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PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of petrolatum coating on the rate of occlusion of ameroid constrictors in the peritoneal cavity.

OBJECTIVE: To document rate of closure and degree of inflammation associated with petrolatum coated (PCA) and non-coated ameroid constrictors (NCA) in the peritoneal cavity. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental study. ANIMALS: 18 Sprague-Dawley rats. METHODS: Thirty-six ameroid constrictors (AC; 5 mm) were digitally scanned and luminal area measured. Rats were anesthetized, and 1 PCA and 1 NCA were inserted in the peritoneal cavity by median celiotomy. Rats were euthanatized at 2 weeks (6 rats), 4 weeks (6), or 6 weeks (6) after surgery. AC were harvested, digitally scanned, and luminal area determined. Inflammation associated with the AC was subjectively graded (1-5). The effects of petrolatum coating on luminal area measurements and inflammatory score were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Closure of AC occurred most rapidly during the first 2 weeks, but luminal area decreased only 32% at 6 weeks after implantation. There was no significant difference in rate of closure for PCA compared to NCA at 2, 4, or 6 weeks. Inflammation scores were not significantly different between PCA and NCA. CONCLUSIONS: Petrolatum coating did not slow the rate of closure of AC in the peritoneal cavity. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The lack of closure of AC supports the conclusion that vascular attenuation is not dependent on luminal constriction alone. Petrolatum coating did not slow the rate of casein expansion and is unlikely to be clinically useful.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Contact dermatitis to white petrolatum.

A 31-year-old Caucasian woman presented with a 20-year history of presumed atopic dermatitis. She complained of severe pruritus and the presence of extensive patches of erythema and scale. Her previous treatments included: multiple topical corticosteroids, tacrolimus 0.1% ointment, pimecrolimus 1% cream, and cyclosporine with no improvement of her symptoms. Her past medical history was unremarkable and she was on no other oral medications, including over-the-counter products. On physical examination, multiple erythematous, scaly patches were present on the chest, abdomen,back, and upper extremities. Lichenification of both antecubital fossa was present. Extensive excoriations on her arms and abdomen were also noted. Although the patient had a long-standing history of presumed atopic dermatitis, she had never undergone a skin biopsy. A skin biopsy was performed which demonstrated a perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate with eosinophils and dermal edema (Figures 1, 2). The biopsy was suggestive of possible hypersensitivity dermatitis. The patient then underwent patch testing. The following patch tests were applied to normal back skin using IQ chambers:North American Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG) expanded standard, textile, fragrance trays, and ingredients found in her products (Chemotechnique, Malmo, Sweden). A total of 89 patches were applied, removed at 48 hours, and read both at 48 and 96 hours. At 48 hours, a total of 70 allergens were positive, 69 of those allergens were in a petrolatum vehicle. There were 50, 3+ reactions to sites of allergens in petrolatum (Figure 3). There were only two sites with petrolatum that were negative: budesonide (a corticosteroid) and melamine formaldehyde. In contrast, all of the sites where there were allergens in liquid vehicles were negative, with the exception of a 1+ reaction to cocamidopropyl betaine. At 48 hours,four additional patch tests were applied to plain petrolatum. Two of these patches were in plastic IQ chambers and two in aluminum Finn Chambers. At 48 hours, all four of the sites showed 3+ reactions (Figure 4). By 96 hours, all of the patch test sites that were positive at 48 hours, and much of the surrounding skin, showed a diffuse "angry back" reaction, which made an accurate 96-hour reading impossible.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Elicitation thresholds for thiuram mix using petrolatum and ethanol/sweat as vehicles.

An estimate of amounts of thiurams that may be released from rubber gloves into synthetic sweat, has previously been generated. These amounts should be compared to elicitation thresholds of patch tests performed with serial dilutions of thiuram mix using synthetic sweat as vehicle. Because of solubility properties of thiurams in aqueous media, such dilutions cannot directly be prepared. In this study, a stem solution was prepared in ethanol. This solution was then further diluted with synthetic sweat. Thiuram mix 0.5 w/v% was the most concentrated solution in ethanol achievable. The patch test reactions were compared to reactions to serial dilutions using petrolatum as vehicle. The experiment revealed that endpoint dilution with synthetic sweat was not achieved in this study. The threshold for elicitation of positive patch test reactions seemed to be lower for ethanol/sweat as vehicle compared to petrolatum: 32% reacted to ethanol/synthetic sweat 0.001 mg/cm2 compared to 14% reacting to thiuram in pet. 0.002 mg/cm2. Based on these results, synthetic sweat may be considered a more relevant medium for threshold finding studies than petrolatum. Because of expected instability of the aqueous solutions, petrolatum is probably a more suitable vehicle for routine testing. The study does not permit final conclusions concerning acceptable thresholds for leachable thiurams in rubber gloves, but it is likely that an acceptable threshold would be substantially less than 0.001 mg/ cm2.

