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PubMed1992

Does the philosophy of medicine exist?

There has been a great deal of discussion, in this journal and others, about obstacles hindering the evolution of the philosophy of medicine. Such discussions presuppose that there is widespread agreement about what it is that constitutes the philosophy of medicine. Despite the fact that there is, and has been for decades, a great deal of literature, teaching and professional activity carried out explicitly in the name of the "philosophy of medicine", this is not enough to establish that consensus exists as to the definition of the field. And even if consensus can be obtained as to what constitutes the philosophy of medicine, this does not mean that it exists as a field. In order to constitute a field, an inquiry must be well-integrated with other cognate inquiries and disciplines, have an established canon of key books, textbooks, anthologies and articles, and a set of distinctive and defining problems. The philosophy of medicine as it currently exists fails to satisfy these criteria and, thus, fails to exist as a field of inquiry. The non-existence of the philosophy of medicine is unfortunate. Medicine and philosophy would both benefit from the development of the philosophy of medicine as a field. The philosophy of medicine is an essential foundation for bioethics, it should provide insights into some of the key problems of the philosophy of science such as the nature of explanation and theoretical evolution, and, ought help to shape the goals as well as the methods used in both experimentation and research in medicine and the health sciences.

Bioethics↗
PubMed1997

What is philosophy of nursing?

This paper tries to describe the nature of the subject-area known as philosophy of nursing. It is suggested that attempts to offer such a description are beset with difficulties surrounding both nurses' and philosophers' conception of philosophy. Nonetheless, this paper does seek to offer a description of what philosophy amounts to. Schrock's suggestion that philosophy can be characterised partly by its methods and the distinctive nature of its questions is tentatively endorsed. Her proposal is buttressed with an account of Carnap's distinction between internal and external questions. It is shown that this distinction helps to identify philosophical questions. Further, an attempt is made to show the importance of the distinction between a philosophy of nursing and philosophy of nursing. It is concluded that philosophy involves conceptual analysis and assessment of argument, concern with highly general metaphysical and epistemological questions, and that such questions can be regarded as 'external' questions. It is then shown how these three elements of philosophy also characterise philosophy of nursing.

Culture↗
PubMed1999

The future of philosophy.

There is no sharp dividing line between science and philosophy, but philosophical problems tend to have three special features. First, they tend to concern large frameworks rather than specific questions within the framework. Second, they are questions for which there is no generally accepted method of solution. And third they tend to involve conceptual issues. For these reasons a philosophical problem such as the nature of life can become a scientific problem if it is put into a shape where it admits of scientific resolution. Philosophy in the 20th century was characterized by a concern with logic and language, which is markedly different from the concerns of earlier centuries of philosophy. However, it shared with the European philosophical tradition since the 17th century an excessive concern with issues in the theory of knowledge and with scepticism. As the century ends, we can see that scepticism no longer occupies centre stage, and this enables us to have a more constructive approach to philosophical problems than was possible for earlier generations. This situation is somewhat analogous to the shift from the sceptical concerns of Socrates and Plato to the constructive philosophical enterprise of Aristotle. With that in mind, we can discuss the prospects for the following six philosophical areas: (1) the traditional mind-body problem; (ii) the philosophy of mind and cognitive science; (iii) the philosophy of language; (iv) the philosophy of society; (v) ethics and practical reasons; (vi) the philosophy of science. The general theme of these investigations, I believe, is that the appraisal of the true significance of issues in the philosophy of knowledge enables us to have a more constructive account of various other philosophical problems than has typically been possible for the past three centuries.

Language↗
PubMed2005

[The endeavours by Wincentego Lutosławskiego (1863-1954) to obtain a chair of philosophy at the Jagiellonian University in Cracow].

When applying for a chair of philosophy at the Jagiellonian University in Cracow in 1891, Wincentego Lutosławskiego had already published a number of important articles as well as a doctoral dissertation, which he defended at Dorpat University. While working at the University of Kazan, Lutosławskiego had been engaged in several research sojourns abroad, including one in London. He had also made contact with another Polish specialist on Plato's philosophy, Stanisław Pawlicki, who gave a positive referral on the publication of Lutosławskiego's work On Plato's logic, part I by Akademia Umiejtno [ci (Academy of Science) in Cracow (1891); the subsequent conflict between the two scholars stemmed from differences in world-view and differences in scholarly views relating to methodology and interpretation. The application by Lutosławskiego, despite being supported by the dean of Faculty of Philosophy, Maurycy Staszewski, the only philosophy sitting on the faculty council, was rejected, and the majority of faculty council opted for Pawlicki, a renowned professor of the Faculty of Theology. Lutosławskiego continued to pursue his scholarly career abroad, publishing in several European languages, until the publication in 1897 of his famous work on Plato (The Origin and Growth of Plato's Logic). Meanwhile Pawlicki, burdened both by his teaching responsibilities and the results of the research by Lutosławskiego, was not able to complete (before his death in 1916) his History of ancient philosophy, the intention of doing which he had declared in the first volume, published in 1890. While Lutosławskiego was prevented from working in Crackow, he became - thanks to his works - a historian of ancient philosophy whose world renown has persisted until the present day. Pawlicki obtained the Chair, but his works on the history of philosophy are rarely cited today.

