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PubMed2001

Chromosomal polymorphism, morphological traits and male mating success in Leptysma argentina (Orthoptera).

Leptysma argentina (Acrididae: Orthoptera) is polymorphic for a centric fusion between pairs 3 and 6 of its basic chromosomal complement. With the aim of carrying out an analysis of selection components in this species, male mating success, in relation to karyotype and three morphometric traits, was assessed by using experimental contests with four males and one female per mating cage. Karyotype was assessed in terms of fused chromosome 3/6 dosage and coded as "0", "1" and "2" for unfused homozygotes, heterozygotes and fusion homozygotes, respectively. The individual ANOVA showed significant differences between "successful" and "unsuccessful" males in all four measured characters. Fusion carriers showed a higher relative fitness. Since the phenotypic correlations among traits were significant, the selective effects were assessed by means of a multivariate analysis, which demonstrated that selection acted significantly on femur length only, selection on karyotype being indirect. Given that the fusion frequency has been constant since 1985, the presence of selective trade-offs cannot be ruled out.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Role of male accessory glands in spermatodesm reorganization in Orthoptera Tettigonioidea.

A preliminary examination of the spermatodesms of Orthoptera Tettigonioidea revealed a structure that is similar in individuals of the same sex but very different in specimens of opposite sex. This reorganization would seem to take place inside the spermatophore during transit from the male to female genital tracts. The results of incubating spermatodesms with the secretions of glandular extract (GE) obtained from male accessory glands, known to be involved in forming the spermatophore wall, revealed changes in the spermatodesm 'cap' that are comparable to those occurring in vivo. Moreover, incubation of spermatodesms with the extracts obtained separately from tubules of the 1st and 2nd orders (GE1, GE2) established that GE2 alone modifies the spermatodesms, thus excluding the possible implication of 1st order tubules in the rearrangement process. In conclusion, data from incubations of spermatodesms with the single fractions obtained by submitting GE2 to gel-filtration FPLC show that only the peak 4 maintains intact the biological activity of GE2, SDS-PAGE analysis of the fraction corresponding to peak 4 revealed a greater protein content of 29 kD, which also appears to a lesser degree in fraction 3. This material is responsible for a partial dismantling of the 'cap' in the incubated spermatodesms.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Combined molecular phylogenetic analysis of the Orthoptera (Arthropoda, Insecta) and implications for their higher systematics.

A phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear rDNA sequences from species of all the superfamilies of the insect order Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, and relatives) confirmed that although mitochondrial sequences provided good resolution of the youngest superfamilies, nuclear rDNA sequences were necessary to separate the basal groups. To try to reconcile these data sets into a single, fully resolved orthopteran phylogeny, we adopted consensus and combined data strategies. The consensus analysis produced a partially resolved tree that lacked several well-supported features of the individual analyses. However, this lack of resolution was explained by an examination of resampled data sets, which identified the likely source of error as the relatively short length of the individual mitochondrial data partitions. In a subsequent comparison in which the mitochondrial sequences were initially combined, we observed less conflict. We then used two approaches to examine the validity of combining all of the data in a single analysis: comparative analysis of trees recovered from resampled data sets, and the application of a randomization test. Because the results did not point to significant levels of heterogeneity in phylogenetic signal between the mitochondrial and nuclear data sets, we therefore proceeded with a combined analysis. Reconstructing phylogenies under the minimum evolution and maximum likelihood optimality criteria, we examined monophyly of the major orthopteran groups, using nonparametric and parametric bootstrap analysis and Kishino-Hasegawa tests. Our analysis suggests that phylogeny reconstruction under the maximum likelihood criteria is the most discriminating approach for the combined sequences. The results indicate, moreover, that the caeliferan Pneumoroidea and Pamphagoidea, as previously suggested, are polyphyletic. The Acridoidea is redefined to include all pamphagoid families other than the Pyrgomorphidae, which we propose should be accorded superfamily status.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Female reply strategies in a duetting Australian bushcricket, Caedicia sp. (Phaneropterinae: Tettigoniidae: Orthoptera).

Duetting is common between the sexes of phaneropterine bushcrickets (Phaneropterinae: Tettigoniidae: Orthoptera). In this paper we describe the complex duet of an undescribed Australian species within the genus Caedicia: The male's call consists of three parts, of which the final part contains information of the species' identity and most reliably elicits the female's response. The timing of her reply usually occurs within a period of about 1 s after the male has completed his signal but may also start during the male's call. Females reply with brief clicks ranging from 1 to >10, adjusting this reply number to changes in male call duration and intensity. By using computer-synthesised calls, we discovered that the female times her reply both from cues within the male call, when she starts the reply before its conclusion, and from the end of the call, in the case where the reply follows the male call. As the number of clicks in the reply increases so the interval between clicks decreases; the female fits her entire reply within a critical time window following the male's call. The male call intensity had a marginal effect on female reply strategy. We suggest a model based on levels of female motivation, by which females may set the number of clicks in reply as well as the reply latency.

