University of the Philippines College of Medicine, Philippines: the institute of health sciences, Tacloban--search for a model.
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Community Health Services↗
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The maintenance of Philippine and other strains of Schistosoma japonicum in the laboratory and the differences among Philippine strains of Oncomelania.
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Animals↗
Sequence analysis of partial toxR gene from Philippine Vibrio isolates and design of toxR-targeted primers for detection.
Vibriosis in penaeid species cultured in the Philippines results in massive mortalities and consequently in severe economic losses in the shrimp industry. Rapid and accurate detection of the causative agent of the disease is imperative. In this study, toxR gene sequence analysis of ten Vibrio isolates (from several provinces of the Philippines) implicated in disease affecting the penaeid shrimp (Penaeus monodon) was performed in order to develop a toxR-targeted PCR detection of similar strains of shrimp pathogens. Analysis of the partial toxR gene revealed 97-100% sequence similarity among the ten Philippine Vibrio isolates. Distinct sequence variation of the toxR gene, however, was observed between the Philippine Vibrio isolates and the type strains, with the Philippine isolates exhibiting only 92-93% and 74-75% sequence similarity with the type strain V. campbellii (NBRC 15631T) and V. harveyi (NBRC 15634T), respectively. The use of a PCR primer set that was designed based on toxR sequences of the Philippine Vibrio isolates amplified the expected 226-bp toxR fragment using templates from all ten Philippine Vibrio isolates. No amplified product was observed in PCR using templates from type strains of V. harveyi, V. campbellii, and other non-target bacteria, suggesting that the primers were specific for the Philippine Vibrio isolates. The toxR-targeted PCR primers reported in this study could be useful in the detection of Philippine Vibrio isolates associated with mortalities in the shrimp industry, which could not be detected in PCR using primers designed for type strains of V. harveyi and V. campbellii.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Hepatocellular carcinoma in the Philippines: a clinicopathological study of 150 cases.
Clinicopathological features were examined in 150 hepatocellular carcinoma cases autopsied from 1977 to 1983 in the Philippines and were compared to those of cases reported in Japan. The characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma in the Philippines were as follows. 1. The age of autopsied patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the Philippines was approximately 10 years younger than in Japan. The Philippines cases included even 10- to 11-year-old patients. 2. The macroscopic type of hepatocellular carcinoma in the Philippines consisted predominantly of the massive type of Eggel's classification. On the other hand, an encapsulated tumor was found in only one case. 3. The histological characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma in the Philippines were not especially well defined. Hyaline globules and fatty metamorphosis were found in 1 and 12, respectively, of 90 Philippine hepatocellular carcinoma cases. 4. The frequency of HBs antigen in hepatocellular carcinoma in the Philippines was 37%. This is almost equal to that in Japan.
Adolescent↗
Philippines to seek Thai assistance in fighting AIDS.
A group of Philippine officials left for Thailand to learn from the Thai government's experience in fighting AIDS. Thailand has one of the highest AIDS levels in Asia and has instituted a variety of public and private programs to deal with the disease. Health Undersecretary Carmencita Reodica, who is leading the delegation, said the Philippines does not expect as many AIDS cases as Thailand. "But if the Philippines does not improve its planning and surveillance system, we could face the same threat in the future," she said. Thailand has a good surveillance program, valuable support services such as mobile clinics, and active private groups fighting AIDS, she said. The group is to meet with Prime Minister Banharn Silpa-archa, who heads the Thai National AIDS Council, and other officials involved in Thailand's anti-AIDS campaign. Thailand has recorded 22,135 AIDS cases and 750,000 people with HIV. In comparison, the Philippine government has documented only 234 AIDS cases in the Philippines and 704 people with HIV. Health officials estimate that as many as 35,000 people in the country are infected with HIV. While Thailand monitors the number of AIDS cases in the general population, the Philippines only monitors the disease among so-called high-risk groups such as prostitutes, homosexuals, and intravenous drug users. Reodica said legislation is needed in the Philippines to support the country's AIDS program, as well as to answer ethical and legal issues concerning AIDS cases.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
A framework of lessons learned from community-based marine reserves and its effectiveness in guiding a new coastal management initiative in the Philippines.