Allergens↗
PubMed1999

Are contact allergens stable in patch test preparations? Investigation of the degradation of d-limonene hydroperoxides in petrolatum.

Several of the products formed after oxidation of d-limonene exhibit strong contact allergenic properties. Some, e.g., the hydroperoxides, are unstable compounds. In this study, we have examined whether the limonene hydroperoxides are chemically stable in white petrolatum used for patch testing. We found that the stability of the hydroperoxides was strongly dependent on whether or not the petrolatum was stabilized with alpha-tocopheryl acetate. In the presence of this antioxidant, the hydroperoxides were degraded to a greater extent. The hydroperoxides were shown to be directly reduced to the corresponding alcohols by this agent. On the other hand, the compounds where shown to be stable in non-stabilized petrolatum throughout clinical patch testing for a period of 6 weeks, provided that the preparations were stored in a refrigerator when not used. Thus, it is recommended that vehicles without alpha-tocopheryl acetate are used when peroxy or hydroperoxy compounds are patch tested or used in sensitization experiments. However, it is important to limit the storage time so that optimal conditions are at hand. A fast method was developed to enable isolation and quantification of the hydroperoxides in white petrolatum. This analytical method may also be applicable to other compositions of patch test preparations.

Allergens↗
PubMed1997

Petrolatum prevents irritation in a human cumulative exposure model in vivo.

BACKGROUND: Protective creams (PCs) have been studied in different models indicating a protective effect of some products. In order to compare PCs in different studies, a generic reference standard should be available. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate if petrolatum prevents epidermal barrier disruption induced by various irritants in a repetitive irritation test (RIT) and to assess its potential as a standard reference product. METHODS: White petrolatum was evaluated against a set of 4 irritants [10% sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), 1% sodium hydroxide (NaOH), 30% lactic acid (LA) and undiluted toluene (TOL)] in the RIT. Twenty subjects were tested on the paravertebral skin of the midback. Irritation was assessed by visual scoring, transepidermal water loss and colorimetry. RESULTS: Petrolatum was very effective against SLS, NaOH and LA irritation, and it provided a moderate protection against TOL. CONCLUSION: Petrolatum can be recommended as a standard reference substance against which PCs may be compared as it is effective against water-soluble and water-insoluble irritants in a standardized test procedure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Allergic contact dermatitis caused by white petrolatum on damaged skin.

Petrolatum rarely causes hypersensitivity reactions. We report a case of a 51-year-old white man with allergic contact dermatitis due to white petrolatum on damaged skin. The patient, who presented with a history of hand dermatitis and intolerance to ointments for years, was patch-tested with white petrolatum on scratched skin. Patch tests with the European Standard series, preservatives, steroids, vehicles, and emulsifiers were also performed. The patch-test reaction to white petrolatum on scratched skin was positive at 48 and 96 hours. All other patch-test results were negative.

Dermatitis, Allergic Contact↗
PubMed1985

An evaluation of the compatibility between aluminium Finn Chambers and various mercurials dissolved in water or dispersed in petrolatum.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate compatibility between aluminium Finn Chambers and various mercurials either dissolved in water or dispersed in petrolatum (at the concentrations used in patch test clinics). Aluminium chambers were corroded by aqueous solutions of mercuric oxycyanide, ammoniated mercury and thiomersal, but not by solutions of other mercurials. No corrosion was noted when mercurials had been dispersed in petrolatum, even after 6 months at 37 degrees C. Patch test series of mercurials dispersed in petrolatum were applied on the skin of guinea pigs and in man for 48 h, using aluminium Finn Chambers. No clinical sign of skin irritation was observed. It can be concluded that aluminium Finn Chambers may be safely used for patch testing mercurials if these are dispersed in petrolatum.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Effect of complex formation between 4-hexylresorcinol and ethyl myristate on release rate of 4-hexylresorcinol from petrolatum base.

The effect of ethyl myristate on the release rate of 4-hexylresorcinol from petrolatum base was studied at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees. 4-Hexylresorcinol was analyzed spectrophotometrically at 278 nm. The release rate of hexylresorcinol from the ointments was directly proportional to the square root of time and depended on the percentage of ethyl myristate in the ointment base. For 0, 0.5, 1, 3, and 5% of ethyl myristate, the release rates were 29.6, 35.4, 38.3, 55.7, and 70.0 micrograms/hr1/2/cm2, respectively. The solubility of hexylresorcinol in the petrolatum base was determined as a function of ethyl myristate using partitioning techniques. The enhancement in hexylresorcinol solubility was rationalized on the basis of 1:1 and 1:2 complexes between hexylresorcinol and ethyl myristate. The complexation constants of these complexes were estimated to be 10 M-1 and 206.1 M-2, respectively. The diffusion coefficient of hexylresorcinol in the petrolatum base was estimated to be 1.31 x 10(-8) cm2/sec.

