector action of seven kinds of fleas in the rat type and wild rodent type plague foci in Yunnan, we studied the indices as: infection rate, rate of feed bacterial emboli, colony transmission vector efficiency, life-span, bloodthirsty to human, body weight, quantity of blood-sucking, rate of dissociation by using animal model and raise film method. The results showed that Xenopsylla cheopis and Neopsylla specialis specialis were the main vectors of two type plague foci. Pulex irritans was an important vector of human plague in Yunnan. This paper reported that Xenopsylla cheopis and Neopsylla special special could twice form bacterial emboli, and with other information about vector efficiency, Index of Pulex irritans, Neopsylla special special, Frontopsylla spadix, Monopsyllus anisus, rate of bloodthirsty to human and life-span of seven kinds of fleas. Reason from quiescence to resuscitate was also deduced and the vector position of Leptopsylla segnis was revised. The vector action of main vector for Ctenophalmus quadratus was negated which proved that Apodemus chevrieri was the main reservoirs in these plague foci.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Immunogenicity and protective immunity against bubonic plague and pneumonic plague by immunization of mice with the recombinant V10 antigen, a variant of LcrV.

In contrast to Yersinia pestis LcrV, the recombinant V10 (rV10) variant (lacking residues 271 to 300) does not suppress the release of proinflammatory cytokines by immune cells. Immunization with rV10 generates robust antibody responses that protect mice against bubonic plague and pneumonic plague, suggesting that rV10 may serve as an improved plague vaccine.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Comparative study of the ideas about causes, disease mechanisms and therapies of the plague on the basis of the plague treatises of the Medical Faculty of Paris (1348-1349), of Joannes de Vesalia (after 1454) and of Thomas Montanus (1669)].

The comparison between the consilium of the Faculty of Paris (14th century), and the treatises by Joannes de Vesalia (15th century) and by Thomas Montanus (17th century) shows that the concepts with regard to the causes and the mechanisms of and the proposed preventive and curative measures against the plague did in essence not change for over three centuries. In fact this is not very surprising, since the development of modern physiology and physiopathology only started gradually in the second half of the 19th century. Furthermore, the plague bacillus has only been identified in 1894. However, the preventive and curative measures against plague that are proposed in the three treatises, do not result from an uncontrolled imagination. Most of these measures have a rational basis and are the result of--although erroneous--concepts with regard to the causes and mechanisms of the disease.

Education, Medical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Functional phenotypic variability in a plague pathogen and plague enzootics].

In the bacterial population, phenotypic variability plays a part of structural and functional subsystem that occupies a special place in the relations of heterogenic populations by performing an important adaptive function in the common system of ecological connections of parasitocenosis. At the same time regularly varying microorganism phenotypes act as an independent system that are closely related with the conditions of the niches occupied by the causative agent. Each subsystem as part of parasitocenosis is provided by its intrinsic adaptive mechanisms, which in combination ensures the stability of biocenosis based on self-regulation of evolutionarily established ecosystems. With the total complexity of parasitocenosis, the causative agent of plague is essential in forming its focus. For objective analysis of an epizootic process, it is necessary to include the established mechanisms of phenotypic variability of the causative agent of plague as a key link of the structural and functional interaction ecosystem that determines the mechanism of plague entozootics.

Animal Diseases↗
PubMed2003

[Regulations in the struggle against the plague. Geneva facing the Great Plague of Marseille (1720-1723)].

In 1721, when Geneva is threatened by a terrible epidemic devastating the south of France, the physician Jean-Jaques Manget states that "The Magistrates must establish a good Policy in time of plague"; and asks himself how it is possible to carry on "without good Regulations?". The State Archives of Geneva hold a draft consisting of 72 articles concerning health policy meant to be applied in case of plague. This is a remarkable document that enables an overview of the city's organisation in times of plague; it also allows to analyse some of the medical and sanitary theories this organisation is based on.

Disease Outbreaks↗
PubMed2004

Bichat guidelines for the clinical management of plague and bioterrorism-related plague.

