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PubMed2003

Positional effect on protein and oil content and composition of soybeans.

Soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) protein and oil qualities, with respect to monogastric nutrition, have been linked to the relative abundance of specific protein subunits and fatty acids, respectively. An analysis of field-grown soybean seeds by near-infrared spectroscopy revealed significant differences in their protein and oil contents as a function of nodal position. Seed proteins from the plant apex were high in protein and low in oil content, while those from the basal region exhibited an opposite pattern of accumulation. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of total seed proteins revealed that the beta-subunit of beta-conglycinin content was 4-fold higher in seeds from the apical nodes than in seeds from basal nodes. The glycinin A3 polypeptide content gradually increased in successively lower nodes from the top of the plant. Its accumulation was drastically reduced when nitrogen was applied at specific growth stages. Exogenous nitrogen did not alter the pattern of beta-subunit accumulation, but accrual of the acidic and basic polypeptides of glycinin was diminished. The remaining seed storage protein components were not influenced by nodal position or nitrogen application. Gas chromatographic analysis of fatty acids indicated that only oleic (18:0) and linoleic (18:2) acids showed variability in accumulation at different nodes. Neither the abundance nor the distribution of the fatty acids was altered by nitrogen application.

Antigens, Plant↗
PubMed1998

[Determination of oil contents and fatty acids in seeds of Torreya Arn. in China].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the oil contents and fatty acid composition in the seeds of Torrreya in China. METHOD: The contents and composition were determined by gravimetric analysis and GC respectively. RESULT: The oil contents in the seeds were 42.67%-54.39%. Among the fatty acids, linoleic acid and oleic acid were dominant. The unsaturated fatty acids accounted for 76.1%-82.0% of the whole fatty acids, and the major saturated fatty acids were behenic acid and palmitic acid. CONCLUSION: The oil in the seeds of Torreya is of high-quality, and the higher contents of bdhenic acid are characteristic for the oil. The development and utilization values of the seed oil in Torreya are evaluated.

Cycadopsida↗
PubMed2000

Enhancement of seed oil content by expression of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase genes.

Arabidopsis thaliana was transformed with a plastidial safflower glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) and an Escherichia coli GPAT. The genes were used directly and in modified forms with, as applicable, the plastidial targeting sequence removed, and with an endoplasmic reticulum targeting sequence added. Seeds of plants transformed using only the vector were indistinguishable in oil content from wild-type control plants. All other gene constructs increased seed oil content. The unmodified safflower gene (spgpat) produced oil increases ranging from 10 to 21%. On average, the greatest increase (+22%) was observed in seeds of transformants carrying the spgpat with the targeting peptide removed. The E. coli plsB gene increased seed oil content by an average of 15%.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed2005

[NIR spectrometer for non-destruction measurement of oil contents in a corn seed].

NIR spectromneter for non-destruction measurement of oil contents in an integrated kernel of corn was manufactured. Using LED (light emitting diode) as the light source and six filters as the monochromator, the specifications of the instrument are compared with those of the commercial instruments. The regression coefficient, the standard error, and the relative error of measuring oil contents in an integrated kernel of corn are 0.9688, 0.72 and 0.062 respectively. The results meet the demand of high-oil corn breeding.

Corn Oil↗
PubMed2001

Bioamendment of petroleum contaminated ultisol: effect on oil content, heavy metals and pH of tropical soil.

The effect of organic amendments on the oil content, heavy metals concentration and pH of petroleum contaminated sandy loam ultisol obtained from Rumuekpe oil field in Emohua Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria was determined. Petroleum contaminated soils were treated with wood ash, compost and sawdust. The addition of organic amendments resulted in a significant (at 95% probability level) decrease in oil content by 92% for composting, 81% for soil treated with sawdust and 58% for soil with ash supplementation, over 6 months. The effect of treatments on the iron(Fe), copper(Cu) and lead(Pb) concentration was significant at P < 0.001. The remediation also affected the pH of soil. This initial pH of 5.6 was depressed by the application of compost and sawdust supplements respectively to a final pH of 5.2 and 5.3. On the other hand, amending the soil with wood ash raised the pH from 5.6 to 6.2. Increased acidity caused a decrease in the heavy metals concentration in the contaminated soil. Soil treatment with compost generally gave the best remediation results, followed by sawdust and then ash. Adjusting the pH of oil contaminated soil to high acidic levels may promote the availability and migration of heavy metals in remediated soils and not necessarily the rate of oil mineralization.

