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PubMed1981

Identification of Pasteurella multocida and Pasteurella haemolytica by API 20E, Minitek, and Oxi/Ferm systems.

Fifty serotyped isolates each of Pasteurella multocida and Pasteurella haemolytica were tested on the API 20E strip (Analytab Products, Plainview, N.Y.), the Oxi/Ferm tube (Roche Diagnostics, Nutley, N.J.), and the Minitek system (BBL Microbiology Systems, Cockeysville, Md.). None of the rapid test systems reliable identified these organisms. With the API system, discrepancies between expected and actual results for the oxidase test and nitrate test frequently resulted in misidentification or no identification. The Minitek system misidentified 68% of the P. haemolytica isolates. The Minitek identification of Pasteurella depends on 100% positive xylose reactions, whereas only 56% of the P. haemolytica strains were positive for xylose fermentation. The Oxy/Ferm system, instead of giving a definitive identification, in most instances merely placed Pasteurella in a category of similar organisms.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1979

[On the phenotypical characteristics of human pasteurella, and pasteurella-like isolates (author's transl)].

Fourty-two human isolates that had been designated Pasteurella, or pasteurella-like organisms in the bacteriological routine laboratory were phenotypically characterized considering conventional, morphological and physiological features, and respiratory quinones. Thirty-seven of these strains fitted into the large traditional species, P. multocida, the majority of them being associated with alterations of the respiratory tract, and the rest with intestinal diseases, or putrid wound secretions mostly following animal bite or scratch lesions. Two strains isolated from sputum, or sinus maxillaris punctate, respectively, were P. ureae, and one strain recovered from a septicemic blood samle proved to be Cardiobacterium hominis. A pasteurella-like strain isolated from putrid sputum and an unusual organism that had been isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of an infant with putrid meningitis remained unidentified. The bacteriological data are discussed with respect to the diagnostics of Pasteurella and similar organisms and especially, the range of phenotypical variation within the species, P. multocida.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Distribution of Pasteurella haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida in the bovine lung following vaccination and challenge exposure as an indicator of lung resistance.

Experimental calves were vaccinated with virulent strains of Pasteurella haemolytica or Pasteurella multocida or with phosphate-buffered saline solution either by an aerosol method or by subcutaneous injection. Calves were subsequently challenge exposed by intrapulmonic inoculation of the homologous virulent Pasteurella species. Sections obtained from the resulting pulmonic lesion were stained, using a fluorescent antibody technique, to determine relative number, location, and integrity of the challenge organism. The resistance of the calf to challenge exposure, as determined by other factors, was compared with the capacity of the components of the lung to engulf or destroy pasteurellae. Calves vaccinated with an aerosol of the bacterium were most resistant to challenge exposure; most bacteria were engulfed or degraded by the phagocytic cells. Vaccination by subcutaneous injection was less effective in inducing resistance. Tissue sections from these calves contained many more extracellular intact bacteria and fewer intracellular intact or degraded bacteria than were seen in the sections of calves vaccinated by the aerosol method. The control calves were the least resistant; bacteria seen in tissue sections from these calves were numerous, predominantly extracellular, and intact. A group of nonvaccinated calves experimentally inoculated with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus 5 days before intrapulmonic challenge exposure with P haemolytica developed severe pulmonic lesions. The lesions were larger and more invasive and contained many more extracellular bacteria than did the lungs of calves in control groups. As in other nonvaccinated calves, there were few intracellular bacteria; however, unlike in other calves, the extracellular bacteria were seen in large numbers, particularly in alveolar lumens.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Divergent activity and function of superoxide dismutases in Pasteurella haemolytica serotypes A1 and A2 and Pasteurella trehalosi serotype T10.