Yersinia pestis appears to be a good candidate agent for a bioterrorist attack. The use of an aerosolised form of this agent could cause an explosive outbreak of primary plague pneumonia. The bacteria could be used also to infect the rodent population and then spread to humans. Most of the therapeutic guidelines suggest using gentamicin or streptomycin as first line therapy with ciprofloxacin as optional treatment. Persons who come in contact with patients with pneumonic plague should receive antibiotic prophylaxis with doxycycline or ciprofloxacin for 7 days. Prevention of human-to-human transmission via patients with plague pneumonia can be achieved by implementing standard isolation procedures until at least 4 days of antibiotic treatment have been administered. For the other clinical types of the disease, patients should be isolated for the first 48 hours after the initiation of treatment.

Bioterrorism↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Protective activity of the recombinant strain Salmonella minnesota R595/GSA, synthesizing the plague capsule antigen in experimental plague in mice].

Protective properties of the recombinant strain Salmonella minnesota R595/GSA in experimental murine plague were studied. The recombinant vaccine ReFI possesses a high protective activity against plague with the level of survival, the LD50, indexes of immunity and the mean periods of animal death not inferior to those of the commercial vaccine. The protective properties of the live and killed recombinant ReFI vaccines in experimental murine plague are practically identical. The experimental recombinant vaccine is efficient at infecting doses up to 10(5) CFU. The live and killed vaccines are nontoxic for mice at doses up to 10(10) CFU.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Serological studies on human plague in Southern Africa. Part II. A bubonic/pneumonic plague epidemic in Lesotho.

A description is given of an outbreak of human plague in Lesotho in 1968 which was preceded by, and merged with, a typhoid epidemic. This circumstance was responsible for a diagnosis of typhoid fever being made in the earliest plague cases, especially as the clinical presentation was similar to that of the typhoid patients. Consequently, the plague epidemic ran its natural course and with the onset of winter the pneumonic form appeared. Serological follow-up studies of recovered patients were carried out up to 4 years after the outbreak.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Immunity in plague: protection of the vervet (Cercopithecus aethips) against pneumonic plague by the oral administration of live attenuated Yersinia pestis.

Protection against pneumonic plague by the oral administration of a live, attenuated Yersinia pestis vaccine, EV76 (Paris) F, was evaluated in the vervet (Cercopithecus aethips). Six animals were vaccinated with a dose of 1.175 X 10(9) colony-forming units (cfu); all tolerated the dose and developed antibodies to Fraction I of Y. pestis. Three immunized animals were challenged with an inhaled dose of 3.2 X 10(6) cfu (160 LD50 [50% lethal dose]) of virulent Y. pestis strain 195/P and two survived; the other three received a challenge dose of 4.9 X 10(6) cfu (245 LD50) and one survived. The three surviving monkeys had high titers of antibody to Fraction I. At necropsy of the animals that succumbed to the challenge infection, almost complete consolidation of the lungs was apparent, and sizable effusions were present in the thoracic cavities. Indeed, the striking pathology indicated the severest form of pneumonic plague. Since it can be assumed that the animal surviving challenge with the larger inoculum would have survived the smaller dose, we conclude that the immunization procedure protected half of the vervets that were exposed to challenge.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2003

[Evaluation of outcomes of combined specific prophylaxis with the antibiotic resistant immunogenic plague pathogen strain and emergency prophylaxis with aminoglycosides in the experimental plague model in white mice].

It was shown that aminoglycosides (streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, sisomicin, tobramycin, amikacin) prevented manifestation of postvaccine immunity in albino mice immunized by vaccine strain Yersinia pestis EV. Avirulent strain Y. pestis 363 Monr with chromosome resistance to aminoglycosides of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd generations provided manifestation of antiplague immunity when streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin and amikacin were administered for prophylaxis. ED50 achieved 1.0-1.2 x 10(3) CFU and in control group (without treatment) 9.3 x 10(2) CFU. Gentamicin and amikacin were highly effective for experimental plague prophylaxis (90-100% animal survival), but inhibited development of postinfective immunity. Protective index (PI) value was 1.1 x 10(2). It was demonstrated that combination of specific prophylaxis (Y. pestis 363 Monr) and emergency prophylaxis with aminoglycosides in albino mice infected with approximately 1000 LD50 of virulent strain Y. pestis 358 (5 hours after infection) was highly effective and provided protective effect against subsequent infection with plague pathogen. Value of PI was 1.1 x 10(5) and practically did not differ from PI (1.7 x 10(5)) in control group (intact mice, immunized with strains EV [symbol: see text] 363 Monr).