Community-based coastal resource management has been widely applied within the Philippines. However, small-scale community-based reserves are often inefficient owing to management inadequacies arising because of a lack of local support or enforcement or poor design. Because there are many potential pitfalls during the establishment of even small community-based reserves, it is important for coastal managers, communities, and facilitating institutions to have access to a summary of the key factors for success. Reviewing relevant literature, we present a framework of "lessons learned" during the establishment of protected areas, mainly in the Philippines. The framework contains summary guidance on the importance of (1) an island location, (2) small community population size, (3) minimal effect of land-based development, (4) application of a bottom-up approach, (5) an external facilitating institution, (6) acquisition of title, (7) use of a scientific information database, (8) stakeholder involvement, (9) the establishment of legislation, (10) community empowerment, (11) alternative livelihood schemes, (12) surveillance, (13) tangible management results, (14) continued involvement of external groups after reserve establishment, and (15) small-scale project expansion.These framework components guided the establishment of a community-based protected area at Danjugan Island, Negros Occidental, Philippines. This case study showed that the framework was a useful guide that led to establishing and implementing a community-based marine reserve. Evaluation of the reserve using standard criteria developed for the Philippines shows that the Danjugan Island protected area can be considered successful and sustainable. At Danjugan Island, all of the lessons synthesized in the framework were important and should be considered elsewhere, even for relatively small projects. As shown in previous projects in the Philippines, local involvement and stewardship of the protected area appeared particularly important for its successful implementation. The involvement of external organizations also seemed to have a key role in the success of the Danjugan Island project by guiding local decision-makers in the sociobiological principles of establishing protected areas. However, the relative importance of each component of the framework will vary between coastal management initiatives both within the Philippines and across the wider Asian region.
Animals↗
Genetic diversity of JC virus in the modern Filipino population: implications for the peopling of the Philippines.
The Philippines is generally believed to have been established by various peoples who migrated from neighboring areas. To gain new insights into the peopling of the Philippines, we used the JC virus (JCV) genotyping approach. We collected about 50 urine samples on each of two representative islands of the Philippines, Luzon and Cebu. DNA was extracted from the urine samples and used to amplify the 610-bp region (IG region) of the viral genome. For each island, we determined about 20 IG sequences, from which a neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree was constructed to classify the JCV isolates detected into distinct genotypes. The predominant genotype detected was SC, the Southeast Asian genotype. Minor JCV genotypes were SC/Phi, B1-a, and B3. SC/Phi was a subcluster of SC and has not been detected in areas other than the Philippines. B1-a was detected previously in mainland China, Pamalican Island (Palawan, Philippines), and Taiwan (an aboriginal tribe). B3 was classified in this study into two subgroups, one (B3-a) containing three Luzon isolates and several Chinese, Thai, and Uzbek isolates, the other (B3-b) containing two Luzon, one Cebu, and one Indonesian isolate. These findings suggest that the modern Filipino population was formed not only by Southeast Asians carrying SC but also by a few distinct ethnic groups carrying SC/Phi, B1-a, and B3-a or -b.
Adult↗
BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations among breast cancer patients from the Philippines.
Age-adjusted incidence rates of breast cancer vary more than 10-fold worldwide, with the highest rates reported in North America and Europe. The highest breast cancer incidence rates in Southeast Asia have been reported for the Manila Cancer Registry in the Philippines, with an age-standardized rate of 47.7 per 100,000 per year. The possible contribution of hereditary factors to these elevated rates has not been investigated. We conducted a case-control study of 294 unselected incident breast cancer cases and 346 female controls from Manila, Philippines. Cases and controls were selected from women below the age of 65 undergoing evaluation at the PGH in Manila because of a suspicious breast mass. Molecular analysis identified 12 BRCA2 mutations and 3 BRCA1 mutations. We estimate the prevalence of BRCA mutations among unselected breast cancer cases in the Philippines to be 5.1% (95% CI: 2.6-7.6%), with a prevalence of 4.1% (95% CI: 1.8-6.4%) for BRCA2 mutations alone. The BRCA2 4265delCT and 4859delA mutations were found in 2 and 4 unrelated cases, respectively; haplotype analysis confirmed that these, and the BRCA1 5454delC mutation, are founder mutations. BRCA2 mutations were also found in 2 of 346 controls (0.6%; 95% CI: 0.2-1.4%). Compared with non-carrier cases, the cumulative risk of breast cancer for first-degree relatives of mutation carriers was 24.3% to age 50, compared with <4% for first-degree relatives of non-carrier cases (RR = 6.6; 95% CI: 2.6-17.2; p= 7.5 x 10(-6)). Our data suggest that penetrance of BRCA mutations is not reduced in the Philippines. Germline mutations in the BRCA2 gene contribute more than mutations BRCA1 to breast cancer in the Philippines, due in large part to the presence of 2 common founder mutations.
