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PubMedDate not supplied

Does genetic variance for cognitive abilities account for genetic variance in educational achievement and occupational status? A study of twins reared apart and twins reared together.

Studies of brothers and twins have shown that about 50 per cent of the variance in educational achievement and 40 per cent of the variance in occupational status reflects between-family variance. About half of the between-family variance for educational achievement and even more for occupational status is due to genetic effects and the remainder is due to sharing the same environment. With data on 35 pairs of male twins reared apart and 56 pairs reared together we investigated the extent to which genetic variance in SES can be attributed to genetic variance for cognitive abilities. For both educational achievement and occupational status there was significant genetic variance both in common with and independent of genetic variance for cognitive abilities. Thus, there are genetic effects contributing to familial similarity for SES that are not the same as those of importance for cognitive abilities. Candidate traits that may account for this remaining genetic variance in SES are personality, interests, or talents not represented in standard cognitive tests.

Achievement↗
PubMed2001

Testing the modernization hypothesis and the socialist ideology hypothesis: a comparative sibling analysis of educational attainment and occupational status.

In this study, we present a comparative sibling analysis. This enables us to test two major social mobility hypotheses, i.e. the modernization hypothesis and the socialist ideology hypothesis. We employ survey data on brothers in England, Hungary, the Netherlands, Scotland, Spain, and the USA, covering a historical period from 1916 till 1990. Results show that the effects of parental social class on educational attainment are smaller in technologically advanced societies, and that the effects of parental social class on occupational status are smaller in social-democratic and communist societies. In addition, the total family impact on occupational status declines with modernization. But overall, we observe that the family of origin has not lost its importance for its sons' educational attainment and occupational status yet.

Achievement↗
PubMed1997

Practitioner provision of preventive care in general practice consultations: association with patient educational and occupational status.

Socio-economically disadvantaged individuals experience significantly greater mortality and morbidity relative to advantaged individuals. General practitioners have been suggested to occupy a position which has the capacity to ameliorate the health consequences of socio-economic disadvantage. Community studies of preventive care status suggest, however, that socio-economically disadvantaged individuals are less likely to receive appropriate preventive care. Using a convenience sample of 22 general practitioners, 579 consultations were audiotaped to determine whether practitioner provision of preventive care was associated with the educational and occupational status of patients. Practitioner provision of preventive care was assessed in terms of: the proportion of consultations in which discussion of at least one preventive care topic occurred; the number of preventive care topics discussed; and the proportion of consultations in which each of six specific preventive care topic were discussed. Practitioners were significantly less likely to discuss at least one preventive care topic with patients of high occupational status. No significant differences were observed between patient groups in the number of preventive care topics, discussed, and in the likelihood of receiving preventive care discussion concerning each of six preventive topics. However, a consistent trend of practitioners being less likely to discuss preventive care topics with patients of high educational or occupational status was evident for all outcome variables. The pattern of results suggests that previously reported findings of socio-economically disadvantaged individuals having a poorer preventive care status may not be attributable to differentials in practitioner's provision of preventive care. Greater attention should therefore be given to identifying and resolving barriers other than practitioner-based barriers to preventive care provision if these differentials in preventive care status are to be reduced.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Association between maternal occupational status and utilization of antenatal care Study based on the perinatal survey of Baden-Wuerttemberg 1998-2003.

OBJECTIVES: Adequate utilization of antenatal care reduces the morbidity of mother and child. How frequent a pregnant woman attends antenatal care is dependent on many factors. The aim of this study was to assess the current influence of educational level and occupational status on maternal utilization of antenatal care under the conditions of an industrialized country and provision of universal coverage. METHODS: The perinatal database 1998-2003 of the German state of Baden-Wuerttemberg (556.948 pregnancies) was studied comparing antenatal care utilization for the different occupational categories obtained in the survey. For statistical analysis descriptive statistics and t test on equity of proportions for independent samples were used. RESULTS: As occupational groups at risk of insufficient antenatal care unskilled workers, trainees, students, and housewives were identified. High rates of utilization were found for the categories "top management/executive position" and "skilled workers". Rate of one or less consultations per pregnancy has declined significantly compared to 1998, but has increased again since 2000. Low utilization (2-5 consultations per pregnancy) has not decreased, showing rather constant differences between the occupational categories throughout the observed 6-year period. Unskilled workers, trainees, students, and housewives avail less of prenatal care above standard (more than ten consultations per pregnancy). CONCLUSIONS: Differences in an individual woman's use of antenatal care is, besides many other factors, associated with occupational status. Antenatal care promotion should target trainees, students, and unskilled workers prone to insufficient utilization and its consequences, an increase in obstetrical risk. For these groups, the occupational physician may play a key role in reaching the pregnant women on time, as obstetric care reaches them insufficiently and too late. Although housewives are the most numerous group, inhomogeneity regarding their educational level and previous occupational status has to be assumed, calling for further clinical studies to design appropriate interventional concepts.

