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PubMed2026

Investigating the causal effects of physical activity and sedentary behavior on hernia risk: A two-sample Mendelian randomization approach.

The global prevalence of hernia is increasing, particularly due to the aging population. Although physical activity and sedentary behavior are known to influence various health outcomes, their specific roles in hernia development remain inadequately investigated. This study aimed to systematically assess the causal relationships between physical activity, sedentary behavior, and the risk of hernia development using Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. We used genome-wide association study data from the UK Biobank and FinnGen Biobank to explore the causal effects of sedentary behavior on hernia risk via 5 distinct MR approaches. To ensure the reliability of our risk models, we performed sensitivity analyses, including Cochran's Q test, MR-Egger intercept analysis, leave-one-out analysis, and funnel plots. Furthermore, we employed multivariable MR analysis to determine the independent causal effects of both physical activity and sedentary behavior. Our findings indicate that moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was significantly associated with an increased risk of inguinal hernia, with an odds ratio of 1.844 (95% confidence interval, 1.181-2.879; P = .007). Associations between sedentary behavior and diaphragmatic or umbilical hernia were inconsistent across methods and were sensitive to pleiotropy; thus, no robust causal relationship was established. Multivariable MR analysis further confirmed the independent and significant causal relationship between MVPA and inguinal hernia, with an odds ratio of 1.901 (95% confidence interval, 1.098-3.291; P = .022). Our study highlights a significant association between MVPA and an increased risk of inguinal hernia, suggesting that physical activity should be carefully considered in preventive strategies for hernias. However, the relationship between sedentary behavior and hernia development warrants further investigation.

Mendelian Randomization Analysis↗
PubMed2025

Genetic Determinants of Leisure-Time Physical Activity in the Taiwanese Population: A Genome-Wide Association Study.

BACKGROUND: Physical inactivity contributes to systemic disease burden and premature mortality worldwide. Leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) improves health outcomes; however, its genetic determinants, particularly in Asian populations, remain unclear. This study aimed to identify genetic loci associated with LTPA in the Taiwanese population. METHODS: We conducted genome-wide association studies in 122,258 Taiwan Biobank participants. LTPA was assessed both as a binary trait (regular exerciser vs non-exerciser) and an ordinal trait (categorized by MET-hours per week into low, moderate, and high physical activity levels). Logistic and ordinal logistic regression models were used under an additive genetic model, adjusting for age, age 2 , sex, body mass index, smoking, and the first 10 genetic principal components. Candidate nonsynonymous mutations were further examined in 1494 whole-genome sequenced participants. RESULTS: Binary trait genome-wide association studies identified genome-wide significant (GWS) loci at ATXN2 (12q24.12), FTO (16q12.2), and NOTCH4 (6p21.32), with associations for FTO and NOTCH4 only observed in body mass index (BMI)-adjusted models. Ordinal trait analysis (<10, 10-<20, &#x2265;20 MET&#xb7;h&#xb7;wk -1 ) identified a single GWS locus at BRAP (12q24.12). Fine-mapping of 12q24.12 revealed multiple GWS single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in strong linkage disequilibrium with lead variants; these signals largely disappeared after conditional analysis, consistent with a single underlying association. Whole-genome sequencing and linkage disequilibrium analysis identified three GWS nonsynonymous mutations, with ALDH2 rs671 emerging as the most likely causal variant. CONCLUSIONS: ATXN2-ALDH2 region on chromosome 12q24.12 was identified as a key locus for LTPA in Taiwanese individuals. These findings enhance our understanding of the genetic basis of physical activity and may inform future precision medicine and public health strategies.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

Functional constipation in pregnancy and its association with dietary intake and physical activity: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Functional constipation (FC) is a common complaint during pregnancy and has been reported to be associated with physical activity and dietary intake. However, previous studies have reported inconsistent findings. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of FC and examine its association with physical activity and dietary intake among pregnant women. METHOD: In this cross-sectional study, 381 healthy pregnant women attending urban health centres in Tabriz, Iran, between January 2024 and February 2025, were selected using a multistage cluster sampling method. FC was diagnosed according to the Rome IV criteria. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Multivariable Generalised Estimating Equations (GEE) analysis was performed to identify factors associated with FC. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of FC throughout pregnancy was 37%. In the first trimester, 41 out of 73 women (56%) had FC, while in the second trimester 53 out of 146 women (36%), and in the third trimester 47 out of 162 women (29%) were affected. Multivariate GEE indicated that both higher dietary fibre intake (aOR= 0.88, 95%CI 0.86-0.91, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001) and higher fluid intake (aOR= 0.59, 95%CI 0.52-0.67, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001) were associated with a reduced risk of FC. A normal BMI was associated with a lower risk of FC (aOR= 0.35, 95% CI 0.16-0.77, p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.009), whereas, secondary education was associated with a higher risk (aOR= 2.81, 95%CI 1.33-5.95, p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.007). Physical activity (aOR= 1.00; 95%CI 1.00 to 1.01; p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.168), and other demographic characteristics (p&#x2009;>&#x2009;0.05) were not independently associated with FC after adjustment. CONCLUSION: FC is highly prevalent during pregnancy and may adversely affect women's quality of life. Higher dietary fibre and fluid intake were associated with lower odds of FC, highlighting the importance of healthy lifestyle behaviours during pregnancy. Prospective longitudinal studies are warranted to confirm these findings.