Adult↗
A biological and immunological comparison of Chinese and Philippine Schistosoma japonicum.
A comparison was made of the host (BALB/c mice)-parasite relationship of a Chinese mainland (Anhui) strain and Philippine (Sorsogon) strain of Schistosoma japonicum. Differences in fecundity, infectivity, prepatency, host survival and susceptibility to praziquantel were examined. The mean percentage of worms establishing was 40.0 and 34.4% for Chinese and Philippine S. japonicum, respectively. Egg laying commenced on days 26 and 28 after infection with the Chinese or Philippine strain, respectively. Significant differences in the total number of eggs and number of eggs per worm pair laid were observed. In terms of the number of eggs per worm pair and host survival, the Chinese strain was more virulent than the Philippine in BALB/c mice. Praziquantel treatment reduced worm burdens by 80-90% in both strains. No significant differences were observed in murine antibody responses against the 2 strains. Irradiated Chinese cercarial vaccines were protective only against homologous challenge; irradiated Philippine cercarial vaccines were not protective, confirming earlier findings that this strain is neither able to induce nor able to act as a target of irradiated cercariae-mediated vaccination. Antibody responses and immunoblot profiles in vaccinated mice were similar, regardless of the strain of parasite used.
Animals↗
The burden of injuries in the Philippines: implications for national research policy.
Injuries cause 10% of the mortality and 15% of disability worldwide. However, there is a paucity of data on injuries in the developing world where two-thirds of all injury deaths occur. This is the first published report characterizing the overall problem of injuries in the Philippines, a developing country in southeast Asia. This report defines the burden of injuries in the Philippines and identifies priority areas for the national health research agenda. A systematic review of 35 years of published and unpublished data on injuries in the Philippines (1960-1995) was conducted. Injury fatality rates increased by 196% from 14.3 per 100,000 in 1960 to 42.3 per 100,000 in 1995, and one in 11 deaths in the Philippines are due to injuries. Intentional injuries account for 48% of all injury deaths and motor vehicle crashes for 15%. For 15-44 year old males, injuries account for 42% of all deaths, 67% of which are intentional. The proportion of all deaths attributable to intentional injuries has increased by 925% and that of motor vehicle crashes by 600% from 1960 to 1995. Improvements in injury surveillance and documentation of non-fatal injury outcomes are needed. Research into risk factors and potential interventions for the prevention of intentional injuries should be a priority in the Philippines.
Cause of Death↗
Hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes among Filipino women in the Philippines, Hawaii, and San Diego.
BACKGROUND: Diabetes risk increases as immigrant populations adopt western lifestyles. We compared the prevalence of fasting hyperglycemia among Filipino women aged 40-79 years in the Philippines, Hawaii, and San Diego. METHODS: Data were obtained from the (1) Philippine National Nutrition Survey (1998), (2) Native Hawaiian Health Research Project (1997-2001), and (3) University of California San Diego Filipino Women's Health Study (1995-1999). Fasting glucose after an 8h fast, blood pressure, and body mass index (BMI) were measured in all three regions; a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test was performed in San Diego and Hawaii. RESULTS: The proportion of Filipinas with BMI > or = 30 kg/m2 was higher in Hawaii (20%) compared to women in San Diego (9.3%) or the Philippines (5.2%, p<0.001). Fasting hyperglycemia prevalence (fasting plasma glucose > or = 126 mg/dl or fasting whole blood glucose > or = 110 mg/dl) did not differ among Filipinas in the Philippines (11.8%), San Diego (14.1%), and Hawaii (14.7%, p = 0.323). Type 2 diabetes prevalence was similar among Filipinas in San Diego (31.6%) and Hawaii (24.9%, p = 0.79). CONCLUSIONS: Despite regional differences in obesity, fasting hyperglycemia was similar among Filipinas in the Philippines, San Diego, and Hawaii and type 2 diabetes prevalence was similar among Filipinas in San Diego and Hawaii.
Adult↗
Incidence of histoplasmin hypersensitivity in the Philippines.