Employment↗
PubMed1998

Occupational status and cardiovascular disease risk factors in the rapidly developing, high-risk population of Mauritius.

This study examined the relation between occupation and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in 2,795 individuals between ages 35 and 54 years from the rapidly developing island nation of Mauritius. Participants attended a 1992 population-based survey of noncommunicable disease (89.1 % response rate). Occupational status, physical activity in the previous year, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption were assessed by questionnaire. Anthropometric and metabolic measures included body mass index (kg/m2),waist-to-hip ratio, fasting serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL cholesterol), triglycerides, 2-hour postload plasma glucose and serum insulin concentrations, and blood pressure. In comparison with professional/skilled workers, age-adjusted means of insulin and glucose, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly (p < 0.05) lower, and the age-adjusted mean for high density lipoprotein cholesterol was significantly higher for unskilled men. In women, risk factors other than LDL cholesterol varied significantly (p < 0.05) across occupational categories, with homemakers tending to have the least favorable profile. Unskilled workers reported significantly more physical activity (p < 0.01), alcohol consumption, and cigarette smoking (men only) (p < 0.05) than did the other groups. Adjustment for multiple covariates revealed an independent association between occupational status and most CVD risk factors, with physical activity attenuating this association. These results elucidate mediating behaviors of CVD risk across occupational categories that could be applied to intervention strategies in Mauritius.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Occupational status variations in disagreements on the diagnosis of cause of death.

Studies of occupational status-related risk factors in specific-cause mortality assume that the proportions of disagreements concerning the diagnoses of the cause of death do not vary between different statuses. This assumption was verified by the addition of data concerning the occupation of the decreased (collected at death registration) to a data set comparing the clinicians' and the pathologists' diagnoses at autopsy of the cause of death. It was found that clinicians and pathologists were least likely to agree on the diagnoses of the cause of death of non-manual workers and were most likely to agree on the diagnosis of the cause of death of skilled manual workers. These occupational status differences in diagnostic disagreements reached levels of statistical significance in the neoplasm chapter of the International Classification of Diseases. Artefactual and clinical reasons for these occupational status differences are discussed.

Cause of Death↗
PubMed2000

Longitudinal follow-up of occupational status in tinnitus patients.

In this study, the long-term outcome of tinnitus patients was studied in terms of changes in occupational status from admission to follow-up for an average duration of 5 years. A consecutive series of 189 tinnitus patients seen between the years 1988 and 1995 were sent a postal questionnaire booklet; 146 provided usable responses (a 77% response rate). Results showed a significant change in occupational status, which was explained partly by retirement because of old age. Few were unemployed at follow-up, and relatively few were on sick leave. These data suggest that tinnitus patients may be less of a demand for the sickness benefit system in Sweden, but it may reflect also that tinnitus is not accepted as a cause for sick absenteeism.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Work experience and drinking behavior: alienation, occupational status, workplace drinking subculture and problem drinking.