Animal Communication↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Binema bonaerensis n. sp. (Oxyurida: Thelastomatidae) parasite of Neocurtilla claraziana Saussure (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) in Argentina.

The nematode Binema bonaerensis n. sp. (Oxyurida: Thelastomatidae) is described from the intestine of the mole cricket of Neocurtilla claraziana Saussure (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) from Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. It is distinguished mainly by having a conical tail; three sclerotized arches in the buccal cavity; an excretory pore immediately posterior to the base of the esophagus and the presence of five pairs of male genital papillae with one pair preanal and four pairs postanal.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Effect of food plants on the volume of repellent secretion obtained in adult Zonocerus variegatus (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae).

The volume of secretion obtained from adult Zonocerus variegatus (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae) was influenced by the type of food plants. Insects fed on leaves of cassava Manihot esculenta, bitter leaves Vernonia amygdalina, and a mixture of M. esculenta and Acalypha wilkesiana gave a good volume of secretion while Chromolaena odorata, Elaeis guinensis, Aspilia africana and Citrus sinensis did not favour secretion production. No significant difference was recorded in the volume of secretion obtained from Z. variegatus from the two seasons irrespective of the food plant. Similarly, food plants gave no significant difference on the volume of secretion between the two seasons.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Effection of Ocneridia volxemi Bolivar (Pamphaginae, Orthoptera) hoppers and adults by Beauveria bassiana (Deuteromycotina, hyphomycetes) conidia in an oil formulation.

Ocneridia volxemi Bolivar (Pamphaginae, Orthoptera) is one of the important insects pest in the heigh plains of north east of Algeria. Larval and adult stages caused severe damage to the leaves of cereals and an other various crops. Laboratory studies were conducted to the determine the potential of the fungus Beauveria bassiana for the control of the pest of larval and adults. Positive results were obtaved when larvae and adults were sprayed with different concentration of fungus conidia (D1: 2 x 10(6) conidia/ml, D2: 5 x 10(5) conidia/ml, D3: 8 x 10(4) conidia/ml, D4: 10(2) conidia/ml). Concentration at D1 and D2 in an oil formulation showed respectively 100% and 90 % larval mortality at the first day of treatment and 100%-9% adults mortality at the five day of treatement. The results revealed that the rates of infection and mortality were significantly related to the concentration of conidia in the corresponding samples. Beauveria bassiana can be considerd as a promising biocontrol agents of Ocneridia volxemi may be an other locuts, but field experimentation is necessary to subtantiate these finding.

Algeria↗
PubMed1989

Orthoptera as intermediate hosts of Staphylocystis furcata (Stieda, 1862) (Cestoda: Hymenolepididae).

Cysticercoids of Staphylocystis furcata (Stieda, 1962), the adults of which parasitize the shrews (Soricidae), were found in the thoracic and abdominal cavities of orthopterous insects (Orthoptera, Acridioidea) belonging to five species: Chorthippus apricarius (L.), Chorthippus paralellus (Zett.), Omocestus viridulus (L.), Chrysochraon brachypterus (Ocsk.), and Chrysochraon dispar (Germ.). The cysticercoids are described and their incidence in both sexes of the examined intermediate hosts is compared.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Radio-telemetric evidence of migration in the gregarious but not the solitary morph of the Mormon cricket (Anabrus simplex: Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae).

The Mormon cricket, Anabrus simplex, is one of just a few species of katydids (or bushcrickets, Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) that, like migratory locusts, appear to have solitary and migratory morphs. Using radio telemetry we studied movements of individuals of two morphs of this flightless species. Individuals within each migratory band had similar rates of movements along similar directional headings whereas solitary individuals moved little and showed little evidence of directionality in movement. Our results also add to other recent radio-telemetry studies showing that flightless insects of 1-2 g in mass can be tracked successfully using these methods.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The complete nucleotide sequence and gene organization of the mitochondrial genome of the oriental mole cricket, Gryllotalpa orientalis (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae).