Hexylresorcinol↗
PubMed1985

Characterization of the shear sensitivity property of petrolatum.

The effects of temperature and mechanical shear on the microcrystalline structure of petrolatum are examined; syneresis determinations and rheological methods are utilized as indicators of the integrity of this structure. Two simple and practical methods for determining the shear sensitivity of petrolatum are presented. The rheological technique of spring relaxation is evaluated and shown to be more valuable than the continuous rheogram data in predicting the microcrystalline structure of petrolatum.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed2001

Interpenetrating polymer network wound dressing versus petrolatum following facial CO2 laser resurfacing: a bilateral comparison.

BACKGROUND: Occlusive dressings increase the speed of epidermal wound healing by decreasing wound adherence, maintaining a moisture barrier, and allowing contact with healing factors. OBJECTIVE: To test whether a thin film of silicone and polytetrafluoroethylene blended into an interpenetrating polymer network (SPIPN) can provide improved healing over petrolatum following CO2 laser resurfacing injury. METHODS: A bilateral comparison of closed SPIPN versus open healing following two different CO2 laser delivery systems for resurfacing was performed. Twenty patients were followed and evaluated at days 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 30, 60, and 90 for exudate, erythema, rate of epithelialization, pigment changes, postoperative pain, pruritus, cosmetic results, preference, and duration of postoperative complications. RESULTS: Results demonstrated improved healing for SPIPN compared to petrolatum alone. Markedly decreased exudate was seen in 90% of the SPIPN dressing sides. Erythema during the first 72 hours was 1.95 for SPIPN versus 2.6 for open (scale 1-4) (P <.05). Pruritus was 1.67 versus 2.44 (P <.05) for SPIPN versus open during the first 3 days postoperatively. Approximately 75% of the patients preferred SPIPN to control petrolatum. The rate of reepithelialization was also better for the SPIPN dressing, taking only 2 days versus 2.8 days for open control. Approximately 50% of the patients reported decreased pain on the SPIPN side at days 1 and 2. CONCLUSIONS: SPIPN dressing provides an easily applied, easily tolerated dressing for use after laser resurfacing. Many patients benefit from faster healing, reduced exudate, better appearance during the postoperative period, and decreased postoperative discomfort.

Bandages↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Skin-identical lipids versus petrolatum in the treatment of tape-stripped and detergent-perturbed human skin.

The cutaneous permeability barrier is localized to the stratum corneum interstices and is mediated by lamellar bilayers enriched in cholesterol, free fatty acids and ceramides. Topically applied lipids may interfere with the skin barrier function and formulations containing "skin-identical lipids" have been suggested to facilitate normalization of damaged skin. The aim of the present study was to compare the ability of "skin-identical lipids" in a petrolatum-rich cream base and pure petrolatum to facilitate barrier repair in detergent- and tape-stripped-perturbed human skin. Barrier recovery and inflammation were instrumentally monitored for 14 days as transepidermal water loss and skin blood flow, using an Evaporimeter and a laser Doppler flowmeter, respectively. Treatment with the 2 different products gave no indication that "skin-identical lipids" in a cream base are more efficient than pure petrolatum at promoting normalization in either of the 2 experimentally perturbed areas. This finding may support the hypothesis that different types of skin abnormality should be treated according to the underlying damage.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1983

Contact allergy to petrolatums. (II). Attempts to identify the nature of the allergens.

Using several chromatographic and spectrometric procedures, it was established that the allergens present in pharmaceutical and cosmetic petrolatums are probably polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. These substances are impurities, and the quantity present is largely a function of the source of the petrolatum and the purification procedures. As the aromatic portion in petrolatum is a very complex and unstable mixture of chemically-related agents, only 2 out of the several possible allergens present could be identified: they were most probably phenanthrene derivatives with molecular weights of 230 and 244.

Allergens↗
PubMed1983

Contact allergy to petrolatums. (III). Allergenicity prediction and pharmacopoeial requirements.

Several pharmacopoeias set limits on the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content in petrolatum. UV absorbance measurement of aromatic extracts of petrolatum samples has been shown to be a more reliable method than direct UV absorbance measurement as prescribed by several pharmacopoeias for the determination of that content, but the presence of allergenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons does not always correlate with lower UV absorbance. Biological tests are ultimately the only certain method of detecting biologically active compounds. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can also be irritant and carcinogenic. Therefore, universally uniform and very stringent limits should be set restricting their presence in pharmaceutical grade petrolatum.

Belgium↗
PubMed2000

Continuous topical administration of a petrolatum formulation by a novel disposable diaper. 1. Effect on skin surface microtopography.