Famous Persons↗
PubMed1992

Moving beyond: a generative philosophy of science.

Philosophies of science are perhaps the most covert yet significant forces influencing the direction of change within disciplines. Although the era of logical positivism has waned for many disciplines, newer philosophies may not be satisfactory, especially for the applied disciplines. This article describes an alternative philosophy of science with special significance for nursing. This philosophy was influenced by several of the major existing philosophies, but especially by the paradigmatic view espoused by Thomas Kuhn. The generative philosophy of science was named because of its focus on generating growth among the applied disciplines. Members of these disciplines study questions with social significance and human application. This article defines major concepts, describes relationships among concepts and discusses implications for the development of nursing science and the nursing discipline.

Philosophy↗
PubMed2004

The philosophy of medicine: development of a discipline.

This paper is a critical examination of the development of the philosophy of medicine as a discipline. It highlights two major themes in the contemporary debate about the philosophy of medicine: the scope of the discipline and the relation of the discipline to its cognate disciplines. A broad view of the philosophy of medicine is defended and the philosophy of medicine is seen as a philosophical sub-discipline. These views depend in important ways on three factors: a general metaphysical world view, particular understandings of the cognate disciplines, and the perspective from which one asks the questions about the nature of the discipline. It is proposed that the future of the philosophy of medicine may follow the philosophy of science in that philosophical, sociological and historical studies may combine in a mutually enriching way to form "medicine studies."

History, 18th Century↗
PubMed2006

How philosophy of medicine has changed medical ethics.

The celebration of thirty years of publication of The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy provides an opportunity to reflect on how medical ethics has evolved over that period. The reshaping of the field has occurred in no small part because of the impact of branches of philosophy other than ethics. These have included influences from Kantian theory of respect for persons, personal identity theory, philosophy of biology, linguistic analysis of the concepts of health and disease, personhood theory, epistemology, and political philosophy. More critically, medicine itself has begun to be reshaped. The most fundamental restructuring of medicine is currently occurring--stemming, in part, from the application of contemporary philosophy of science to the medical field. There is no journal more central to these critical events of the past three decades than The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1990

Establishing the moral basis of medicine: Edmund D. Pellegrino's philosophy of medicine.

Edmund D. Pellegrino's philosophy of medicine is explored in categories such as the motivation in constructing a philosophy of medicine, the method, the starting point of the doctor-patient relationship, negotiation about values in this relationship, the goal of the relationship, the moral basis of medicine, and additional concerns in the relationship (concerns such as gatekeeping, philosophical anthropology, axiology, philosophy of the body, and the general disjunction between science and morals). A critique of this philosophy is presented in the following areas: methodology, relation to ontology and sociology, the dynamic of individual and social concerns, and the new social condition of medicine. Finally, some suggestions for the future revitalization of philosophy of medicine are made based on Pellegrino's ideas. The focus throughout is on the moral basis and moral consequences of the philosophy of medicine, and not on other important themes.

Beneficence↗
PubMed2003

[Pharmacy, pharmacists and society--pharmaceutical science and practice with philosophy].

In Japanese pharmaceutical community, there seems to be a lack of "Science of Science" and "Research on Research" which are to utilize unit sciences and research for the benefit of human being. In other words, pharmaceutical people in Japan should have much more pharmaceutical philosophy. The late Professor Komei Miyaki, founder Editor-in-Chief of FARUMASHIA, the monthly membership magazine of Pharmaceutical Society of Japan, under whom I worked as one of editorial board members, taught me that scientists should have their own philosophy of their sciences. Such a pharmaceutical philosophy as mentioned above should be established on the basis of complete separation of medical profession between doctors and pharmacists, which form the most important and necessary issue in safety assurance for patients with the complete zero defect (ZD action), as there is a long history for that in Europe since the separation was completed by King Friedrich II in 1240. Therefore, we have to learn the social status of European/American pharmacist practitioners who are the great No. 1 among all the professions. European pharmacists guarantee the safety of every chemical used for human body and pets, such as medicines, cosmetics, foods, tooth stuffs and so on. Regarding the pharmaceutical sciences in Japan also there seems to be a lack of pharmaceutical philosophy, as pharmaceutical scientists have no identity in research object that may be similar to basic scientists who are non-pharmacy graduates. Japanese sciences generally have developed along the lines of the Western model, reaching the current high level. We now not only should receive profits from the outside but also should embark on a mission to support pharmaceutical sciences throughout the world, especially Asian courtiers. At the present, we do not seem to be fulfilling our mission to do that, even though general activity includes significant international exchange. We have to make much more effort for international contribution/participation. For that, the most important and necessary issue is to make change in fundamental sense in Japanese pharmaceutical community, though an internationalization of technological issues is usually taken into consideration. In this connection, regarding the new drug development, we must have a change in the sense to establish pharmaceutical philosophy and jump up in conception from the existing one. Based on the above mentioned pharmaceutical philosophy, seven star pharmacists should be educated as described in 2000 FIP Statement of Policy: Good Pharmacy Education Practice, who could be a (1) care giver; (2) decision maker; (3) communicator; (4) leader; (5) manager; (6) life-long learner; (7) teacher.