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Kaleidoscoping public understanding of science on hygiene, health and plague: a survey in the aftermath of a plague epidemic in India.

In September 1994 a plague epidemic hit a number of cities in India. Though the spread of the disease was controlled within a short period of about one month, its influences on various channels of information, on the functioning of government departments (especially health and sanitation), on the scientific community and on people's scientific information level were remarkable. This paper analyzes the responses of 1127 individuals interviewed in December 1994. The data indicates high levels of informedness about health, hygiene and plague, with little reference to extra-scientific explanations of the causes of the epidemic. Respondents expressed a high degree of confidence in the modern system of medicine. From this analysis we also infer that the public could not be described as 'superstitious', 'unscientific' or 'unhygienic': only when denied access to information and civic amenities did they show extra-scientific thinking or 'unhygienic' behaviour.

Disease Outbreaks↗
PubMed2006

[Synergistic action of some antibacterial agents in studies on albino mice with experimental plague caused by Fr- phenotype strain of the plague microbe].

Possible use of ciprofloxacin combinations with some other antibiotics such as rifampicin, ampicillin, cefotaxime, doxycycline and amikacin was studied on albino mice with experimental plague caused by the pathogen strain (approximately 1000 LD50) deprived of the ability to produce the capsular antigen, fraction I (Fra- phenotype). The combination of ciprofloxacin with ampicillin or doxycycline had no effect on the increase of the survival rate (t<2) evident of inexpediency of its use in the infection caused by the Fra- strains of the plague microbe. The combination of ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime used in definite doses had some effect (t=2.6). The most significant synergistic effect was observed with the use of ciprofloxacin in combination with amikacin or rifampicin (t>3.3-9.0) which made the combination most promising.

Amikacin↗
PubMed1996

[Genetic research on plague pathogen in plague control].

The results of molecular-genetic studies performed by Russian specialists in plague research are discussed. On their basis, new concepts concerning the factors determining virulence of the plague bacterium were formulated, and certain aspects of Yersinia taxonomy were clarified.

Genetic Engineering↗
PubMed1991

Studies on the control of plague in the western United States: laboratory trials of six insecticide dust formulations applied to soil for the control of the plague vector Oropsylla montana (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae).

In this study, six insecticide dust formulations were laboratory-tested in soil mixtures ranging in concentration from 40 to 1,280 parts per million (ppm) against a proven vector of bubonic plague, Oropsylla montana (Baker). Pulicidal effects of the six insecticides, which included three organophosphates, two carbamates, and a pyrethroid, were compared by LD(50) values at both ambient and 75% RH. Permethrin (Pyraperm 455 dust), a pyrethroid with a LD(50) less than 40 ppm, demonstrated the most effective pulicidal action for the 13-wk trial period, followed in order by chlorpyrifos, bendiocarb, propetamphos, diazinon, and carbaryl.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Comparative study of the medicines used in the fight against plague on the basis of the plague treatises of the Medical Faculty of Paris (1348-1349), of Joannes de Vesalia (after 1454) and of Thomas Montanus (1669)].

The remedies proposed for the prevention and treatment of the plague by the Medical Faculty of Paris and by Joannes de Vesalia are mainly derived from plants and animals apart from some minerals used in medieval medicine. Alchemical preparations, absent in the Compendium, are rarely mentioned by Joannes de Vesalia. About 90% of the simples preconized by the Faculty of Paris are still used as remedies in the tractates of Joannes de Vesalia and Montanus. The development of chemistry in the 16th and 17th centuries is responsible for the introduction of 'chemical' medicines in therapy. Montanus accepts these remedies with some reserve but favours also amulets and magic drugs. The plethora of medicines proposed demonstrates the inefficacy of therapeutics.

Education, Medical↗