This study explored the association between alienating job conditions and problem drinking within the context of occupational status and workplace drinking subculture. From December 1994 to March 1995, a questionnaire survey was implemented in the manufactory sector in southern Taiwan. Within the questionnaire, any perceived self-estrangement, powerlessness and social isolation that the individual experienced in his work were measured as the alienating job conditions, and any negative physical, psychological and social consequences the individual experienced during the previous month were considered as affecting problem drinking. Of the 1117 subjects, 668 (61.8%) reported imbibing one or more drinks during the preceding month; the average daily alcohol consumption being 0.2+/-0.9 drinks. In addition, 188 (16.8%) subjects reported having experienced drinking-related problems in the preceding month. Workers with low occupational status were more likely to become problem drinkers when they felt comparatively self-estranged in their work. Further, those with a family history including any habitual drinker or those under more encouraging workplace drinking subculture were more likely to have drinking-related problems. For the prevention of problem-related drinking behavior, the workplace should be considered as the focus of our future intervention and management program.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Threat to occupational status control and cardiovascular risk.

Individuals exposed to chronically stressful social contexts were show n to suffer from increased cardiovascular risk. High effort at work in combination with low reward, and especially with low control over one's occupational status, defines one such stressful social context. In this study an association between high effort, low occupational status control and hypertension as well as the co-manifestation of hypertension and elevated atherogenic lipids [coronary high risk (CHR) status] is explored in a group of 179 middle-aged (48.5+/-6.5 years) male managers. After adjustment for relevant covariates, logistic regression analysis showed independent effects of indicators of high extrinsic effort [time pressure: odds radio (OR)=5.31 95% confidence intervals (95%-C1): 1.10-25.57; severe problems: OR = 4.64 95% Cl: 1.37-15.68] and of low status control (forced job change: OR = 3.92 95% Cl: 1.29-11.92) on CHR. Similar, but less powerful effects were observed with respect to the criterion of hypertension. In conclusion, our findings indicate that effort-reward imbalance at work, and especially threatened status control, defines an independent psychosocial risk constellation with relevance to cardiovascular disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Smoking habits and occupational status.

A study was conducted to determine the associations between occupational status and detailed measures of smoking exposure: ever vs. never smoking, type of tobacco used, current vs. ex-cigarette smoking, amount smoked, age began, and tar yield of the usual brand smoked. Date were obtained between the years 1977 and 1979 as part of a large-scale epidemiological study of tobacco use. Subjects interviewed were 2,528 white males aged 41 to 70 while they were patients in hospitals located in five U.S. cities. Thirty-eight percent of the sample had cancer of a site not previously linked with use of tobacco and 62% had non-cancer conditions also unrelated to tobacco exposure. It was found that men in professional and technical occupations showed a markedly higher rate of never smoking than did men from all other occupations who showed only slight differences among themselves. The intensity of other cigarette smoking variables--current vs. ex-smoking, age began, and tar yield of cigarette smoked (but not number per day)--varied significantly by occupational level, with higher levels of smoking intensity observed among men in blue-collar than among those in white-collar occupations. These findings indicate that an appropriate evaluation of an occupationally related disease also affected by smoking must include detailed and comprehensive smoking data. Moreover, it can be expected that men in occupations associated with higher indices of smoking intensity will have higher rates of tobacco-related diseases than those in occupations with lower cigarette intensity exposures.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The relationship of child adjustment to husbands' and wives' marital distress, perceived family conflict, and mothers' occupational status.

Measures of marital distress, perceived family conflict, and child adjustment were obtained from 74 pairs of husbands and wives with at least one child age 6 to 12 in order to determine the relationship between wives' occupational status, marital distress, family conflict, and child adjustment. Results revealed a strong and significant relationship between husbands' and wives' perceived family conflict and child maladjustment. No significant main effects or interactions were found between mothers' occupational status, or husbands' or wives' marital distress and child adjustment. The results support the downward extension to children of the previously reported relationship between perceived family conflict and adolescent adjustment.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Long-term functional outcomes and academic-occupational status in implanted children after 10 to 14 years of cochlear implant use.