Long-term residents of the Philippines were skin tested with histoplasmin skin test material. This study was conducted with 143 electric company (MERALCO) employees from Manila, Philippines. We found that 37 (26%) of the subjects were skin test positive. Characteristics of the positive group were: average age of 37 years; all except one were lifelong inhabitants of Metro Manila; 25 were male and 12 were female; one-half of the subjects reported extended contact with chickens. Despite these findings, histoplasmosis is considered to be a very rare disease in the Philippines. This survey indicates that Histoplasma capsulatum is sufficiently present in the Philippines to come in contact with one-fourth of the test population. This reinforces the hypothesis that histoplasmosis is present in the Philippines and is probably being misdiagnosed as granulomatous-inducing diseases such as tuberculosis, e.g., so-called "drug resistant" tuberculosis. We recommend larger surveys of this type and attempts to culture the etiologic agent from natural sources such as chicken and bat droppings.
Adult↗
The pattern and timing of diversification of Philippine endemic rodents: evidence from mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences.
The 22 genera and 64 species of rodents (Muridae: Murinae) distributed in the Philippine Islands provide a unique opportunity to study patterns and processes of diversification in island systems. Over 90% of these rodent species are endemic to the archipelago, but the relative importance of dispersal from the mainland, dispersal within the archipelago, and in situ differentiation as explanations of this diversity remains unclear, as no phylogenetic hypothesis for these species and relevant mainland forms is currently available. Here we report the results of phylogenetic analyses of the endemic Philippine murines and a wide sampling of murine diversity from outside the archipelago, based on the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and the nuclear-encoded IRBP exon 1. Analysis of our combined gene data set consistently identified five clades comprising endemic Philippine genera, suggesting multiple invasions of the archipelago. Molecular dating analyses using parametric and semiparametric methods suggest that colonization occurred in at least two stages, one ca. 15 Mya, and another 8 to 12 million years later, consistent with the previous recognition of "Old" and "New" endemic rodent faunas. Ancestral area analysis suggests that the Old Endemics invaded landmasses that are now part of the island of Luzon, whereas the three New Endemic clades may have colonized through either Mindanao, Luzon, or both. Further, our results suggest that most of the diversification of Philippine murines took place within the archipelago. Despite heterogeneity between nuclear and mitochondrial genes in most model parameters, combined analysis of the two data sets using both parsimony and likelihood increased phylogenetic resolution; however, the effect of data combination on support for resolved nodes was method dependent. In contrast, our results suggest that combination of mitochondrial and nuclear data to estimate relatively ancient divergence times can severely compromise those estimates, even when specific methods that account for rate heterogeneity among genes are employed. [Biogeography; divergence date estimation; mitochondrial DNA; molecular systematics; Murinae; nuclear exon; Philippines; phylogeny.].
Animals↗
Genetic analysis of rabies virus isolates in the Philippines.
To determine the genetic characteristics of the rabies virus in the Philippines, 59 rabies virus isolates were obtained from domestic rabid dogs and their partial nucleotide sequences of nucleoprotein (N) gene were compared. Based on comparison with reported sequences, phylogenetic analysis revealed that all isolates from the Philippines had close genetic relations and formed two subgroups. The Philippines isolates belonged to a different lineage from other Asian isolates but were closer to them than to terrestrial isolates and laboratory strains. Several specific nucleotide and amino acid substitutions were observed among the Philippines isolates. Our results suggest that rabies viruses in the Philippines might have a characteristic evolution.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
The Philippine tobacco industry: "the strongest tobacco lobby in Asia".
OBJECTIVE: To highlight revelations from internal tobacco industry documents about the conduct of the industry in the Philippines since the 1960s. Areas explored include political corruption, health, employment of consultants, resisting pack labelling, and marketing and advertising. METHODS: Systematic keyword Minnesota depository website searches of tobacco industry internal documents made available through the Master Settlement Agreement. RESULTS: The Philippines has long suffered a reputation for political corruption where collusion between state and business was based on the exchange of political donations for favourable economic policies. The tobacco industry was able to limit the effectiveness of proposed anti-tobacco legislation. A prominent scientist publicly repudiated links between active and passive smoking and disease. The placement of health warning labels was negotiated to benefit the industry, and the commercial environment allowed it to capitalise on their marketing freedoms to the fullest potential. Women, children, youth, and the poor have been targeted. CONCLUSION: The politically laissez faire Philippines presented tobacco companies with an environment ripe for exploitation. The Philippines has seen some of the world's most extreme and controversial forms of tobacco promotion flourish. Against international standards of progress, the Philippines is among the world's slowest nations to take tobacco control seriously.