The complete nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of the oriental mole cricket, Gryllotalpa orientalis (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae), were determined. The 15,521-bp-long G. orientalis mitogenome contains typical gene complement, base composition, and codon usage found in metazoan mitogenomes. The G. orientalis mitogenome contains the third lowest A+T content (70.5%) among the complete insects mt genome sequences. The initiation codon for the G. orientalis COI gene appears to be ATG, instead of the tetranucleotides, which have been postulated to act as initiation codon for Locusta migratoria and some lepidopteran COI genes. The initiation codon for ND2 appears to be GTG, which is rare, but has been designated as an initiator of Tricholepidion gertschi ND2. All anticodons of G. orientalis tRNAs were identical to Drosophila yakuba and L. migratoria. The tRNA(Ser)(AGN) could not form a stable stem loop structure in the DHU arm as shown in many other insect tRNA(Ser)(AGN). Phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequence information from all mt genes supported a monophyletic Diptera, a monophyletic Lepidoptera, a monophyletic Coleoptera, a monophyletic Mecopterida (Diptera+Lepidoptera), and a monophyletic Endopterygota (Diptera+Lepidoptera+Coleoptera), suggesting that the complete insect mitogenome sequence has a resolving power to the diversification events within Endopterygota. However, the relationships of ancient insect orders were unstable, indicating the limited use of mitogenome information at deeper phylogenetic depth.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

even-skipped has gap-like, pair-rule-like, and segmental functions in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus, a basal, intermediate germ insect (Orthoptera).

Developmental mechanisms of segmentation appear to be varied among insects in spite of their conserved body plan. Although the expression patterns of the segment polarity genes in all insects examined imply well conserved function of this class of genes, expression patterns and function of the pair-rule genes tend to exhibit diversity. To gain further insights into the evolution of the segmentation process and the role of pair-rule genes, we have examined expression and function of an ortholog of the Drosophila pair-rule gene even-skipped (eve) in a phylogenetically basal insect, Gryllus bimaculatus (Orthoptera, intermediate germ cricket). We find that Gryllus eve (Gb'eve) is expressed as stripes in each of the prospective gnathal, thoracic, and abdominal segments and as a broad domain in the posterior growth zone. Dynamics of stripe formation vary among Gb'eve stripes, representing one of the three modes, the segmental, incomplete pair-rule, and complete pair-rule mode. Furthermore, we find that RNAi suppression of Gb'eve results in segmentation defects in both anterior and posterior regions of the embryo. Mild depletion of Gb'eve shows a pair-rule-like defect in anterior segments, while stronger depletion causes a gap-like defect showing deletion of anterior and posterior segments. These results suggest that Gb'eve acts as a pair-rule gene at least during anterior segmentation and also has segmental and gap-like functions. Additionally, Gb'eve may be involved in the regulation of hunchback and Krüppel expression. Comparisons with eve functions in other species suggest that the Gb'eve function may represent an intermediate state of the evolution of pair-rule patterning by eve in insects.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Biochemical and molecular characterizaton of house cricket (Acheta domesticus, Orthoptera: Gryllidae) Delta9 desaturase.

Studies of insect fatty acyl-CoA desaturases have heretofore concentrated on the Diptera and Lepidoptera. We report here the isolation and characterization of a fatty acyl-CoA Delta9 desaturase from the house cricket, Acheta domesticus (Orthoptera). Two desaturase cDNAs were isolated from a library, one of which contained two intron sequences. The clones were identical in their respective coding regions, but had divergent 5' and 3' untranslated regions. The cDNAs encode a 359 amino acid desaturase enzyme that could rescue a fatty acyl-CoA desaturase auxotrophic phenotype when expressed in yeast. Biochemical analysis of lipids from transformed yeast cells confirmed that the enzyme is a Delta9 desaturase with activity on both palmitic and stearic acid substrates. Southern blotting indicated multiple Delta9 desaturase genes within the genome. A single message that was up-regulated in fed insects vs. starved insects was observed on northern blots, indicating transcriptional regulation in response to diet.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2000

Chemosensory proteins of Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera: Acrididae).

We describe a family of proteins abundantly expressed in the chemoreception sensory organs, the antennae and legs, of the desert locust, Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae). Using polymerase chain reaction-based approaches and homology screenings, "OS-D"-like proteins were identified in L. migratoria. The different sub-types (LmigOS-Ds) are very similar to each other and share about 50-70% identity with OS-Ds from Drosophila melanogaster and Periplaneta americana. A similar degree of identity was also observed with moth OS-Ds. Northern blot analysis revealed a strong expression of the LmigOS-Ds in the antennae and legs, suggesting their involvement in chemosensory processes. Despite the lack of direct evidence for their role in chemosensation, LmigOS-Ds and their homologs seem to constitute a large protein family, characterized by a striking abundance and diversity among insect chemosensory organs.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Low levels of chromosomal differentiation between the grasshoppers Chorthippus brunneus and Chorthippusjacobsi (Orthoptera; Acrididae) in northern Spain.