Representative strains of Pasteurella haemolytica serotypes A1 and A2 and Pasteurella trehalosi serotype T10 were examined for the presence of superoxide dismutase. Visualisation of superoxide dismutase enzyme activity on polyacrylamide gels, and specific inhibition with potassium cyanide verified a copper/zinc (Cu/Zn) superoxide dismutase only in serotype A2 whereas serotypes A1 and T10 showed other superoxide dismutase activity. Using a simple freeze-thaw method the cellular location of superoxide dismutase enzyme activity was determined in all three serotypes. In serotypes A1 and A2 but not T10 superoxide dismutases were located in the periplasm. The viability of serotypes A2 and T10 cells in the presence of exogenous superoxide was unchanged over a 30 min period, whereas serotype A1 cells declined in viability between 15 and 30 min. Purified immunoglobulin from sheep convalescent serum did not reduce superoxide dismutase activity in the serotypes in an in vitro assay. The presence of this enzyme within the pasteurellae suggests a supportive role in the virulence of this major pathogen of ruminants.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of Pasteurella haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida recovered from cattle with bovine respiratory disease complex.

The antimicrobial susceptibilities of 421 Pasteurella haemolytica and 158 P. multocida isolates recovered from cattle with respiratory disease were determined with a microdilution minimal inhibitory concentration test system. Isolates were analyzed for patterns of resistance to ampicillin, ceftiofur, erythromycin, gentamicin, penicillin, spectinomycin, sulfachlorpyridazine, sulfadimethoxine, tetracycline, and tylosin. All isolates tested were found susceptible to ceftiofur and sulfachlorpyridazine. Pasteurella haemolytica isolates were resistant to ampicillin, penicillin, sulfadimethoxine, tetracycline, and tylosin. Pasteurella multocida isolates were resistant to sulfadimethoxine, tetracycline, and tylosin.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Atypical Pasteurella strains producing a toxin similar to the dermonecrotic toxin of Pasteurella multocida subspecies multocida.

This paper is the first report of the production of a dermonecrotic toxin by pasteurella strains that do not belong to the species Pasteurella multocida subspecies multocida. Four strains, isolated from cattle with atrophic rhinitis, were characterised phenotypically. The strains were related to pasteurellaceae, but their taxonomic position remained unclear. The strains produced a toxin that caused a haemorrhagic dermonecrosis in guinea pigs and was lethal to mice. Both effects were neutralised by an antiserum against the purified dermonecrotic toxin of P multocida subspecies multocida. Western blot analysis of culture filtrates of the bovine strains revealed a protein, with the same molecular weight as dermonecrotic toxin, which reacted with both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against the toxin. In an immunodiffusion test, anti-dermonecrotic toxin serum did not discriminate between the toxin of the bovine strains and the toxin of P multocida subspecies multocida. It is concluded that these atypical pasteurella strains produce a toxin that is closely related to the dermonecrotic toxin of P multocida subspecies multocida.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Genetic relationships among avian isolates classified as Pasteurella haemolytica, 'Actinobacillus salpingitidis' or Pasteurella anatis with proposal of Gallibacterium anatis gen. nov., comb. nov. and description of additional genomospecies within Gallibacterium gen. nov.

