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Results for “Olfaction Disorders”

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PubMed2000

Sensory and motor deficits in the elderly: impact on oral health.

Hearing, vision, orthopedic, and speech disorders are the most common impairments in the elderly. Older adults experience other sensory impairments such as olfactory and gustatory dysfunction, as well as oral motor problems including difficulty with mastication, speech, and swallowing. These disorders can directly affect oral health and can impair dental treatment. Therefore, it is imperative that dental health practitioners be cognizant of these conditions and aware of the impact these conditions and their treatments can have on oral health and function. Dental professionals may need to use different communication techniques for patients with vision or hearing losses. Accommodations in the dental office and by dental professionals will help older patients who have sensory and/or motor impairments to preserve their oral health and function and receive dental treatments in a safe and efficacious manner. This paper reviews the most common causes of sensory and motor impairments and their implications for oral health care with treatment modification guidelines for the older patient.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Olfactory deficits and sleep disturbances in Parkinson's disease: a case-control survey.

BACKGROUND: Olfactory and sleep disturbances are common in Parkinson's disease, and may be early disease indicators. OBJECTIVE: To obtain information about olfactory and sleep deficits preceding the onset of motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. SUBJECTS: 38 community dwelling patients with Parkinson's disease (73% response rate) and 32 age matched controls (60% response rate). METHODS: Using a questionnaire survey, the frequencies, timing, and relations between olfactory and sleep disturbances, drug treatment, mood, and motor deficits in Parkinson's disease were compared with those in age matched controls. Reliability of information was validated by informant interview in 9% of the sample. Interdependency of factors was assessed using Fisher's fourfold table test, and differences between populations were analysed using chi(2) and unpaired t tests. RESULTS: Microsmia was reported by 26 patients (68%) (and only one control), on average within a year of the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. More patients than controls had excessive daytime somnolence (45% v 6%), restless legs (50% v 19%), and abnormal movements during sleep (34% v 0%), which generally occurred three to five years after diagnosis and were independent of mood disorders and drug treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Many patients with Parkinson's disease have microsmia at the onset of motor deficits, but some sleep disorders are a subsequent occurrence.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Malnutrition and ageing.

This article aims to provide an overview of the problems that exist in relation to malnutrition and the elderly population. The changes that occur in body composition during ageing are described and how this may affect disease risk. The possible metabolic processes behind weight loss are discussed and the numerous factors that affect nutritional status in the older age group are described. Prevention of malnutrition in this group is important and so the roles of nutrition screening and assessment are examined.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Olfactory dysfunction in schizophrenia and temporal lobe epilepsy.

BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia and mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) represent two common brain disorders that share dysfunction of temporo-limbic neural substrates. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated whether patients with schizophrenia exhibited olfactory performance more similar to right or left temporal lobe epilepsy patients. METHODS: Odor identification ability and detection threshold sensitivity were measured in 40 patients with schizophrenia, 14 patients with right- and 18 patients with left-temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients, and 25 healthy controls. Odor identification was assessed with the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) and odor detection threshold sensitivity with a single-staircase procedure using the stimulant phenyl ethyl alcohol (PEA). RESULTS: Relative to controls, only patients with schizophrenia and right TLE exhibited significant impairment in UPSIT performance. Left TLE patients and controls performed comparably on the UPSIT. Detection threshold sensitivity to PEA did not differ significantly among the four groups. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest a greater reliance of olfactory processing on right hemisphere structures and are also consistent with recent neuroimaging studies that have implicated aberrant processing of olfactory information in right hemispheric brain regions in schizophrenia.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Clinical and pathogenic aspects of NARES (non-allergic rhinitis with eosinophilic syndrome)].

Non-allergic rhinitis with eosinophilic syndrome (NARES) accounts for 14% of rhinitis. It is defined by a syndrome of nasal hyper-reactivity over more than three months, the absence of any atopic factor, and an eosinophilia of nasal secretions 20% greater than the leukocytes. The main features are evidenced by the authors on the basis of 20 observations. The symptoms are significantly more marked than in other forms of rhinitis. Olfactive disorders occur very frequently. The symptoms often fail to respond to anti-histamines and even corticoids. The frequency of a micropolyposis starting in the meatus is confirmed by endoscopy and a CT-scan reveals the frequency of hyperplasia of the sinusal mucosa (affecting first and foremost the ethmoid cells). Hyperadrenergy is frequently evidenced by papavenire IDR and by the isoprenaline IV test. Two cases revealed the coexistence of an intolerance to aspirin and a bronchial hyper-reactivity, evidenced by the Carbachol test. The histological and immunofluorescent examination of the pituitary mucosa evidenced an eosinophilic infiltration in 40% of cases. This infiltrate is often labelled by the BB10 monoclonal antibody. The evolution of NARES appears to involve three stages: secretory eosinophilia with a healthy mucosa, eosinophilic mucosa infiltration, and in situ activation of the eosinophils. An evolution towards an eosinophilic PNS and then a triad was observed in two cases. Hopothèses are put forward by the authors to explain the local nasal influx of eosinophils.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed1989

Pineal gland in rats with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary tumors subjected to manipulations known as enhancers of pineal actions.