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration↗
PubMed2003

Fourier transform Raman spectrometry for the quantitative analysis of oil content and humidity in olives.

A method for the direct and fast determination of oil content and humidity in olives using Fourier transform Raman spectrometry is reported. The only sample preparation step required was crushing of the olives using a hammer mill. The crushed olives were placed in a dedicated sample cup, which was rotated excentrically to the horizontal laser beam during spectrum acquisition. This allowed us to sample an increased volume and thus compensate for sample inhomogeneities. In this way the reproducibility of Raman spectra taken from crushed olives was significantly improved. Partial least-squares (PLS) regression was used for the chemometric evaluation of the Raman spectra. Standard errors of prediction for the validation set of 0.81% for oil content (in the range 19.68-35.71%) and 1.54% for humidity (in the range 29.23-51.49%), both expressed as weight percentage referred to fresh matter, were obtained.

Food Analysis↗
PubMed1994

Yield and seed oil content response of dwarf, rapid-cycling Brassica to nitrogen treatments, planting density, and carbon dioxide enrichment.

Effects of N level (15 to 30 mM), time of N increase (14 to 28 days after planting), and planting density (1163 to 2093 plants/m2) were determined for crop yield responses of dwarf, rapid-cycling brassica (Brassica napus L., CrGC 5-2, Genome: ACaacc). Crops were grown in solid-matrix hydroponic systems and under controlled-environment conditions, including nonsupplemented (ambient) or elevated CO2 concentrations (998 +/- 12 micromoles mol-1). The highest seed yield rate obtained (4.4 g m-2 day-1) occurred with the lowest N level (15 mM) applied at the latest treatment time (day 28). In all trials, CO2 enrichment reduced seed yield rate and harvest index by delaying the onset of flowering and senescence and stimulating vegetative shoot growth. The highest shoot biomass accumulation rate (55.5 g m-2 day-1) occurred with the highest N level (30 mM) applied at the earliest time (day 14). Seed oil content was not significantly affected by CO2 enrichment. Maximum seed oil content (30% to 34%, dry weight basis) was obtained using the lowest N level (15 mM) initiated at the latest treatment time (day 28). In general, an increase in seed oil content was accompanied by a decrease in seed protein. Seed carbohydrate, moisture, and ash contents did not vary significantly in response to experimental treatments. Effects of N level and time of N increase were consistently significant for most crop responses. Planting density was significant only under elevated CO2 conditions.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2006

Influence of dietary oil content and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on lipid metabolism enzyme activities and gene expression in tissues of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.).

The overall objective is to test the hypothesis that conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has beneficial effects in Atlantic salmon as a result of affecting lipid and FA metabolism. The specific aims of the present study were to determine the effects of CLA on some key pathways of FA metabolism, including FA oxidation and highly unsaturated FA (HUFA) synthesis. Salmon smolts were fed diets containing two levels of fish oil (low, approximately 17%, and high, approximately 34%) containing three levels of CLA (a 1:1 mixture of cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 at 0, 1, and 2% of diet) for 3 mon. The effects of dietary CLA on HUFA synthesis and beta-oxidation were measured, and the expression of key genes in the FA oxidation and HUFA synthesis pathways, and the potentially important transcription factors peroxisome proliferators activated receptors (PPAR), were determined in selected tissues. Liver HUFA synthesis and desaturase gene expression was increased by dietary CLA and decreased by high dietary oil content. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I (CPT-I) activity and gene expression were generally increased by CLA in muscle tissues although they were relatively unaffected by dietary oil content. In general CPT-I activity or gene expression was not correlated with P-oxidation. Dietary CLA tended to increase PPARalpha and beta gene expression in both liver and muscle tissues, and PPARgamma in liver. In summary, gene expression and activity of the FA pathways were altered in response to dietary CLA and/or oil content, with data suggesting that PPAR are also regulated in response to CLA. Correlations were observed between dietary CLA, liver HUFA synthesis and desaturase gene expression, and liver PPARalpha expression, and also between dietary CLA, CPT-I expression and activity, and PPARalpha expression in muscle tissues. In conclusion, this study suggests that dietary CLA has effects on FA metabolism in Atlantic salmon and on PPAR transcription factors. However, further work is required to assess the potential of CLA as a dietary supplement, and the role of PPAR in the regulation of lipid metabolism in fish.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1999