Bacteria of the avian [Pasteurella haemolytica]-'Actinobacillus salpingitidis' complex have been associated with different pathological conditions in birds, among which salpingitis and peritonitis in chickens of layer type seem to dominate. The aim of this study was to classify these bacteria by comparison of 37 strains tentatively classified as biovars of the avian [P. haemolytica]-'A. salpingitidis' complex or as Pasteurella anatis. PFGE, AFLP and plasmid profiling showed that strains representing different biovars were genotypically different. Phylogenetic analysis of 22 strains characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison showed that strains classified as biovars 5, 8 and 9 were closely related to the suggested type strain of 'A. salpingitidis' (98.4-99.9% similarity), whereas the remaining strains classified in 12 biovars or as P. anatis were closely related to the type strain of P. anatis (98.1-100% similarity). The two groups were related at 95.7-97.1% similarity. The closest similarity outside this group was 94.6%, between biovar 15 and Bisgaard taxon 3. DNA-DNA hybridization was performed with 34 strains and showed binding above 85% for strains of biovars 5 and 8, including the suggested type strain of 'A. salpingitidis'. Two strains of P. anatis (F 149T and F 279) were closely related at 79% DNA binding to 27 strains of biovars 1,3, 4, 11, 12, 17-20, 22 and 24. A new genus, Gallibacterium gen. nov., is proposed to include the avian [P. haemolytica]-'A. salpingitidis'-P. anatis complex, since these taxa form a monophyletic unit with similarities above 95% on the basis of 16S rRNA sequence comparison and they are unrelated to other genera of the family Pasteurellaceae Pohl 1981. The new genus consists of Gram-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped or pleomorphic bacteria. The bacteria are catalase-, oxidase- and phosphatase-positive. Nitrate is reduced and acid is produced without gas formation from glycerol, (-)D-ribose, (+)D-xylose, (-)D-mannitol, (-)D-fructose, (+)D-galactose, (+)D-glucose, (+)D-mannose, sucrose and raffinose. The genus Gallibacterium can be separated from other genera of Pasteurellaceae by differences in catalass, symbiotic growth, haemolysis, urease, indole, acid production from (+)D-xylose, (-)D-mannitol, (-)D-sorbitol, (+)D-mannose, maltose, raffinose and dextrin and ONPG and PNPG tests. Pasteurella anatis Mutters et al. 1985 is transferred to the new genus as Gallibacterium anatis gen. nov., comb. nov. Genomospecies 1 of Gallibacterium is proposed to include the former biovars 5 and 8 of the avian [P. haemolytica]-'A. salpingitidis' complex. The type strain of Gallibacterium anatis is F 149T (=ATCC 43329T = NCTC 11413T) and the reference strain of Gallibacterium genomospecies 1 is CCM 5974.

Actinobacillus↗
PubMed1995

Pasteurella multocida septicemia and subsequent Pasteurella dagmatis septicemia in a diabetic patient.

Pasteurella species may cause zoonotic infections of humans. Serious systemic infections with these organisms are unusual, but they may occur in individuals with predisposing underlying illnesses. Occurrences of bacteremia due to P. multocida are infrequent, and P. dagmatis bacteremia is even rarer. We report independent occurrences of P. multocida and P. dagmatis septicemia in the same diabetic patient after contact with two pet dogs. We review the history of Pasteurella species and discuss the biochemical and clinical features of its association with zoonosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

CAT III chloramphenicol resistance in Pasteurella haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida isolated from calves.

Chloramphenicol, which had been used extensively for antimicrobial veterinary therapy, was prohibited in Europe in 1994. Soon after it became available, resistance to this drug was detected, generally conferred by plasmids encoding inactivating enzymes, the chloramphenicol acetyltransferases (CAT), in Gram-negative as well as in Gram-positive bacteria. In the last few years, resistance to antibiotics emerged in Pasteurella strains from breeding herds and this evolution was followed by a national surveillance network. Chloramphenicol-resistance was more recently detected in multiresistant strains. We studied 25 strains of Pasteurella, selected for their resistance to chloramphenicol. Production of a CAT was demonstrated in all these strains. PCR amplification indicated that the CAT produced was of type III for 23 of them. In these strains, chloramphenicol-resistance was mediated by plasmids of about 5.1 kb. Southern blots on restriction fragments suggested a high degree of homology between these 5.1 kb plasmids. In the two other strains, production of a CAT type I was demonstrated, and the corresponding genes were either shown on a plasmid of 17 or 5.5 kb.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Emended description of porcine [Pasteurella] aerogenes, [Pasteurella] mairii and [Actinobacillus] rossii.