The ultrastructure of pinealocytes was studied in rats with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary tumors which were subjected to experimental manipulations known as enhancers of pineal actions (anosmia, underfeeding or cold exposure). In these animals we found: (I)--more nuclei with deep nuclear invaginations; (II)--a large number of cytoplasmic organelles, including lipid droplets, myeloid bodies, synaptic ribbons and lysosomes; (III)--numerous degenerative changes. In general, we found an increase in structural features related to pineal photoneuroendocrine activity. Our results indicate that pineal-dependent inhibition of neoplastic growth induced by these experimental manipulations, previously reported, can be mediated through an increase in pineal metabolic activity.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMed2006

Olfaction in neurodegenerative disorder.

There has been gradual increase of interest in olfactory dysfunction since it was realised that anosmia was a common feature of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) and Alzheimer-type dementia. It is an intriguing observation that a premonitory sign of a disorder hitherto regarded as one of movement or cognition may be that of disturbed sense of smell. In this review of aging, IPD, parkinsonian syndromes, tremor, Alzheimer's disease (AD), motor neuron disease (MND), Huntington's chorea (HC) and inherited ataxia, the following observations are made: (1) olfactory senescence starts at about the age of 36 years in both sexes and accelerates with advancing years, involving pleasant odours preferentially; (2) olfactory dysfunction is near-universal, early and often severe in IPD and AD developing before any movement or cognitive disorder; (3) normal smell identification in IPD is rare and should prompt review of diagnosis unless the patient is female with tremor-dominant disease; (4) anosmia in suspected progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration is atypical and should likewise provoke diagnostic review; (5) subjects with hyposmia and one ApoE4 allele have an approximate 5-fold increased risk of later AD; (6) impaired sense of smell may be seen in some patients at 50% risk of parkinsonism, and possibly in patients with unexplained hyposmia; (7) smell testing in HC and MND where abnormality may be found is not likely to be of clinical value, and (8) biopsy of olfactory nasal neurons reveals non-specific changes in IPD and AD and at present will not aid diagnosis.

Aging↗
PubMed2003

Olfaction in neurodegenerative disorder.

There has been an increase of interest in olfactory dysfunction since it was realised that anosmia was a common feature of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer-type dementia (AD). It is an intriguing possibility that the first sign of a disorder hitherto regarded as one of movement or cognition may be that of disturbed smell sense. In this review of PD, parkinsonian syndromes, essential tremor, AD, motor neurone disease (MND) and Huntington's chorea (HC) the following observations are made: 1). olfactory dysfunction is frequent and often severe in PD and AD; 2). normal smell identification in PD is rare and should prompt review of diagnosis unless the patient is female with tremor-dominant disease; 3). anosmia in suspected progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration is atypical and should likewise provoke diagnostic review; 4). hyposmia is an early feature of PD and AD and may precede motor and cognitive signs respectively; 5). subjects with anosmia and one ApoE-4 allele have an approximate 5-fold increased risk of later AD; 6). impaired smell sense is seen in some patients at 50% risk of parkinsonism; 7). smell testing in HC and MND where abnormality may be found, is not likely to be of clinical value; and 8). biopsy of olfactory nasal neurons shows non-specific changes in PD and AD and at present will not aid diagnosis.

Apolipoprotein E4↗
PubMed2004

Mechanisms of olfactory dysfunction in aging and neurodegenerative disorders.

Although olfaction is the primal sense in animals, its importance in humans is underappreciated. Extensive literature demonstrates that aging is accompanied by olfactory loss and hyposmia/anosmia which is also a feature of several neurodegenerative disorders. Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases are characterized by severe olfactory deficits, while problems of olfactory discrimination are less prominent features in several other disorders. Olfactory loss is accompanied by structural abnormalities of the olfactory epithelium, the olfactory bulb and the central olfactory cortices. This review summarizes our present knowledge about the pathological changes in the olfactory system during aging and in various neurodegenerative diseases.

Aging↗
PubMed1995

[Disorders of the sense of smell and taste].

Disorders of olfaction and taste are infrequent, but a complete loss of smell or taste reduces the quality of life significantly. The sensitivity of human olfaction is remarkable, even for specific stimuli: Just a few molecules are enough to induce the correct identification of sterilised and ultraheated milk. Olfaction and taste are called 'chemical senses' because in both cases the adequate stimulus consists of molecules that bind to receptors of the sensory cells. The perceptions of smell and taste are often combined. Taste differentiates only four qualities: sweet, sour, salty, and bitter. The typical flavor of food or drink is detected by olfaction. Disturbances of olfaction can be due to respiratory disorders such as nasal polyps, a deviation of the nasal septum or chronic sinusitis. Such conditions can reduce airflow through the olfactory cleft at the roof of the nasal cavity. They can be corrected by modern endoscopic surgery of the nose. Epithelial disorders involving the sensory cells are most often caused by viral infections (influenza-anosmia) or toxic destruction of the sensory epithelium (solvents or gases). Epithelial disorders can be cured only rarely by any treatment. Corticosteroids, zinc, and vitamin A are tried frequently. Neural disorders occur after frontobasal trauma and during neurological diseases such as Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease. Disorders of olfaction can be an early sign of such neurological diseases and sophisticated examination of this sense can contribute to their early diagnosis. However, no specific treatments have yet been identified. Disorders of taste can be due to toxic, chemical or inflammatory damage to the sensory cells of the tongue.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Central Nervous System Diseases↗