OBJECTIVES: To assess a group of consecutively implanted children over 10 years after implantation with regard to implant device use and function, speech perception, and speech intelligibility outcomes; and to document current academic or occupational status. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective longitudinal study assessing device function, device use, speech perception, speech intelligibility, and academic/occupational status of implanted deaf children. SETTING: Pediatric tertiary referral center for cochlear implantation. METHODS: The auditory performance and speech intelligibility development of 30 profoundly deaf children were rated before cochlear implantation and at 5 and 10 years after implantation using the Categories of Auditory Performance and the Speech Intelligibility Rating. The academic and/or occupational status of the participants after 10 years of implant experience was documented. All children received a Nucleus multichannel cochlear implant between the ages of 2.5 and 11 years (mean age at implantation, 5.2 yr). Implant experience ranged from 10 to 14 years of use. RESULTS: After 10 years of implant experience, 26 subjects (87%) reported that they always wore their device; 2 subjects (7%), frequently; and 1 subject (3%), occasionally. Only one child had discontinued use of his device. After 10 years of implant use, 26 (87%) of the children understood a conversation without lip reading and 18 (60%) used the telephone with a familiar speaker. Ten years after implantation, 23 (77%) of the subjects used speech intelligible to an average listener or a listener with little experience of a deaf person's speech. One-third to one-half of the implanted children continued to demonstrate improvements at 5 to 10 years of implant use. Of the 30 implanted children, 8 (26.7%) experienced nine device failures. The length of time from identification of the first faulty electrode to reimplant surgery ranged from 2 weeks to 5.5 years, as several failures were gradual or intermittent. However, all children were successfully reimplanted. At the end of the study (10-14 yr after implantation), 19 subjects were in secondary school for children aged 11 to 16 years: 6 were in mainstream schools, 7 were in specialist hearing-impaired units attached to a mainstream secondary school, and 6 were in schools for the deaf. Of the remaining 11 subjects, 4 were in college studying vocational subjects, 2 were in a university studying for a bachelor's degree, 3 were working full-time, 1 was working and going to a university part-time, and 1 was a full-time mother of two young children. CONCLUSION: All but 1 of the 30 implanted children continue using their devices 10 to 14 years after implantation, showing significant progress in speech perception and production. Device failure was frequent, but successful reimplantation occurred in all cases. One-third to one-half of the implanted children in this study continued to demonstrate improvements at 5 to 10 years of implant use. All children are studying or working and are actively involved in their local communities. The results suggest that cochlear implantation provides long-term communication benefit to profoundly deaf children that does not plateau for some subjects even after reimplantation. This study further indicates that cochlear implant centers need the structure and funding to provide long-term support, counseling, audiologic follow-up, rehabilitation, and device monitoring to implanted children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Race and the workforce: occupational status, aspirations, and stereotyping among African American children.

This study examined whether African American children's perceptions of occupational status and their own vocational interests are affected by racial segregation of the workforce. Children (N = 92) rated familiar occupations with respect to status, desirability, and stereotyping. Children also rated novel jobs that had been depicted with African Americans, European Americans, or both African and European Americans. As predicted, for familiar jobs, children's judgments were linked to their knowledge of racial segregation of these jobs. In addition, novel occupations that had been depicted with African Americans were judged as lower in status than the identical occupations that had been depicted with European Americans, demonstrating a causal influence of workers' race on children's judgments. Children's age and socioeconomic background moderated their occupational judgments.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

The relationship between waist-to-hip ratio and occupational status and life-style factors among middle-aged male and female Japanese workers.

As a marker of body fat distribution and therefore level of obesity, the waist-to-hip ratio (W:H) is a good indicator of coronary heart disease risk status. The present study investigated the association between occupational status and life-style factors, and W:H of middle-aged Japanese male (n = 2,550) and female (n = 1,283) workers in a metal-products factory. A higher W:H was observed in the management level males as compared with the other male workers and we suggest this was promoted by the sedentary aspect of their work, as well as their higher levels of alcohol consumption and lower levels of leisure-time physical activity. In contrast, a higher W:H was recorded in female labourers, whose work was typically less sedentary as compared with female managers. Life-style factors included in the study were not related to this observation. We conclude that other unmeasured psychosocial factors may be important in promoting higher W:H in female labourers.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Changes in occupational status following cancer. An empirical study on occupational rehabilitation].