The aim of this study was to improve the definition and identification of a group of veterinarily important bacteria referred to as the [Pasteurella] aerogenes-[Pasteurella] mairii-[Actinobacillus] rossii complex. These organisms have mainly been isolated from the reproductive and intestinal tracts of pigs and in most cases have been considered as opportunistic pathogens. A collection of 87 strains were characterized by phenotypic analysis from which 41 strains were selected for 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison, out of which 23 have been sequenced in the present study. One group of 21 strains phenotyped as biovars 1, 3-5, 9-11, 19 and 25-27, including the type strain of [P.] aerogenes, showed 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 99.6 % or higher; another group of 18 strains including biovars 2, 6-8, 12-15, 21, 23, 24 and 26A and the type strain of [A.] rossii showed 97.8 % or higher 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. Between the two groups, 93.8-95.7 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity was observed. Strains of [P.] mairii showed 99.5 % similarity, with 95.5-97.2 and 93.8-95.5 % similarity to strains of [P.] aerogenes and [A.] rossii, respectively. Four strains could not be classified with any of these groups and belonged to other members of Pasteurellaceae. Comparisons were also made to DNA-DNA hybridization data. Biovars 1, 9, 10, 11 and 19, including the type strain of [P.] aerogenes, linked at 70 % DNA reassociation, whereas strains identified as biovars 2, 6, 7, 8, 12, 15 and 21 of [P.] aerogenes linked at 81 %. The latter group most likely represents [A.] rossii based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons. DNA reassociation between the [P.] aerogenes and [A.] rossii groups was at most 37 %, whereas 47 % was the highest DNA reassociation found between [P.] aerogenes and [P.] mairii. The study showed that [P.] aerogenes, [P.] mairii and [A.] rossii can not be easily separated and may consequently be misidentified based on current knowledge of their phenotypic characteristics. In addition, these taxa are difficult to separate from other taxa of the Pasteurellaceae. A revised scheme for separation based upon phenotypic characters is suggested for the three species [P.] aerogenes emend., [P.] mairii emend. and [A.] rossii emend., with the respective type strains ATCC 27883T, NCTC 10699T and ATCC 27072T.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Pulmonary response to intratracheal challenge with Pasteurella haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida.

Calves were inoculated intratracheally with 5 X 10(7), 5 X 10(8), or 5 X 10(9) colony forming units of either 18-hour stationary phase cultures or 4-hour log phase cultures of Pasteurella haemolytica. The log phase culture at all concentrations produced more severe clinical signs, hematological changes and pulmonary lesions at postmortem examination than did the corresponding stationary phase culture. More severe effects were seen with the larger doses especially with the log phase culture. Fibrinous bronchopneumonia with focal or multifocal necrosis was consistently produced by both the stationary and log phase cultures. To determine if this lesion was peculiar to P. haemolytica or whether it could be produced generally by rapidly growing Gram negative organisms, a 4-hour log phase culture of Pasteurella multocida was prepared in an identical manner to that used for the culture of P. haemolytica and given to calves intratracheally at the high bacterial dose (5 X 10(9]. The P. haemolytica produced more severe clinical, hematological and morphological changes than did the P. multocida. The lesions observed with P. multocida differed morphologically from those of P. haemolytica; there was a suppurative exudative component and minimal to no necrosis with P. multocida. It appears that an important pathogenic principle is produced by the rapidly growing P. haemolytica that causes it to produce a more severe clinical disease and more necrotizing pulmonary lesions than P. multocida.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Association of Pasteurella haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida and Haemophilus somnus with pneumonia in calves.

Pathological and bacteriological observations were made on 100 (0.98%) pneumonic lungs of 10140 slaughtered beef calves during March 1995-June 1996 period. Gross lesions were mainly lobular and occasionally lobar pattern and, were frequently observed in the pars cranialis of lobus cranialis dexter. In histological examination, proliferative-exudative pneumonia was observed in 79 cases, and proliferative pneumonia alone in 21 cases. In bacteriological examination, Pasteurella haemolytica. Pasteurella multocida and Haemophilus somnus were isolated from 42.8 and 10 of pneumonic lungs respectively. In 7 cases, P. haemolytica and H. somnus were isolated from the same sample P. haemolytica and P. multocida were also found in the same sample in 2 cases. There was a close relation among these organisms and exudative inflammation (P < 0.01).

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1995

Tetracycline resistance determinants, Tet B and Tet M, detected in Pasteurella haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida from bovine herds.

Resistance to antibiotics has recently emerged in Pasteurella haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida isolated from bovine herds. Forty-two clinical strains resistant to antibiotics and isolated through a French national network from different origins were analysed for their resistance to tetracycline. The MICs of tetracycline ranged from 32-256 mg/L. The resistance determinants Tet B and Tet M were detected in two strains, in which they are probably chromosomal.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Characterization of envelope proteins from Pasteurella haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida.