BACKGROUND: Cutaneous problems are commonly associated with the use of diapers. Aiming to help reduce them, we have explored the use of the inner layer of diapers as a means to deliver to the skin dermatological formulations intended to help protect it from overhydration and irritation. OBJECTIVE: To determine the feasibility of using the inner layer of the diaper as a vehicle for topical delivery of a petrolatum-based formulation and to determine its impact on skin surface microtopography. METHODS: Two independent, blinded, randomized clinical trials were conducted, on children 16-24 months of age. All comparisons were done versus a control diaper, identical to the test product except for the absence of the petrolatum formulation. The studies determined the effects of the novel diaper on transfer of formulation to the skin and skin surface microtopography. RESULTS: During normal diaper use, formulation transfer from the diaper to the skin occurred in a cumulative, time-dependent manner and use of the formulation-treated diaper was associated with significant reductions in skin surface roughness compared to the control diaper. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrated the feasibility and skin surface benefits associated with continuous topical administration of a petrolatum-based formulation by this novel diaper. This unprecedented dosimetric approach offers new avenues to reduce further the dermatological problems commonly associated with diaper use.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2000

Continuous topical administration of a petrolatum formulation by a novel disposable diaper. 2. Effect on skin condition.

BACKGROUND: Diaper dermatitis is a common childhood affliction. Aiming to help reduce the prevalence of this problem, we have developed a novel diaper to deliver to the skin dermatological formulations intended to help protect the skin from overhydration and irritation. OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical benefits of a novel disposable diaper designed to deliver a petrolatum-based formulation continuously to the skin during use. METHODS: Two independent, blinded, randomized clinical trials were conducted, involving an aggregate total of 391 children, 8-24 months of age. All comparisons were done versus a control diaper, identical to the test product except for the absence of the petrolatum formulation. The studies determined the effects of the novel diaper on skin erythema and diaper rash. RESULTS: Use of the formulation-treated diaper was associated with significant reductions in severity of erythema and diaper rash compared to the control product. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrated the clinical benefits associated with continuous topical administration of a petrolatum-based formulation by this novel diaper. We anticipate that this advance in diaper design will contribute significantly to further reduce the prevalence and severity of irritant contact dermatitis in the diaper area.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1978

Effect of Vaporub and petrolatum on frequency and amplitude of breathing in children with acute bronchitis.

Transthoracic impedance pneumographs from sixty children suffering from acute bronchitis were studied to investigate the effect of Vaporub on the amplitude and frequency of breathing. The experimental technique consisted of an observation period of 70 minutes after a 3-minute treatment with Vaporub or petrolatum as a control. Before the treatment, after an adaptation period of 20 minutes, the pneumogram was recorded for 10 minutes, after the treatment pneumograms were recorded for 70 minutes. The pneumograph data demonstrated an early increase in amplitude up to 33.0%, with subsequent return to slightly above control for the remaining test period. Such an increase was not observed in the Petrolatum-treated group. Breathing frequency demonstrated a progressive decrease to 19.4% of the pre-treatment value at the end of the test period, while the Petrolatum controls were between + 3.6 to - 4.2% difference. It is concluded that Vaporub treatment results in a change in breathing patterns. This, together with the clinical observation of the children suggests a condition of 'easier breathing'.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2001

Petrolatum versus Resurfix ointment in the treatment of pressure ulcers.

This study compares the therapeutic effects of a new topically applied, nonprescription medication that has been introduced for re-epithelialization of ulcers and erosions of the skin, with petrolatum in treating pressure ulcers of shallow depth (Stage I and Stage II). A 6-week, randomized, double-blind study was performed on 19 patients with Stage I or Stage II pressure ulcers. The patients received either the new nonprescription medication or petrolatum, which served as a control. After the course of the study, the study ointment effected resolution in a majority of pressure ulcers (9 out of 10), while only one out of three ulcers treated with petrolatum resolved in the same time period. These preliminary results show that the study ointment is a safe and effective treatment for Stage I and II pressure ulcers.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Variations in the quantities of petrolatum applied in patch testing.

When using patch tests to objectify contact allergy in patients, many different materials are used in different clinics. Whatever the material used, there are presumably differences in the quantities of allergens dispersed in petrolatum applied in the patch tests by the clinicians. Therefore, we designed an experiment in order to evaluate whether such differences do indeed exist. The results presented here clearly show that the quantities of petrolatum applied varies considerably in the patch tests (i.e. Leukotest Beiersdorf) from dermatologist to dermatologist. In addition, we found that for an individual dermatologist differences occur from day to day. It is our conclusion that in the interest of the patients and in the interest of multicentric studies, standardization of patch test materials is of great importance, especially in regards to the quantities of petrolatum applied.

Allergens↗