Influence of plant growth stage on the essential oil content and composition in Davana (Artemisia pallens wall.).

The influence of three plant growth stages (full emergence of flower heads, anthesis, and initiation of seed set) on the essential oil content and composition in Davana (Artemisia pallens Wall) was investigated over two successive seasons. The essential oil content was found to be higher at the full emergence of flower heads than at anthesis and initiation of seed set stages. The contents of davanone, the major constituent of davana oil, and linalool decreased while those of (Z)- and (E)-methyl cinnamate, (E)-ethyl cinnamate, bicyclogermacrene, davana ether, 2-hydroxyisodavanone, and farnesol increased from flower heads emergence stage to the initiation of seed set stage. These results support the general practice of harvesting the crop at full bloom stage. Five compounds, viz., (Z)- and (E)-methyl cinnamates, (Z)- and (E)-ethyl cinnamates, and geranyl acetate, were identified for the first time in davana oil.

Artemisia↗
PubMed1999

Dielectric analysis for estimation of oil content in the mycelia of Mortierella alpina.

The dielectric behavior of the filamentous fungi Mortierella alpina SAM2104 and 1S-4, which produce polyunsaturated fatty acid enriched oil in the mycelia, was investigated. During the cultivation carried out in a 10-kL fermentor for 12-15 days, the relative permittivity and conductivity of the broth were measured in the frequency range of 100 kHz to 30 MHz. The dielectric parameters, i.e., the amplitude of dielectric relaxation (Deltaepsilon) and the characteristic frequency (f(c)), were obtained by fitting the Cole-Cole equation to the observed dielectric relaxation, and the conductivity of the medium (kappa(a)) was also measured. The value of Deltaepsilon gradually increased from the second day through the end of cultivation, suggesting that volume fraction of the cell increased with oil accumulation. The conductivity of the cytoplasm (kappa(i)) was calculated from the experimental values of f(c) and kappa(a), using a theoretical equation based on an ellipsoidal cell model. As a result, good correlation between the calculated kappa(i) and the oil content was obtained. These findings indicate that dielectric analysis enables us to estimate the oil content in the mycelia of oleaginous fungi and also provides a useful tool for monitoring cell growth and for controlling the cultivation process.

Bioreactors↗
PubMed2005

European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) effects on qualitative traits of high oil content corn grown in Kentucky.

The European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is one of the most important pests of corn, Zea mays L., because it consistently causes high loss of yield. A study was conducted in 2000-2002 at field sites in central and western Kentucky to investigate whether infestation by O. nubilalis differentially affects the production of high-oil corn compared with traditional field corn. Statistical differences in grain weight and percentage of oil content between the five infestation levels were significant at both locations and for all years. Average grain yield was reduced by 0.40% and average oil concentration by 0.011% for each 1% of damaged plants, and there was a strong correlation (0.76) between leaf damage ratings (i.e., Guthrie scale) and yield reduction. In general, corn planted at the early planting date tended to have a higher yield (grain weight) and oil content.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Absence of an effect of dietary corn oil content on plasma prolactin, progesterone, and 17 beta-estradiol in female Sprague-Dawley rats.