Humans↗
PubMed1978

[Physical activity in the prevention of arteriosclerosis].

Epidemiological investigations show that morbidity rate and severity of coronary sclerosis seem to decrease in regular physical activity. The influence of regular physical activity on coronary factors of risk, such as hypertension, fat parameters, glucose tolerance, and uric acid is summarized with the help of literary data. An essential intermediary role seems to belong to the height of the insulin levels in the metabolic factors of risk. The result of own investigations was that by training basic and stimulated insulin secretion clearly diminish. Apart from this, during physical load particularly an increased rate of lipolysis is reduced during physical load. Together with a decrease of lipogenesis the two factors might play an essential role in the prevention of coronary sclerosis by regular physical activity.

Arteriosclerosis↗
PubMed1979

Relationships among cardiorespiratory fitness, regular physical activity, and plasma lipids in young adults.

Relationships between physical activity and plasma lipids and between cardiorespiratory (CR) fitness and plasma lipids were investigated in 152 young adults. There were no significant correlations in either females or males between the physical activity indicators and any of the plasma lipids investigated. CR fitness, as indicated by treadmill test duration, showed a small but statistically significant sexes, an association that may well underestimate the true relationship because of the limitations of the study. Plasma triglycerides were negatively correlated with CR fitness in the males. It was suggested that the two fitness components, aerobic capacity and percent fat, may be related to certain plasma lipids differently in males than in females.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

The role of physical activity in the prevention of ischaemic heart disease. A review.

It has been demonstrated that vigorous leisure-time physical activity and hard physical occupational work protect against ischaemic heart disease (IHD), but the protective mechanisms are not clear. According to most research reports programmes of regular physical activity do not lower serum cholesterol concentrations, but they do lower serum triglyceride levels. Dedicated marathon runners have lower serum low density lipoprotein and higher high density lipoprotein levels than controls, but it has not been proved that this lipoprotein pattern is the result of regular, high-intensity exercise. Regular physical exercise lowers the blood pressure to a greater degree in hypertensives than in controls. An exercise programme plus diet had no greater effect on serum total cholesterol levels than did diet alone on subjects with primary hyperlipoproteinaemia types IIa, IIb and IV. However, in types IIb and IV the exercise programme plus diet was more effective than diet alone in lowering serum triglyceride levels. The results of these studies are not valid for deciding whether regular exercise decreases the IHD risk factors studied. Such judgements must be based upon the results of randomized, controlled trials. The only satisfactory trial of this nature to date was done in Helsinki, and its results were inconclusive.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Replication of age and physical activity effects on reaction and movement time.

The latency and consistency of simple reaction time, choice reaction time, and movement time of older men who chronically run or participate in racket sports were compared to those of nonactive men of similar age and also to young men of similar characteristics (young runners, young racketsportsmen, and young nonactive men). The findings of Spirduso's (1975) study, of which this investigation was both a replication and an expansion, that older active men physically reacted to stimuli and moved their forearm over a 20 cm distance as quickly as young sedentary men was reported. The older active men were far superior to older sedentary men in all measures. In addition, the older active group was similar to the groups in terms of group homogeneity and within-subject variability, unlike the older nonactive group, who revealed the commonly reported group heterogeneity and within-subject inconsistency.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Relation of lipids, weight and physical activity to incidence of coronary heart disease: the Puerto Rico heart study.