The grasshopper species Chorthippus brunneus and C. jacobsi (Orthoptera: Acrididae) form a hybrid zone in northern Spain. These species probably diverged while isolated in southern refugia during one of the recent ice ages, and are clearly distinguished by morphology and male calling song. However, in contrast to other Chorthippus taxa that form hybrid zones in Europe, these two species cannot be reliably distinguished on the basis of characteristics of the karyotype such as heterochromatin banding patterns and composition, as revealed by C-banding and fluorochrome staining. Silver staining also reveals the presence of two autosomal nucleolar organiser regions (NORs) in both species. However, differentiation between C. brunneus and C. jacobsi was revealed on the X chromosome using fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH). C. brunneus individuals showed additional rDNA sequences on the X chromosome that were not observed in any C. jacobsi individuals. These sequences are not transcribed, indicating either mutational silencing of an ancestral NOR on the X chromosome, or the transposition of non-functional sequences from the autosomes. The implications of these results for the evolution of NOR number in Chorthippus are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Premating barriers to gene exchange and their implications for the structure of a mosaic hybrid zone between Chorthippus brunneus and C. jacobsi (Orthoptera: Acrididae).

Many hybrid zones contain a deficit of hybrid genotypes relative to expectations from tension zone models. This is often associated with separation of parental genotypes into distinct habitats (mosaicism), but sometimes parentals can be found co-occuring in the same local population (bimodality). In both cases, prezygotic isolation may play an important role in determining the genotypic composition of the zone. Chorthippus brunneus and C. jacobsi (Orthoptera: Acrididae) meet and form a complex hybrid zone in northern Spain. Analysis of stridulatory peg numbers reveals partial spatial and seasonal isolation in a 25 km2 area of the zone: C. jacobsi phenotypes predominate in June and July and are present in both valley and mountain habitats; C. brunneus phenotypes predominate in August and are restricted to valley habitats, always in sympatry with C. jacobsi. Strong assortative mating was observed in laboratory mating experiments. Spatial, seasonal and behavioural isolation combine to produce strong premating isolation in the study area. These results suggest a role for premating isolation in maintaining both the mosaic structure and bimodality of this hybrid zone.

Animal Communication↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sterol metabolic constraints as a factor contributing to the maintenance of diet mixing in grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae).

Sterols are essential nutrients for all arthropods, including grasshoppers, but metabolic constraints may limit which sterols can support normal growth and development. In the firsts part of this study, a comparative experiment, which included five different species of grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) representing three separate taxonomic groups, was performed to determine how widespread sterol metabolic constraints are within the Acrididae. Grasshoppers were reared on artificial diets containing sterols that differed in the position of double bonds within the sterol structure, and various life history traits were measured. Sterols with double bonds at position 7, within the sterol nucleus, and/or at position 22, on the cholestane side chain, failed to support development to the adult stage for any of the five species. In addition, grasshoppers reared on sterols with these configurations often had extended developmental times and reduced growth rates in the first and second stadium compared with grasshoppers reared on sitosterol or cholesterol diets. In the second half of this study, we examined how mixtures of suitable and unsuitable sterols influenced survival, growth, and development. Artificial foods containing mixtures of suitable and unsuitable sterols were fed to the highly polyphagous grasshopper Schistocerca americana. Results suggest that survival and performance of this grasshopper suffer as the concentration of unsuitable sterols increases and as the ratio of suitable to unsuitable sterols in the diet decreases. We review the literature to document variation in plant sterol profiles and propose that constraints on sterol metabolism may contribute to the maintenance of diet mixing in the Acrididae.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Divergence in the calling songs between sympatric and allopatric populations of the southern wood cricket Gryllus fultoni (Orthoptera: Gryllidae).

In the eastern United States the wood cricket Gryllus fultoni (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) occurs in sympatry with G. vernalis in an area between eastern Kansas and west of the Appalachian Mountains. Calling songs were recorded from 13 sympatric and allopatric localities. Both field and laboratory recordings showed that chirp rate (CR) and pulse rate (PR) overlapped extensively between allopatric populations of G. fultoni and sympatric populations of G. vernalis; by contrast, there was little or no overlap in these variables between sympatric populations of these two species. Divergence in PR and CR between the two species was thus greater in areas of sympatry than in areas of allopatry. Our field and laboratory studies of G. fultoni calling songs thus demonstrate the pattern expected of character displacement and support the genetic assumptions of this hypothesis. Other possible explanations for the sympatric divergence such as ecological character displacement and clinal variation are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Two new species of nematodes (Rhabditida: Diplogasteridae and Rhabditidae) parasites of Gryllodes laplatae (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) in Argentina.

Cephalobium magdalensis n. sp. (Rhabditida: Diplogasteridae) found in Magdalena, Buenos Aires, and Cruznema lincolnensis n. sp. (Rhabditida: Rhabditidae) found in Lincoln, Buenos Aires, parasitizing the cricket Gryllodes laplatae (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) are described and illustrated. C. magdalensis n. sp. is characterized by having the excretory pore between the pseudobulb and the basal bulb and seven pairs of postanal papillae in the male. C. lincolnensis n. sp. can be distiguished by having meanly two pairs of preanal papillae, one pair of adanal papillae and six pairs of postanal papillae in the male.

Animals↗