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PubMed1992

Birth order, neuroticism, and psychoticism among Iranian children.

To investigate the effects of birth order, parents' education, and parents' occupation on four dimensions of the Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, 262 elementary school students (100 boys and 162 girls) were selected randomly from four elementary schools in Shiraz. Analyses showed the main effects of birth order were significant on Neuroticism and Lie scales. Further, the effects of mothers' occupation on the Lie scale and fathers' education on the Neuroticism scale were significant.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Contribution of job strain, job status and marital status to laboratory and ambulatory blood pressure in patients with mild hypertension.

The effects of job strain, occupational status, and marital status on blood pressure were evaluated in 99 men and women with mild hypertension. Blood pressure was measured during daily life at home and at work over 15 h of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. On a separate day, blood pressure was measured in the laboratory during mental stress testing. As expected, during daily life, blood pressure was higher at work than at home. High job strain was associated with elevated systolic blood pressure among women, but not men. However, both men and women with high status occupations had significantly higher blood pressures during daily life and during laboratory mental stress testing. This was especially true for men, in that men with high job status had higher systolic blood pressures than low job status men. Marital status also was an important moderating variable, particularly for women, with married women having higher ambulatory blood pressures than single women. During mental stress testing, married persons had higher systolic blood pressures than unmarried individuals. These data suggest that occupational status and marital status may contribute even more than job strain to variations in blood pressure during daily life and laboratory testing.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The influence of psychological stress and socioeconomic status on platelet activation in men.

OBJECTIVE: Circulating monocyte- and neutrophil-platelet aggregates are sensitive markers of in vivo platelet activation. Socioeconomic status is inversely associated with risk of coronary heart disease. We assessed the impact of psychological stress on leukocyte-platelet aggregates in men from higher and lower socioeconomic status groups. METHODS: Participants were 37 healthy non-smoking men aged 30-59 years, divided by occupation into higher and lower social status groups. Blood was drawn at baseline, immediately following stressful behavioural tasks, and at 30 and 75 min post-stress, and aggregates were analysed using flow cytometry. Cardiovascular and subjective stress responses were also monitored. RESULTS: There were significant increases following stress in monocyte-, neutrophil-, lymphocyte- and total leukocyte-platelet aggregates (all P<0.05). The largest responses were in monocyte-platelet (21% increase) and neutrophil-platelet (16.7% increase) aggregates. Lower socioeconomic status men had greater numbers of leukocyte-platelet aggregates throughout, but the magnitude of stress responses did not vary with social status. The increase in monocyte- and leukocyte-platelet aggregates was associated with systolic blood pressure stress responsivity. CONCLUSIONS: Psychological stress induces platelet activation as indexed by leukocyte-platelet aggregates, and correlations with cardiovascular stress reactions suggest that sympathoadrenal responses may be responsible. Platelet activation may be a mechanism through which social position influences cardiovascular disease risk.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

The size of mortality differences associated with educational level in nine industrialized countries.

OBJECTIVES: This study addresses the question of whether inequalities in premature mortality related to educational level differ among countries. METHODS: Data on mortality by educational level were obtained from longitudinal studies from nine industrialized countries. The data referred to men between 35 and 64 years of age. The follow-up periods occurred between 1970 and 1982. The size of mortality differences associated with educational level was measured by means of two inequality indices, both based on Poisson regression analysis. RESULTS: Inequalities in mortality are relatively small in the Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, and Norway and about two times as large in the United States, France, and Italy. Finland and England and Wales occupy intermediate positions. The large inequalities in mortality in the United States and France can be attributed in part to large inequalities in education in these countries. CONCLUSIONS: The international pattern found in this study was also observed in a comparison that used occupation as the socioeconomic indicator. Differences between countries in levels of inequality in mortality may be partially explained by the countries' different levels of egalitarian social and economic policies.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Differentials in urban-rural fertility in the countries of the ESCAP region.

Fertility differentials between rural and urban populations are investigated using World Fertility Survey data for Bangladesh, Fiji, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, the Republic of Korea, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. "The fertility measure used in this analysis is the number of children ever born to a woman. An attempt is made first to establish the differential in fertility levels between urban and rural areas after necessary control of the demographic factors..., and then the possible explanation of the differential is sought in terms of socio-economic variables such as education of the respondent, and occupation, work pattern, work status and place of work of the respondent as well as that of the husband." Data concerning the fertility differentials and the associated explanatory variables are presented in tables and charts. "The results tend to show that the countries of Asia are undergoing similar patterns of fertility transition as was experienced in the advanced countries. Perhaps one can graduate the countries in the transition scale as follows: Bangladesh, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan and Malaysia are in the initial stage; Fiji, the Philippines, the Republic of Korea, Sri Lanka and Thailand are in the middle stage of transition."

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

Motivation and fertility control behaviour in Pakistan.

Using data from the Population, Labor Force, and Migration (PLM) Survey of 1979-80, this paper examines the component of potential motivation for fertility limitation among Pakistani married women and then determines what factor are important in explaining the contraceptive use differentials among the potentially motivated subgroup of women. The analysis is conducted using logit regression models. The findings show that, among women wanting no additional children, a substantial proportion is reluctant to adopt fertility control behavior, confirming the existence of latent demand for contraception in all strata. A majority of those women report no exposure to the program or no contact with a family planning worker, and a large majority of those who have had exposure or have been contacted do not report contraceptive use, indicating a considerable shortfall of the program. Among the urban women wanting no more children, the important factors affecting contracepting use positively are education (both primary and secondary), household income, living in a nuclear family, exposure to the program, and contact with a family planning worker, for rural women, only nuclear family living and the program factors are significant in promoting contraceptive use. The suggestions likely to increase contraceptive prevalence are, first, to reach those women who have the potential motivation for contraception, and, second, to increase the quality and sources of the motivation efforts of the program to crystallize the latent demand among those who need it.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1985

Men and not-men: male gender-mixing statuses and homosexuality.

Male gender-mixing statuses, such as Native American berdaches, consist of men who assume the cultural, symbolic attributes of women to attain the status of not-men. Remaining distinct from women, not-men are a culturally defined gender status whose indexing features include women's dress and behavior, occupational inversion, and some cultural traits of men. Another indexing feature of not-men is the absence of sexual relations with other not-men, which forces them to seek not-status men or women as sexual partners. The frequent equation of gender-mixing statuses with homosexuality is a misunderstanding: Sex with men is a secondary and derivative characteristic.

Clothing↗