Asia↗
PubMed1989

Nursing practice. Developing a philosophy.

The application of nursing models has been a recent theme in British nursing. Part of this process is the development of a nursing philosophy which underpins the model. Nurses at clinical level are often required to define their philosophy to meet clinical, educational and managerial objectives. The first part of this two-part article explores the significance of nursing philosophy to practice. In the second part, a case study is used to illustrate how clinical nurses can set about defining a philosophy of nursing for themselves. Dickoff et al (1) indicate that a philosophy is significant in the generation of theory. By identifying the nature of practice, theoretical relationships become apparent. It is also significant as Johnson (2) states in nursing's development as a profession. Johnson further asserts that nurses should use their beliefs to build a conceptual system of the person to be served and an abstract model for practice which allows such purpose to be fulfilled. However a nurse's beliefs and values about nursing may have no theoretical substance to them. They may be purely intuitive in nature. Writing a philosophy legitimates intuition. Kitson (3) considers that nurse theorists who believe that only developing a knowledge base through a scientific approach are at risk of throwing away the intuitive sources of knowledge within nursing. Yet gut reactions have been shown to be critical in the development of excellence in nursing (4). Kitson believes that intuitions can lead to developing 'grassroots standards of care' and a clearer definition of what nursing is.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Humans↗
PubMed2002

Astronaut-centered philosophy for designing manned space system.

Astronaut-centered design philosophy is a new concept suggested by the authors for manned space system design. It stems from human-centered design philosophy. Human-centered design means that human role is regarded as important basis and foundation for system design. At the beginning, the engineers used to adopt technology-centered philosophy for designing complex system, but much practice proved that the technology-centered design philosophy won't work, resulting in lower system safety and performance. So it has been currently replaced by human-centered philosophy. As examples, the principles of human-centered automation of the International Civil Aviation Organization and NASA JSC's Human-rating Requirements were introduced. At last, the astronaut-centered design philosophy and its requirements were put forward by the authors. These requirements consist of: general requirements, man-machine interaction requirements, man-environment interaction requirements and interpersonal relationship requirements.

Astronauts↗
PubMed1997

The philosophy of psychiatry: who needs it?

Many a psychiatrist has said that he did not want to burden himself with a philosophy and that this science had nothing to do with philosophy. But the exclusion of philosophy would nevertheless be disastrous for psychiatry: firstly, if we are not clearly conscious of our philosophy we shall mix it up with our scientific thinking quite unawares and bring about a scientific and philosophic confusion. Secondly, since in psychopathology in particular the scientific knowledge is not all of one kind, we have to distinguish the different modes of knowing and clarify our methods, the meaning and validity of our statements and the criteria of tests- and all this calls for philosophic logic ... To sum up: If anyone thinks he can exclude philosophy and leave it aside as useless, he will be eventually defeated by it in some obscure form or another.

Culture↗
PubMed2005

Relevance of philosophy of life and optimism for psychological distress among individuals in a stage where death is approaching.

The purpose was to investigate the relevance of philosophy of life as well as optimism for the psychological distress among Swedish individuals in a stage where death is approaching. Sixty-nine persons were included; of these were 42 patients newly diagnosed with advanced gastrointestinal cancer and 26 were partners to these patients. The participants' philosophy of life was studied through a semi-structured interview. The interview statements were subjected to content analysis. Optimism was measured by the Life Orientation Test and psychological distress by the Hospitality and Depression Scale. The results showed that optimistic respondents had less psychological distress. Two aspects of philosophy of life had relevance for such distress. These were wondering about why the cancer had occurred and having a feeling of being able to live a good life having or living near a person with advanced cancer. In conclusion, the above-mentioned aspects of philosophy of life as well as optimism have relevance for psychological distress among these individuals, which stress the importance that health-care staff address both patients' and their partners' concerns about their philosophy of life.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Measuring treatment philosophy: a scale for substance abuse recovery programs.

The assessment of the philosophy that guides substance abuse treatment programs has been a difficult subject to approach by those working in treatment research. Differing treatment philosophies are generally represented by multi-dimensional theoretical constructs that do not easily lend themselves to assessment by quantitative means. In the U.S., substance abuse treatment programs have been suggested as fitting into a disease (or medical) model, a social learning (or psychological) model, or a social community model in designing a treatment regime for clients. This paper presents a Social Model Philosophy Scale (SMPS) to classify the extent to which a given treatment program follows a social model approach to treatment. The final version of the SMPS (available from the first author) contains 33 questions for use in residential programs, divided into six conceptual domains: physical environment, staff role, authority base, view of substance abuse problems, governance, and community orientation. Overall internal reliability is high (alpha = .92), with subscale alphas ranging between .57 and .79. Test-retest analyses showed that the information obtained from the SMPS is consistent across time, administrators, and respondents. In addition, the SMPS is brief and easy to administer. Methodology used in item creation and final item selection is reported. Although not designed to distinguish philosophies other than social model, early results suggest that the SMPS may also be used to classify other program philosophies.

Humans↗