Adolescent↗
Cuba and the Philippines: contrasting cases in world-system analysis.
Cuba and the Philippines are countries with broad similarities in historical background yet sharp divergences in political economic developments and relations to the capitalist world-system in recent times. U.S. economic and political interests dominated both countries during the first half of the 20th century. The changes generated by the Cuban revolution resulted in the end of U.S. power in Cuba in 1959. The Philippines, however, remain profoundly dependent on the United States. The approach taken in this article contrasts these countries, asking what the results of their divergent paths are in terms of health and health services. The ability of Cuba and the Philippines to support the primary health care (PHC) approach by fostering socioeconomic justice, authentic citizen participation, and a regionalized health system is examined. It is clear that the last 25 years of socialist-oriented development in Cuba reversed the negative effects of the previous market economy by providing improved social and health services. The success of the political economy and the fully regionalized health system, supportive of the PHC approach in Cuba, is reflected in the high-level health status of the people. In contrast, poverty, gross social and economic inequities, high prevalence of infectious disease, and inaccessible, inadequate, and uncoordinated health services persist in the Philippines after some 85 years of international and national capitalist development. The poor health status of the Philippine people is a direct reflection of this underdeveloped system.
Community Participation↗
Genetic variation and differentiation of three Schistosoma species from the Philippines, Laos, and Peninsular Malaysia.
Electrophoretically-detected allozyme variation is described in strains of Schistosoma japonicum (4 Philippine strains), S. mekongi (Laos), and an undescribed anthropophilic S. japonicum-like schistosome from Peninsular Malaysia. Result, together with those reported previously for 8 other strains (S. japonicum, China, Formosa, Japan, Philippines; S. mekongi, 2 substrains; Malaysian schistosome, 2 strains) permit a composite genetic characterization of 15 strains of Asian schistosomes at 9-18 presumptive loci. The proportion of polymorphic loci (P) and the mean heterozygosity per locus (H) were zero in all strains. Although this was expected for strains that had been in laboratory culture for up to 50 years, we expected to detect variation in strains based on 10-50 recently field-collected infected snails. We expected S. japonicum to be as variable as S. mansoni (P = 0.13 (0-0.33), H = 0.04, 18 loci, 22 strains) as it is believed to reproduce sexually, has an evolutionary history of several million years, inhabits a wide geographic range, coevolved with a genetically variable intermediate snail host, and has a diversity of mammalian hosts. No differences were detected between the 5 S. japonicum strains from Leyte and Luzon (Philippines), between the 3 S. mekongi strains, or between the 3 Malaysian schistosome strains; these groups and the remaining S. japonicum strains representing Mindoro (Philippines), China, Formosa, and Japan each have distinctive multilocus electromorphic patterns. Nei's genetic distances (D) were calculated to estimate interstrain and interspecific divergence. Interstrain genetic distances in S. japonicum averaged greater than 0.3; much higher than those reported previously for S. mansoni (D = 0.06, D(max) = 0.24). S. japonicum (Mindoro) was moderately differentiated from the Leyte-Luzon strains (D = 0.29, 12 loci). Estimates of the S. japonicum China-Philippine distance (D greater than 0.4, 11 loci) are high for conspecific populations and further studies of the still poorly characterized Chinese parasite may reveal that these are, in fact, separate species. S. japonicum is shown to be only distantly related to S. mekongi and the Malaysian schistosome (D greater than 1); the latter is closely related to, but genetically quite distinct from, S. mekongi (D = 0.61 +/- 0.275, 11 loci) and warrants recognition as a new species. The medical significance of the isogenic nature of the Asian schistosome strains and their evolutionary divergence are discussed.
Animals↗
Todaro migration and primacy models: relevance to the urbanization of the Philippines.
"This paper looks into the set of factors that [influence] the urbanization of the Philippines, a fast-growing developing economy in South East Asia. The paper demonstrates that the ¿migration primacy urbanization model' is an appropriate one that is able to explain the urbanization case in the Philippines. The model draws supporting evidence from rank-size distribution analysis of major cities in the Philippines, a detailed examination of historical, geopolitical and economic forces which have evolved in the development of the Philippines as a sovereign state, and the applicability of the Todaro model on rural-urban migration to the Philippines."
Asia↗