The importance of vocational integration has increased during the last years, whereas an analysis of the literature shows, that research in this field has been neglected especially in german speaking countries. This study investigates the situation and the problems of vocational integration after cancer. 380 former patients with different diagnoses treated in a university medical center have been asked by a self developed questionnaire for their experiences in treatment and medical rehabilitation, their actual impairment in physical and vocational functioning, their estimation of rehabilitation success, their actual employment problems and the changes of job conditions due to cancer. As the results show, more than one third of the sample returned to work often reducing working time or changing their job. Especially older patients with worse prognoses have been retired early. Special programs of vocational rehabilitation are not used by patients we examined, whereas programs of medical rehabilitation are used showing great differences between diagnostic groups. The return to work is influenced by age, tumor localisation, prognosis and the former status in job. The results are discussed with regard to the problems of psychosocial rehabilitation of cancer patients.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

Parental occupational status related to dental caries experience in 7-year-old children in Flanders (Belgium).

OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to investigate differences in the oral health of 7-year-old Flemish children by the parents' occupational class and to explore behavioural and demographic factors linked to social inequalities in oral health. PARTICIPANTS: A stratified cluster sample of 1,500 primary school children in Flanders, born in 1989. METHOD: The clinical oral examination was performed in the first year of a longitudinal oral health project in Flanders (1996-2001) by 16 calibrated examiners. Information on occupational level of the parents and on oral health related behaviour was gained, respectively, by the school health care centres and the parents of the children using a structured questionnaire. RESULTS: The mean dmf values between the several SES groups, assessed by occupational status of the parents, were significantly different (P<0.001). The mean dmft and dmfs values were the lowest for the most advantaged children (1.3/2.7) and were threefold higher in the least advantaged children (3.9/9.1). The prevalence of caries-free children was 2.5 times higher among the highest SES families compared with the lowest SES families. In a logistic regression model adjusted for the stratification factors, the excess risk for caries in children increased with decreasing occupational level of the parents. There was a cumulative effect of decreasing occupational level and oral health habits on the caries prevalence. CONCLUSION: The results of the study allow the supposition that social inequalities in oral health among children exist in Flanders. Environmental factors and individual behavioural factors partially explain why social class might influence oral health.

Belgium↗
PubMed1988

Influence of alcohol intake, cigarette smoking, and occupational status on idiopathic osteonecrosis of the femoral head.

An epidemiologic study compared 112 patients with idiopathic osteonecrosis (ON) of the femoral head having no history of systemic corticosteroid use and 168 hospital controls. Patients and controls were matched for gender, age, ethnicity, hospital, and time of initial diagnosis. The role of alcohol intake, cigarette smoking, and occupational status was assessed in relation to the development of ON. The relative risk (RR), the measure of association between ON and the risk factors, was statistically adjusted for the potential confounding effects of other factors by the conditional logistic regression model. An elevated risk for regular drinkers (RR = 7.8, p less than 0.001) and a clear dose-response relationship was noted (test for trend; p less than 0.001): the RRs were 3.3, 9.8, and 17.9 for current consumers of less than 400, 400-1000, and greater than or equal to 1000 ml/week of alcohol, respectively. A significantly increased risk was found for current smokers (RR = 3.9; p less than 0.05). However, the cumulative effect of smoking was not evident. No increased risk was found for obesity or for heavy physical work. Regarding causation of ON, this study confirmed the consistent association with excessive alcohol intake and suggested the immediate untoward effects of smoking. The role of heavy physical work as a form of mechanical stress was not correlated with ON.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Work and housework conditions and depressive symptoms among married women: the importance of occupational status.

Using the American Changing Lives Survey, a nationally representative sample of adults residing in the United States, this research examines housewives' subjective evaluations of their housework and the subjective evaluations of paid employment among three groups of married women--professionals, sales-clerical, and service-blue collar wives. A major goal was to assess the usefulness of disaggregating employed women by occupational status. Depressive symptoms were regressed on five work conditions--autonomy, physical and time demands, boredom, and feeling appreciated--along with sociodemographic characteristics. The results indicate professional wives report fewer symptoms than homemakers, sales-clerical, and service-blue collar wives. Differences between professionals and homemakers are largely accounted for by professional women's more advantaged economic position. Nonprofessional employed women are more depressed than professionals even when their disadvantaged working conditions are controlled. We discuss the findings in view of research on the stress of combining full-time employment with homemaking and argue that balancing these two roles may be more difficult for some employed women than for others.

Adult↗