Enhancement of mammary tumorigenesis in rats by high-fat diets has been postulated to be due to altered hormonal status. Elevated serum prolactin and, in some cases, estrogen have been reported in rats fed diets high in corn oil or lard that increase 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) tumorigenesis. However, we have found no difference in plasma prolactin during the proestrus surge or at the other stages of the estrous cycle in rats fed a diet high (24%) in corn oil that augments DMBA-induced tumorigenesis or a control diet containing 5% corn oil. There was no effect of the same dietary treatment on plasma progesterone or serum estradiol in the same experiments. In addition, we found that DMBA administration did not change the blood concentration of any of the three hormones. Female Sprague-Dawley rats, bearing atrial cannulae and given a carcinogenic dose of DMBA at 8 weeks of age, were studied 2 to 5 weeks or 10 to 13 weeks after DMBA administration. Rats given only the oil vehicle for DMBA were studied at the same ages. Blood samples were taken from rats with 4-day estrous cycles at 3-hr intervals on the day of proestrus and at 6- to 12-hr intervals on the other days of the cycle. No effect of dietary corn oil content or of DMBA administration on plasma prolactin and progesterone was detected in either age group. On the afternoon of proestrus, rats were sampled more frequently to examine the hormonal patterns in detail; again, no dietary effect was detected. Serum estradiol was measured in rats that were fed the control or high-corn-oil diets, treated with DMBA or vehicle, and decapitated on one of the 4 days of the estrous cycle. There was no detectable effect of dietary corn oil content or DMBA treatment during any stage of the cycle. All three hormones showed qualitative and quantitative patterns identical to normal cycling rats at both ages studied. Our results indicate that earlier reports of an effect of dietary fat on blood prolactin and estrogen content may have been due either to diets low in essential fatty acids or to anesthesia-induced hormonal responses.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMed2003

QTL analysis of an intervarietal set of substitution lines in Brassica napus: (i) Seed oil content and fatty acid composition.

Backcross breeding with marker-assisted selection was used to construct an intervarietal set of part chromosome substitution lines in Brassica napus, formed from a cross between two winter varieties of oilseed rape: Tapidor and Victor. A total of 22 lines from this substitution library were examined over a 3-year period, in a total of nine field trials, for seed oil fatty acid composition and seed oil content. Trialing of the substitution lines gave evidence for the existence of 13 quantitative trait loci (QTL). All 13 QTL affected fatty acid composition of the seed, and were distributed among linkage groups 1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 11, 13, 14, 18, and 19. Seven of these QTL, on linkage groups 3, 6, 8, 13, 14, 18, and 19, also affected total seed oil content. The positions of these QTL are compared to those in the published literature and with respect to erucic acid QTL previously identified in a backcross population of the same cross. The substitution line approach gives increased precision and sensitivity for QTL mapping compared to other methods.

Brassica napus↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Variation of the essential oil content and composition in leaves from cultivated plants of Hypericum androsaemum L.

The amount and composition of the essential oil from leaves of Hypericum androsaemum L. cultivated in Arouca (Portugal) were determined in six samples harvested during 1 year at intervals of 2 months. The seasonally dependent essential oil content ranged from 0.7 mg/g biomass dry weight in September to 3.4 mg/g in February. The oil contained more than 80 compounds, 70 of which (constituting 88-93% of the total oil) were identified by GC and GC-MS. An approximation of the absolute quantification of each compound and compound class was performed using a GC method with an internal standard. The relative and the absolute content of each compound and compound class changed during the year. At the end of the winter and in the spring, the essential oil was dominated by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and accumulated a high number of intermediate to long chain n-alkanes and 1-alkenes. In September, the essential oil contained the lowest levels of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (43%) and the highest levels of 1-octene and 2-hexenal (38%). In February, the essential oil had the highest level of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (73%) and the highest diversity of intermediate to long chain n-alkanes and 1-alkenes.

Alkanes↗
PubMed2000

The effects of growing conditions on oil content, fatty acid composition and tocopherol content of some sunflower varieties produced in Turkey.