The 2 1/2 year incidence of coronary heart disease was examined in relation to antecedent serum cholesterol and fasting triglyceride levels, physical activity status and relative weight in a cohort of 8,171 urban and rural men 45 to 64 years old participating in the Puerto Rico Heart Program. In this population with a low incidence rate of coronary heart disease, risk of coronary disease was related to serum cholesterol in both urban and rural groups, but this trend was statistically significant only in the urban population. Neither the urban nor the rural population showed a substantial or statistically significant association of serum triglyceride levels with incidence of coronary heart disease. Correlations among relative weight and serum triglyceride and serum cholesterol levels were noted. Despite small differences in incidence of coronary heart disease between urban and rural groups, values for serum cholesterol, triglycerides and relative weight were all significantly higher in the urban men. Only physical activity levels were higher in the rural men. Multivariate analysis, performed to sort out the net effects of these interrelated variables, revealed that serum cholesterol is related to the risk of coronary heart disease even when all variables are taken into account. Low levels of physical activity were significantly associated with a greater incidence of coronary heart disease only in urban men (P less than 0.05). Overweight, which was associated with higher lipid values and less physical activity, was not related to the development of coronary heart disease in either the urban or the rural cohort.

Body Weight↗
PubMed2026

Optimizing physical activity bouts to interrupt sedentary behaviour for cardiometabolic health: a systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials.

AIMS: Chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases are leading causes of mortality worldwide, with sedentary behaviour (SB) and physical inactivity recognized as major interrelated risk factors. Prolonged SB, particularly when combined with insufficient physical activity, adversely affects cardiometabolic health. This systematic review aimed to evaluate which characteristics of physical activity (PA) bouts, in terms of frequency, duration, and intensity, are associated with improvements in cardiometabolic outcomes. METHODS AND RESULTS: Studies assessing physical activity interventions compared with sedentary control conditions were included. Eligible studies involved adults aged 18-65 years, with or without cardiometabolic conditions. PubMed, Cochrane Central, Embase, and Web of Science were searched to February 2025. Random-effects models were used to calculate pooled standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Subgroup and meta-regression analyses explored potential moderators. A total of 144 studies (247 intervention arms; 2216 participants) were included. Frequent PA bouts reduced blood glucose [SMD -0.22 (95% CI -0.27 to -0.16)]. Longer and/or more intense PA bouts decreased triglycerides [SMD -0.27 (-0.34 to -0.19)], with significant duration &#xd7; intensity interactions for glucose (P = 0.032) and triglycerides (P < 0.001). Moderate-to-vigorous PA bouts improved endothelial function [flow-mediated dilation SMD 0.88 (0.47-2.24); shear rate SMD 0.54 (0.31-0.78)]. PA bouts also lowered insulin [SMD -0.26 (-0.32 to -0.19)], systolic BP [SMD -0.29 (-0.39 to -0.19)], and diastolic BP [SMD -0.16 (-0.26 to -0.05)]. CONCLUSION: In acute experimental settings, glucose regulation appears to benefit more from frequent PA bouts, while triglyceride responses are more closely related to greater duration and/or intensity. Blood pressure shows favourable acute responses across PA types, whereas higher PA intensity is associated with improved endothelial function. Tailoring strategies to interrupt SB with PA bouts may help inform approaches to improve cardiometabolic health.

Humans↗
PubMed1976

Physical activities: teaming up patients and programs.

Physical activities programs are suggested for the average deconditioned individual over 35 years of age. They involve noncontact, noncompetitive aerobic activities which require minimal expense. Their purpose is to delay to some degree the progression of the degenerative diseases associated with aging and inactivity. The best activities are walking, running, bicycling, or other exercise in which a sustained cardiac rate of 70% of the individual's work capacity is achieved.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Serum triglycerides and cholesterol and serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in highly physically active men.

The influence of extensive physical activity upon plasma lipids, in particular HDL cholesterol, was investigated. The material consisted of 23 regularly training men (mean age 44 years, average exercise 83 km running or skiing weekly), 15 healthy men (mean age 47 years), 10 young men (mean age 22 years), 12 healthy women (mean age 32 years) and 18 hyperlipidaemic patients. The exercise increased serum HDL cholesterol and FFA concentrations and decreased triglyceride levels significantly, but had no significant effect upon serum cholesterol concentration. There was a positive correlation between the amount of weekly exercise in km and plasma HDL cholesterol concentration. Exercising more than 70 km/week increased plasma HDL concentration clearly above the normal level. The advantages of an increase in plasma HDL cholesterol are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Age-related changes in the concentration of plasma cholesterol and triglycerides in two groups of rats with inherited widely different levels of spontaneous physical activity.