A method was devised for the reproducible isolation of envelopes from Pasteurella haemolytica serotype A2. It was also possible to prepare envelopes from other serotypes of P. haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida using this methodology. Examination of these preparations by SDS-PAGE showed major differences between strains of P. haemolytica and strains of P. multocida which allowed the clear distinction of isolates of these species. Amongst the P. haemolytica serotypes it was possible to distinguish envelope preparations made from A biotype and T biotype organisms easily, but it was not possible to identify individual serotypes from each other. Envelope profiles were sufficiently different between the individual P. multocida serotypes examined to allow each to be identified by its polypeptide profile. Experiments using radiolabelling, antibody absorption, and susceptibility to protease digestion, together with heat modifiability and detergent solubility characteristics indicated that 13 of the envelope proteins were probably surface-located. A high molecular mass immunogenic envelope protein was shown, by immunoblotting, to be present in all strains of P. haemolytica and P. multocida examined.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1999

Conservation of expression and N-terminal sequences of the Pasteurella haemolytica 31-kilodalton and Pasteurella trehalosi 29-kilodalton periplasmic iron-regulated proteins.

This study examined the conservation of expression of a 31-kDa iron-regulated protein by serotypes of Pasteurella haemolytica and Pasteurella trehalosi associated with pasteurellosis of cattle and sheep. A polyclonal antibody prepared against the purified 31-kDa periplasmic iron-regulated protein from P. haemolytica serotype A1 showed that all P. haemolytica serotypes expressed similar 31-kDa proteins with identical N-terminal sequences, whereas P. trehalosi serotypes expressed immunologically different 29-kDa proteins with a different N-terminal sequence. Antibody to the 31-kDa iron-regulated protein was a useful tool to distinguish similarities and differences of the iron-regulated proteins of P. haemolytica and P. trehalosi.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Mosaic structure and molecular evolution of the leukotoxin operon (lktCABD) in Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica, Mannheimia glucosida, and Pasteurella trehalosi.

The mosaic structure and molecular evolution of the leukotoxin operon (lktCABD) was investigated by nucleotide sequence comparison of the lktC, lktB, and lktD genes in 23 Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica, 6 Mannheimia glucosida, and 4 Pasteurella trehalosi strains. Sequence variation in the lktA gene has been described previously (R. L. Davies et al., J. Bacteriol. 183:1394-1404, 2001). The leukotoxin operon of M. haemolytica has a complex mosaic structure and has been derived by extensive inter- and intraspecies horizontal DNA transfer and intragenic recombination events. However, the pattern of recombination varies throughout the operon and among the different evolutionary lineages of M. haemolytica. The lktA and lktB genes have the most complex mosaic structures with segments derived from up to four different sources, including M. glucosida and P. trehalosi. In contrast, the lktD gene is highly conserved in M. haemolytica. The lktC, lktA, and lktB genes of strains representing the major ovine lineages contain recombinant segments derived from bovine or bovine-like serotype A2 strains. These findings support the previous conclusion that host switching of bovine A2 strains from cattle to sheep has played a major role in the evolution of the leukotoxin operon in ovine strains of M. haemolytica. Homologous segments of donor and recipient alleles are identical, or nearly identical, indicating that the recombinational exchanges occurred relatively recent in evolutionary terms. The 5' and 3' ends of the operon are highly conserved in M. haemolytica, which suggests that multiple horizontal exchanges of the complete operon have occurred by a common mechanism such as transduction. Although the lktA and lktB genes both have complex mosaic structures and high nucleotide substitution rates, the amino acid diversity of LktB is significantly lower than that of LktA due to a higher degree of evolutionary constraint against amino acid replacement. The recombinational exchanges within the leukotoxin operon have had greatest effect on LktA and probably provide an adaptive advantage against the host antibody response by generating novel antigenic variation at surface-exposed sites.

Alleles↗