The properties of some extensively cultivated sunflower seed varieties in Turkey and their oils were investigated. 1991-1992 crop year sunflower varieties harvested from Trakya University, Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, Experiment field of Crop Science Department were used as research materials. The oil content, fatty acid composition and tocopherol content of sunflower seeds in 1991 and 1992 crop years were determined as 44.2-51.2% (on dry weight basis), 43.0-51.5% (on dry weight basis); oleic acid 14.8-18.5%, 32.9-40.1%; linoleic acid 69.5-74.5%, 49.7-55.7% and tocopherol content (as alpha-tocopherol) 648-860 mg/kg, 524-880 mg/kg, respectively. It was determined that the growing conditions significantly affected the fatty acid compositions of sunflower varieties studied. While the oleic acid content of the 1992 crop increased, the linoleic acid content of the same crop decreased compared to the 1991 crop.

Dietary Fats, Unsaturated↗
PubMed2000

Production of yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) in Norway: essential oil content and quality.

In 1996, the production of Achillea millefolium L. at different locations in Norway was investigated with regard to the developmental stage. The oil content differed greatly between the vegetative stage (0.13%) and the stage of full bloom (0.34%). Changes in the composition of yarrow essential oil were found to be related to maturation of the plant, with increasing amounts of monoterpenes in relation to the sesquiterpene. However, a clear trend could be detected only for the monoterpenic compounds with increasing levels of alpha- and beta-pinene and alpha-thujone and decreasing levels of sabinene, borneol, and bornyl acetate. Previously reported as major compounds, chamazulene and germacrene D could be found only in insignificant amounts. A solid-phase microextraction (SPME) procedure was applied for screening of the terpenic composition. Sesquiterpenic compounds such as beta-bisabolene, alpha-bisabolol, and delta-cadinene were detected in substantial amounts by SPME in contrast to the steam-distilled samples.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry↗
PubMed2000

Utility of the Arabidopsis FAE1 and yeast SLC1-1 genes for improvements in erucic acid and oil content in rapeseed.

High-erucic acid (HEA) Brassica napus cultivars are regaining interest in industrial contexts. Erucic acid and its derivatives are important renewable raw materials utilized in the manufacture of plastic films, in the synthesis of Nylon 13,13, and in the lubricant and emollient industries. Theoretically, the highest level of erucic acid that can be achieved by means of classical breeding is 66 mol%; however, using new approaches on the basis of genetic engineering, it might be possible to develop a B. napus cultivar containing levels of erucic acid significantly above 66 mol% (>80 mol%). In an attempt to increase the amounts of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), and erucic acid in particular, in Canadian HEA B. napus cultivars, we have focused on two targets using a transgenic approach. We examined both the role/function of the Arabidopsis thaliana FAE1 (fatty acid elongase) gene by expressing it under the control of the seed-specific napin promoter in B. napus germplasm with analysis of the changes in VLCFA content in the seed oil of transgenic lines, and the performance of the yeast SLC1-1 (sphingolipid compensation mutant) in B. napus cv. Hero transgenic progeny in the field. Here, we report analyses of the contents of 22:1, total VLCFAand oil in the seed oil, as well as seed yield of the field-grown FAE1 and SLC1-1 B. napus cv. Hero progeny.

Acetyltransferases↗
PubMed2006

Mineral oil content in sediments and soils: comparability, traceability and a certified reference material for quality assurance.

The performance of twelve laboratories with previously established proficiency in the determination of the mineral oil content in a fresh water sediment is described. The summation parameter total petrol hydrocarbon (TPH) is defined according to ISO 16703:2004 with regard to the sample preparation to be applied, the flame ionisation detection (FID) and the boiling range of C10-C40 to be integrated. Comprehensive tests of homogeneity and stability have been carried out on the candidate material using appropriate models. The outcome of the study served as the basis for the certification of the candidate reference material as ERM-CC015a. The certified mass fraction is 1,820+/-130 mg kg(-1) and traceability was established by using an appropriate calibration standard certified for the mass fraction of C10-C40. The interlaboratory scatter of measurement results in this exercise can largely be explained by the variability of the individual calibrations based on this common calibration standard.

Journal Article↗