The plasma concentration of cholesterol and triglycerides was determined in two groups of rats with inherited widely different levels of spontaneous physical activity. Active as well as passive rats of each sex were divided into two subgroups, one with free access to wheel running activity (exercising group), and another for which admittance to the drum was closed (nonexercising group). Plasma concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides were followed from the age of 3-8 months in females and 3 months to 1 year in males. A pronounced increase with age in the plasma concentration of these lipids was observed in the active male rats. In the passive male rats and in all females, there were no major changes in plasma levels of cholesterol and triglycerides. Corresponding groups of exercising and nonexercising rats had similar plasma levels of these components. The data for male rats show a positive association between the inherited tendency to perform spontaneously a high level of physical activity and an age-related increase in plasma lipids. However, running activity per se does not seem to have any influence on the level of plasma cholesterol and triglycerides in these rats.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1979

[Habitual physical activity and responsibility at work as risk factors of fatal coronary heart disease (author's transl)].

Mortality in 5 and 10 years for all causes in over 172,000 men classified for habitual physical activity at work was not substancially different between subjects classifed as sedentary, moderate and heavy workers. Mortality for coronary heart disease (CHD), for the same length of observation was statistically higher in sedentary and moderate than in heavy workers (ratio 1.7/1). Bivariate analysis considering both physical activity and responsibility at work, limited to 99,000 men aged 40-59 at entry for a period of 5 years having as end-point CHD, indicated that mortality is higher for higher levels of responsability. Partial correlation coefficients between physical activity and working responsibility on one side, and mortality for CHD on the other showed significant levels (-0.72 and 0.71 respectively) when considering eight combination of different activity and responsibility levels.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Ventricular arrhythmias during exercise testing, jogging, and sedentary life: a comparative study of healthy physically active men, healthy sedentary men, and men with previous myocardial infarction.

The occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias during exercise testing, jogging, and sedentary life with and without preceding exercise was studied with the aid of ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring in healthy physically active men, healthy sedentary men, and men with previous myocardial infarction (15 men in each group). Ventricular premature beats of the same grade were found during exercise testing and jogging in ten of the 15 healthy physically active men, in ten of the 15 healthy sedentary men, and in eight of the 15 men with previous myocardial infarction. When unifocal ventricular premature beats were omitted, the corresponding figures were 14/15, 11/15, and 15/15, respectively. Healthy physically active men had less ventricular arrhythmias in all of the tested situations. The greatest number and also the highest grades of ventricular arrhythmias during the exercises were found in healthy sedentary men, whereas the men with previous myocardial infarction had ventricular arrhythmias more during sedentary life.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Habitual physical activity and glucose tolerance. Males age 16-64 in a total community.

The data being reported are part of an epidemiologic study of health and disease in an entire community, Tecumseh, Michigan. Approximately 1,300 males age 16-65 were classified into three groups on the basis of their habitual leisure and occupational physical activity. A blood sample was drawn one hour after a glucose challenge and analyzed for glucose concentration. A measure of body fatness (sun of four skinfolds) was also available on the men. Glucose concentration of the three physical activity groups was compared by analyses of variance within narrow age group. There was no significant relationship between glucose tolerance and habitual physical activity. There was a slight, but in some age groups significant, relationship between glucose tolerance and body fatness. The population was then divided within each age group into subgroups (thirds) by sum of skinfolds. The analysis was repeated in each age-fatness group. Glucose tolerance was better in the active men but only among the leanest subgroup of subjects.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2026

Proteomic Signatures Related to Physical Activity Are Associated with Risks of Future Disease.

PURPOSE: Physical activity (PA) can lower the risk of developing chronic diseases. However, few studies have examined the proteomic signatures linked to PA, and the role of these signatures in the connection between PA levels and future disease risk remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether proteomic signatures indicative of PA are associated with the risk of developing common chronic diseases and to explore their role as statistical links in the relationship between PA levels and disease development. METHODS: We used data from a subcohort of UK Biobank participants. PA intensity data were collected from accelerometers worn by each participant. Plasma proteomics results were obtained through Olink analysis. The risks of developing each primary chronic disease were evaluated for types of PA and their associated proteomic signatures, adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, lifestyle factors, and key measurement time-lag covariates. RESULTS: Based on the UK Biobank, we identified significant differences among the proteomic signatures of accelerometer-measured light PA, moderate-to-vigorous PA, and total PA. The main enriched pathways of these proteomic signatures included cell adhesion, cell migration, and immune response. Higher levels of accelerometer-measured PA and their associated proteomic signatures correlated with a lower risk of developing cardiometabolic disorders, cancers, psychological or neurological disorders, and respiratory diseases. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show that PA and PA-related proteomic signatures are statistically associated with lower risks of chronic diseases. Further analyses identified proteins that were correlated with both PA and disease risk. These results need to be confirmed through longitudinal studies involving diverse populations.

Humans↗